Australia is a popular expat destination, and if you’re looking to live in a close-knit expat community, you can certainly do so. Australian society is also famously friendly and welcoming, so you will have no problems fitting into a predominantly Australian neighbourhood.

Although renting accommodation in Australia is a fairly simple process, it will help you to learn the local lingo or enlist the services of a real estate agent who can masterfully navigate the local rental market. Rental prices in Australia’s larger cities like Sydney and Melbourne can be quite pricey, so we recommend adjusting your budget accordingly.

Types of accommodation in Australia

Australia has plenty of housing options available, from furnished or unfurnished apartments and condominiums to freestanding houses.

The standard of accommodation in Australia depends on area and type but is generally excellent. Houses in Australia often have family-friendly features such as garages, big gardens and swimming pools. Newer, more upmarket houses are usually equipped with air conditioning, although ceiling fans are far more common. Indoor heating is rare since it is completely redundant for most of the year.

Home security is not a major issue for expats relocating to Australia. Although minor break-ins occur in some neighbourhoods, more often than not, installing a simple alarm system should be enough to deter potential intruders. Most expats report feeling safe in their homes, no matter where they live in Australia.

Furnished vs unfurnished

Many rentals in Australia are unfurnished, particularly in the capital cities. Unfurnished properties in the country will typically include basic cabinetry, blinds or curtains, and, in some cases, air conditioning units. They will also have cooking appliances. You will need to bring your own bed, couches, cutlery, and dishes.

Unfurnished rentals are often cheaper than their furnished counterparts, so you’ll have to consider if buying your own furniture and appliances is worth the lower rental cost. Those who choose to go this route will be delighted to find that Australia has a robust second-hand furniture market, making it easy and affordable to furnish your new home.

In contrast, furnished rentals frequently include everything from couches, beds, and white goods to cutlery and sometimes bedding. These will be suitable if you are staying in Australia for the short term and are not looking to invest in any new large items.

Short lets

Short-term rentals are a great option for when you’re initially moving to Australia, as they allow you to explore your city’s different neighbourhoods before signing a long-term lease. You’ll have plenty of short-let options in Australia, including hotels, cottages, and city apartments that are available for rental on platforms like Airbnb.

It’s also easier to book a short-term rental without much paperwork, so this can be an option while you are still sorting out your paperwork. These rentals are often fully furnished, and the cost will include utilities, making them more affordable than traditional hotels.

Finding accommodation in Australia

If you’re relocating to Australia on a short-term basis, you’ll likely choose to rent a property. Although you may have to do the initial research and enquiries, renting accommodation in Australia is reasonably straightforward. Internet portals, social media, and word of mouth can be helpful in this regard. When searching, note that prices are typically quoted per week. Rent is paid either every two weeks or every four weeks.

You should ensure you arrive on time for property viewings, as these are usually well attended. Viewings during working hours tend to have fewer attendees than on weekends, so you should opt for weekday viewings, if possible, to get a jump on the competition.

Useful links

• Real Estate
• Domain
• Australia’s Private Rental Group

Renting accommodation in Australia

The rental market in Australia moves fast, leaving little time to deliberate or prepare documents. Applications are looked at on a first-come, first-served basis, and we recommend that you have all necessary documents ready beforehand.

Making an application

Australian real estate agencies and landlords use a system known as the 100-point check to verify identity. This process is used for everything from applying for a driving licence to opening a local bank account. Primary proof of identity documents (such as a passport, visa, or Australian residency status certificate) earn more points than secondary proof of identity documents (such as a health insurance card or local bank card).

Prospective tenants must submit various identity documents, each allocated a certain number of points. These include proof of identity (passport/driving licence), proof of income, and bank statements for the last three months – one of the most important parts of the application.

Ideally, these would be from previous landlords, but this can be problematic for those moving from overseas. In such cases, your employer can act as a reference instead. That way, when the ideal home pops up, you can submit their application immediately.

Leases

Although shorter or longer leases can sometimes be negotiated with the landlord, the typical lease length in Australia is 6 or 12 months. Before signing the lease, ask the managing agent if accounts are set up with any utility providers. If there are, it might save having to pay a connection fee.

Deposits

When signing a lease, a deposit (or ‘bond’) of four to six weeks’ rent must be paid. Sometimes, you might be asked to put down a deposit with your application, which is returned if you do not get the property.

Termination of the lease

Each state in Australia has its own specifications for terminating a fixed-term lease agreement, but landlords must generally give at least 30 days’ notice, while tenants are obliged to give 14 days. Both the landlord and the tenant cannot terminate a lease during a fixed term without justifiable cause. Notices must be given in writing and clearly specify when you will vacate the property.

The deposit protects against any damage beyond normal wear and tear caused by the tenant during their stay, so you should inspect the property well before moving in. At the end of the lease, costs of any damage repair are deducted before the deposit is returned to the tenant.

Utilities in Australia

In most cases, the tenant pays all utilities separately. This includes electricity, water, gas, and internet connections. Some landlords cover the cost of water, but this varies, so be sure to check.

Each state has a tenant’s association that aims to protect renters’ rights and provide additional support with tenant issues.

Electricity and gas

The electricity and gas markets in Australia are deregulated, so you’ll have plenty of providers to choose from. Some of these companies provide both electricity and gas connections, while others specialise in green energy. You’ll need to do comprehensive research about the available utility providers in your area and their rates and service offerings.

AGL, Diamond Energy, and Origin Energy are some of the country’s most popular providers. Some providers will even offer bundle packages for electricity and gas, making your utilities more affordable. We recommend submitting your connection requests at least two weeks before moving in.

Setting up your connections will be fairly simple; you can simply contact your preferred provider via phone, online or by visiting a customer centre. You’ll need to provide your new address, your move-in date, and your personal details, such as identity documents and contact numbers. Some new arrivals may be required to pay an initial deposit.

Water

Australia’s individual state territories and local councils manage the water supply in the country. In New South Wales, Sydney Water and Hunter Water oversee water services, and in Melbourne, this will be Melbourne Water. To set up water services in your new home, you can contact your local council a few weeks before moving in and supply them with your rental agreement or proof of ownership, as well as identity documents.

It’s a good idea to enquire about billing processes. Your local council will be able to tell you how often bills are issued and whether the water is charged at a flat or metered rate.

Bins and recycling

Similarly to water, the local councils oversee waste management in Australia. Depending on where in Australia you live, your local council will provide different coloured bins for general waste, recycling, and organic waste. Some councils also offer additional services for bulk or hazardous waste.

We recommend visiting your local council’s website to learn more about collection schedules and recycling programmes in your community.

Internet

Keeping in touch with your loved ones back home will be fairly easy in Australia, thanks to the country’s advanced internet infrastructure. NBN connections are the most popular in the country. These offer several internet speeds based on your needs. You can check whether NBN, cable, ADSL, or satellite connections are available in your neighbourhood by entering your address on your chosen provider’s website to find out what services they offer in your area.

To reduce your expenses, you can bundle your internet, phone, and TV services with one provider. Some of Australia’s top internet service providers (ISPs) include Telstra and TPG Telecom.

Useful links

• AGL
• Diamond Energy
• Origin Energy
• Local councils – Find your council
• Telstra
• TPG Telecom

The education and schools in Australia are exceptional, and many expats migrate to the country’s sunny shores specifically for its renowned education. The national government strongly emphasises diversity and is committed to excellence in research, teaching, and student support.

If you’re moving to Australia with school-age children, you will have plenty of options and can choose between public, private, and international schools. Each has its pros and cons, and factors influencing decisions revolve around curriculum and cost.

Public schools in Australia

In Australia, the school system can broadly be divided into government (public) and non-government (private) schools.

The mandatory age for full-time school attendance varies from state to state but is generally from age 5 or 6 to age 15 or 17. After this, students can leave academic schooling for a professional apprenticeship, attend a vocational course or start working full-time.

Australia’s education system follows the below structure:

• Primary school: seven or eight years, starting at Foundation (also called kindergarten/preparatory/pre-school) to Year 6 or 7
• Secondary school: four years from Years 7 or 8 to 10
• Senior secondary school: two years from Years 11 to 12

The Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA) monitors the performance of both public and private schools. This information can be viewed on the official My School website, along with other detailed data such as the school’s income and expenditures, attendance records, and details about the student body, including the percentage of English and non-English speakers.

Roughly two-thirds of the local population and many expats send their children to government schools in Australia.

Government schools are open and accessible to expats. Still, those living in Australia on a temporary residency visa will most likely need to pay the fixed tuition fee associated with their state or territory. Government schooling is free for anyone on a permanent residency permit, although ‘voluntary contributions’ may still be expected. The state does not fund additional expenses, such as school uniforms and stationery.

Children attend the public school that corresponds with their residential catchment zone, so if you’re looking to send your child to a stellar state school, you should move to that school’s zone to guarantee placement.

If you plan to return home later, you should carefully consider the curriculum offered by your government school of choice. While some offer the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme, most do not. Parents should be sure that credits and certificates earned from an Australian school will be accepted at tertiary institutions in their home country.

Useful links

• ACARA – MySchool
• Australian Government Department of Education

Non-government schools in Australia

There are plenty of non-government schools in Australia, and these institutions often have better infrastructure, a wider range of facilities, higher-paid teachers, and an elevated standard of education. That said, these schools are not state-financed, and the tuition fees can be costly.

Private schools

In Australia, the term ‘private school’ refers solely to private Catholic schools. While placing a high value on academics, these schools teach from a religious point of view. Still, the extent to which religious practice and teachings are incorporated into the curriculum varies from school to school. It would be best if you spoke to fellow expat families to find an institution that aligns with your priorities.

Independent schools

Non-Catholic schools run by non-government entities are known as independent schools. This includes schools that subscribe to other religions (such as Judaism or Islam) or educational ideologies (such as Montessori or Waldorf).

Useful links

• Independent Schools Australia

International schools in Australia

Although Australia doesn’t have as many international schools as other expat destinations, you can still find a selection of IB schools here. In major cities, there are also independent schools that follow foreign curricula, such as those from the US, UK, Germany, and France.

Keep in mind that international schools can be pricey, and popular ones often have long waiting lists. Admission is typically based on a child’s academic performance, and they might need to take an entrance exam.

Many parents temporarily enrol their child in a local school while waiting for a spot at an international school to open up.

Special-needs education in Australia

Australia has an inclusive approach to special-needs education. The government encourages mainstream schools to keep special-needs students in regular classes, providing additional student support. Some special-needs students with more advanced needs will be placed in separate, smaller classes to afford them more individual attention.

Australia also has special schools for students who require more support than a mainstream school can offer. Some independent and international schools may also have a dedicated special-needs education department, so we recommend contacting them directly to find out what services they offer.

Useful links

• Australian Government Department of Education – Students with disability

Homeschooling in Australia

There is a large and active homeschooling community in Australia. Homeschooling is legal and regulated, although regulations and requirements vary across states. Parents must register with the government as home educators to homeschool.

Each state’s homeschool registration authority inspects the child’s home study programme and monitors academic progress. If you’re seeking advice, support or resources, you can get involved with local homeschooling groups or larger country-wide homeschooling organisations.

Useful links

• My Homeschool
• Department of Education WA – Homeschooling
• Education Queensland – Homeschooling
• Victoria Government – Homeschooling

Tutors in Australia

Tutoring is a growing industry in Australia, with about a third of families opting to employ a tutor at some point. Tutors are frequently used to prepare for major exams or to assist with particular subjects. They may also help your children adjust to a new curriculum, brush up on English-speaking skills, or maintain fluency in their mother tongue.

There are several large tutoring companies in Australia with good reputations. Some of the most prominent tutoring companies include LearnMate and The Tutoring Company.

Parents should ensure local organisations, such as the Australian Tutoring Association, accredit their tutors.

Useful links

• Australian Tutoring Association
• LearnMate
• The Tutoring Company

Expats hoping to do business in Australia are sure to find that the country’s friendly yet professional corporate atmosphere provides good opportunities for business dealings. In fact, expats often report that Australia is one of the easiest countries in which to do business.

The approach to management in Australia is consultative, pragmatic and egalitarian. Those in positions of power are given respect because of their interpersonal and decision-making skills, not simply because they happen to be ‘the boss’.

In Australia, all employees tend to be seen as equally important to the collective well-being of the group. Everyone is encouraged to share their opinions and ideas regularly, and this egalitarian ethos typically leads to colleagues forming close personal bonds with one another.

Fast facts

Business hours

8.30am or 9.30am to 4.30pm or 5.30pm, Monday to Friday.

Business language

English

Dress

The dress code is smart, formal and conservative for men and women.

Gifts

Gifts are not usually exchanged during business meetings, but if you’re invited to a colleague’s home, it’s a good idea to take some wine, chocolate or flowers.

Gender equality

Female expats looking to do business in Australia will find that women are generally treated as equals. While female leadership is becoming more commonplace, most high-level jobs are still occupied by men.

Business culture in Australia

The business culture of Australia incorporates British formality and conservatism, the egalitarianism of Scandinavian countries, and the dynamic, innovative approach to business that is largely thought of as American in origin – rounded out with South Pacific warmth and friendliness.

While you’ll need to be smart, punctual and professional at all times, it is equally vital to show that you’re willing to be ‘part of the team’ and to interact with colleagues in an engaged, interested and respectful manner.

Greetings

Business etiquette in Australia further reflects the egalitarian ethos that generally pervades the Australian workplace. Although it’s best to use titles initially, you will almost certainly be told to drop them, at which point first names can be used.

Maintain eye contact when speaking to associates, as this is regarded as a sign of forthrightness and trustworthiness – qualities that Australian business people tend to favour over showiness, self-aggrandisement or empty promises.

Communication

You shouldn’t be surprised to hear colleagues talking bluntly and frankly to one another – remember that, in Australia, direct communication is valued far more than diplomacy. A good rule of thumb for business etiquette in Australia is always to try to ‘get along’ and integrate socially.

Meetings

Business meetings in Australia should be scheduled a week in advance and confirmed a few days before they are due to take place. Be punctual, as lateness can be seen as a symptom of flakiness or indifference. Expect a little good-natured small talk at the beginning of the meeting.

Business meetings in Australia do not generally follow a set agenda. Instead, they are viewed as open forums where ideas are debated and discussed. In fact, over-preparing for a meeting can make a person seem pushy, as though they are trying to force their opinion onto others.

Dos and don’ts of business in Australia

• Do be honest and forthright – try to get to know Australian colleagues on a personal level
• Do get involved in ‘team-building’, since egalitarianism is the backbone of the Australian work ethos
• Do make an effort to get to know colleagues outside of office hours
• Don’t try to prove credentials by talking about them. Rather, show qualities by working hard.
• Don’t be insulted if colleagues address someone in a blunt or plain-spoken fashion – this is simply the way Australians communicate

Australia’s economy is strong and expected to keep growing, so it’s no surprise that many expats are choosing to move Down Under for better job opportunities. That said, if you’re planning to work in Australia, you’ll likely need a work visa.

The application process can initially seem overwhelming because there are many types of work visas for Australia, each with its own rules and requirements.

Fortunately, the Australian government’s online portal is a helpful tool for finding the right work visa for your skills and expertise.

Short-term work visas for Australia

Temporary activity visa

The Temporary Activity Visa (Subclass 408) allows you to live in Australia for the duration of your specific activity, with a maximum stay of up to two years. This visa is an excellent choice if you plan to participate in short-term business ventures, events, or unique professional projects.

For activities exceeding three months, sponsorship from an approved organisation is necessary. For shorter stays, support from an eligible organisation suffices. Applicants must meet health, character, and skill requirements and show genuine intent for a temporary stay.

Short-term work options such as the Temporary Work (Subclass 400) and Working Holiday visas can also cater for specialised or flexible work needs.

Skilled migration visas for Australia

Employer Nomination Scheme

The Employer Nomination Scheme (ENS) visa remains one of the most reliable pathways for skilled workers aiming to live and work in Australia. With its three well-defined streams, it caters to a broad range of professional profiles:

• Direct Entry Stream: Ideal for skilled workers with relevant qualifications and at least three years of work experience in occupations listed on the Core Skills Occupation List (CSOL).
• Labour Agreement Stream: Suited for workers hired under formal agreements between an employer and the government to address niche labour shortages.
• Temporary Residence Transition (TRT) Stream: Simplified for TSS visa holders, this stream now requires only two years of employment with the sponsoring employer before nomination for permanent residency.

The processing time for the ENS visa varies, with Direct Entry applications taking approximately 13 months. Preparing complete documentation and consulting migration agents can significantly expedite the process.

Skilled in Demand (SID) Visa

The Skilled in Demand (SID) Visa, introduced in late 2024, replaces the Temporary Skills Shortage (TSS) Visa and provides a streamlined pathway for skilled workers to address Australia’s workforce needs. This visa is available under three streams:

• Core Skills Stream: Designed for occupations listed on the Core Skills Occupation List (CSOL), this stream is ideal for most applicants targeting in-demand roles across industries.
• Specialist Skills Stream: For highly skilled professionals driving innovation, this stream is open to occupations outside traditional lists, excluding trades and general labour roles.
• Labour Agreement Stream: Currently transitioning to the Essential Skills Stream, this option addresses unique workforce requirements through tailored agreements.

One significant advantage of the SID Visa is its simplified work experience requirement, now reduced to one year. Additionally, time spent working for your sponsoring employer contributes towards eligibility for permanent residency.

Graduate Visa

The Graduate Visa (Subclass 485) offers international students the chance to stay in Australia after completing their studies. This visa allows you to gain valuable work experience or further your education, enhancing your prospects for permanent residency.

Eligibility includes holding a recent Student Visa, meeting English proficiency standards, and being under 35 years of age. The duration of the visa depends on your qualifications and the stream you apply under.

This visa is particularly beneficial for those wishing to work in regional areas, where additional pathways to permanent residency may be available.

Global Talent Visa

The Global Talent Visa is an attractive pathway for high-achieving professionals seeking permanent residency in Australia. This visa targets future-focused sectors such as DigiTech, renewable energy, and health industries.

Applicants must demonstrate international recognition, a record of outstanding achievements, and a clear potential to contribute to Australia’s innovation and economy. Examples of qualifying criteria include patents, prestigious awards, or senior leadership roles in their field.

The Global Talent Visa offers a streamlined process, and there are no age restrictions. However, the programme’s annual quota is limited, making it a competitive option for skilled migrants.

Useful links

• Australian Home Affairs
• Australia’s Core Skilled Occupation List

Business visas for Australia

If you’re looking to relocate and start a business in Australia, invest in a company, or play a primary role in operating a new business, you must first obtain a business visa.

National Innovation Visa (NIV)

The new National Innovation Visa (NIV) replaces former business visas and is designed for entrepreneurs and investors aiming to boost Australia’s economy. This visa offers flexibility in English language requirements, allowing applicants with less than functional English to proceed by paying an additional fee. This visa has no age cap, making it accessible to a broader range of candidates.

To qualify, you must demonstrate exceptional achievements and provide evidence of how your skills will benefit Australia economically, socially, or culturally. The NIV focuses on critical sectors such as renewable energy, critical technologies, and healthcare. As a permanent visa, you can live and work in Australia indefinitely.

The NIV operates on an invitation-only basis. To apply, you need to submit an Expression of Interest (EOI) and wait for an invitation from the Department of Home Affairs. This visa represents a significant opportunity for individuals looking to make a lasting impact in future-focused industries.

Temporary Work (International Relations) Visa

The Temporary Work (International Relations) Visa (Subclass 403) is designed for individuals participating in international agreements or cultural exchange programmes. It provides flexibility for various roles, including those under bilateral government agreements and specific seasonal work programmes.

Streams under this visa cater to different needs, from government-related activities to domestic work for diplomatic households. Applicants must have sponsorship or support from approved organisations and meet health and character requirements.

The visa duration varies based on the stream, with stays ranging from three months to two years.

Visa regulations are subject to change at short notice, and you should contact your respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Getting around in Australia can be quite difficult, especially considering the vast distances between major cities.

National public transport networks are limited, and journeys by train and intercity bus are not always the most efficient way to travel. In contrast, domestic flights in Australia are relatively cheap and by far the fastest way to travel between cities.

Although owning a car while living in Australia isn't necessary, having a vehicle offers you greater independence and freedom when it comes to travelling nationally, especially as the country is so dependent on road transport.

Public transport in Australia

Public transport services in Australia are managed by state and territory governments. The Australian government’s website provides region-specific information regarding transport.

Trains

Australia’s rail network is not as well-developed as the systems in parts of Europe and Asia, and there are no high-speed intercity rail services in the country. The historical lack of cooperation between state territories, massive distances, and relatively small population has resulted in a slow and somewhat inefficient rail network.

You will find that flying between major cities in Australia is usually faster and cheaper than taking trains. That said, travelling by train offers a more scenic journey, and it is also a good alternative for getting to regional towns and cities that aren’t serviced regularly by flights.

Buses

The long-distance bus network in Australia is extensive and reaches the more isolated places, such as Canberra and Darwin, that only have bus services. Buses are efficient, and some even feature WiFi and USB charging for mobile devices.

While bus travel in Australia is a cheap way to get around, some long journeys will still be cheaper by plane, so it’s worth checking flight options before buying a bus ticket. In Sydney, there are weekly caps on the maximum amount you pay on fares, regardless of how often you use the public transport system.

Ferries

Four of Australia’s capital cities, Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, and Brisbane, operate ferry services that connect commuters to their suburbs and attractions. Although ferries are a slow way to travel, they offer a more scenic route. There are also long-distance ferries like the Spirit of Tasmania that connect far-flung areas of the country.

Useful links

• Australian Government – How to travel around Australia

Taxis in Australia

Taxis are widely available in Australia’s capital cities, with limited services in the rural areas. They can easily be hailed off the street or found at designated taxi ranks. In Melbourne, the taxis can easily be spotted thanks to their yellow, silver, and white colours and clear markings.

As taxis in Australia are regulated, you can clearly see the fare on the meter, making it easy to get around using this mode of transport. Ride-sharing apps like Uber are also hugely popular in the country. People with disabilities can also find several specialised taxi services in major cities across the country. As part of Australia’s commitment to accessibility, it’s also illegal for taxi drivers to refuse to transport service animals.

Useful links

• Silver Top Taxis
• Uber
• Shebah

Domestic flights in Australia

Due to the large distances between the major cities in Australia, flying remains a popular travel option. There are more than 100 commercial airports nationwide. The four domestic airlines are Qantas Domestic, Virgin Australia, Rex, and Jetstar.

To reduce travel expenses, research the cheapest airfares and look for specials. Even the larger airlines have great online deals, and you can almost always find cheap fares on the busiest routes.

Useful links

• Qantas Domestic
• Virgin Australia
• Rex
• Jetstar

Driving in Australia

Once you arrive in Australia, you’ll notice that most expats have a car that allows them to explore the country at their own pace. Australia’s low population density and large size make for long journeys between cities, though.

Australia has a well-maintained system of roads and highways, and signage is generally very clear. The highways between state capitals are excellent, and driving on these roads is a pleasure. Some states also have well-maintained toll roads. On the other hand, if you’re travelling to the rural parts of Australia, you will find these roads are often poorly maintained dirt roads. You should also be aware that cars drive on the left-hand side of the road in Australia.

Driving licences

Licensing regulations and road rules vary from state to state in Australia, and you should familiarise yourself with the rules within a particular territory before relocating. In most cases, expats moving to Australia can drive using a licence from their home country for the first three months before switching to a local licence if their licence is in English.

If your licence doesn’t have your photograph on it, you should carry your passport with you when you’re driving. Those whose driving licences are not in English will need an International Driver’s Permit.

Useful links

• Ausroads – Applying for a licence in Australia or New Zealand

From the dazzling lights and the buzz of big cities to the sweeping isolation of the Outback, Australia is a land of contrasts. Thanks to the country’s vast size and diverse landscapes, you will have plenty to explore in the Land Down Under. Although many expats moving to Australia are often attracted by exciting work opportunities, they often stay for the country’s wonderful quality of life and friendly people.

Living in Australia as an expat

Home to six States and two Territories, Australia consistently ranks among the safest and happiest countries for expats to live in. It has long been a destination of choice for expats from all walks of life, including students looking to take advantage of the country’s excellent education. Young professionals and families looking for a better environment to raise their children also love Australia, while some pensioners looking to spend their golden years in the sun also move to Australia.

You’ll likely find yourself spending more time outdoors in Australia, which contributes to the country’s high quality of life. Australia also recently became one of the first countries in the world to make it legal for workers to ignore work communications after hours, a testament to the country’s commitment to work-life balance.

Although living in Australia can be expensive, the country has robust social welfare programmes, which help ease living costs significantly. We recommend negotiating a salary package that will adequately cover your living expenses in Australia.

Adelaide city guide 
Brisbane city guide 
Melbourne city guide 
Perth city guide 
Sydney city guide

Working in Australia

Australia has a robust economy, with lucrative job opportunities for those with the right skill set. There are many opportunities for work in Australia, particularly in mining, engineering, IT, healthcare, and marketing. That said, the government places a high premium on expertise and enforces a strict screening process that aims to limit immigration to professionals with the desired skills and experience.

You will likely need a visa to legally work and live in Australia. Depending on your specific skills and how long you’d like to stay, there are many visa categories available.

For more information, see our page on visas and work permits in Australia.

Australian culture

Understanding the local culture in Australia will support your transition within the community and your workplace. Locals value egalitarianism, and anything seen as boastful will not be taken too kindly. Relationships are important to Australians, and the locals’ friendly nature means you’ll receive many barbecue and drink invitations.

Many Australian companies value flexibility and will offer a wonderful work-life balance.

Local culture in Australia 
Business culture in Australia

Accommodation in Australia

A huge range of properties are available throughout Australia, from city centre apartments to suburban family houses, Victorian-era bungalows and beach properties. Accommodation can be quite expensive, though, and new arrivals typically rent before buying. Popular Australian expat cities include Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Brisbane, and Adelaide.

You may be lucky enough to have your employer or a relocation company assist you with finding and renting a home in the country. Have all your documents ready before beginning the house-hunting journey.

Advice on renting accommodation in Australia 
Best places to live in Adelaide 
Best places to live in Melbourne 
Best places to live in Perth 
Best places to live in Sydney 
Best places to live in Brisbane

Cost of Living in Australia

Australia has a high cost of living but an equally high standard of living. Housing is particularly expensive, but this can be circumvented by living in outlying areas and commuting. Fortunately, healthcare and schooling are both fairly affordable.

Salaries in Australia are high, making it easy to live comfortably in the country. Thanks to the diverse natural landscapes, you can also find low-cost or free entertainment activities to do across Australia.

For more information, see the page on Cost of Living in Australia.

Living in Australia with children

Outdoor pursuits drive the Australian lifestyle, which is truly multicultural, especially when it comes to cuisine and traditions. Outdoor entertainment, such as sports, is highly popular and can make for great family outings. The beautiful landscape is also a big attraction, offering expat families the chance to explore nature and learn about a rich new environment.

Healthcare in Australia is excellent, affordable, and accessible. The country has a government-supported public healthcare scheme called Medicare, which is available to all permanent residents and citizens.

Healthcare and medical insurance in Australia

Finding a school in Australia

Government schooling in Australia is government-funded for residents and citizens, but non-resident expats may have to pay tuition fees. Parents can also choose to enrol their children in private, independent or international schools, although the latter can be extremely costly.

If you’re planning to stay in Australia in the short term, an international school may be the best option for your family. These schools offer globally recognised curricula like the International Baccalaureate (IB) or that of a specific country like the US or UK.

Schools and education for expats in Australia 
Education and schools in Perth 
Education and schools in Brisbane 
Education and schools in Sydney 
Education and schools in Melbourne 
Education and schools in Adelaide

Getting around Australia

In terms of getting around, the public transport infrastructure in Australia is world-class, but when it comes to inter-city travel, the sheer distance between cities means flying is preferred. Most Australians own a car, and we’d recommend that expat families follow suit, as it allows more convenience and freedom to explore.

See our page on Getting around in Australia

Climate in Australia

Australia’s inescapable heat and intense climate can be startling. Winters tend to be mild and bearable, but summers often reach scorching temperatures. You should stay hydrated to avoid heatstroke.

Australia’s diverse scenery, sophisticated cities, easygoing people, and a sense that a new beginning is available to anyone with the skills and energy to pursue it all make it an expat destination well worth considering.

Climate charts for Australia

Fast facts

Official name: The Commonwealth of Australia

Population: Over 27 million

Capital city: Canberra

Other cities: Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, and Adelaide. 

Neighbouring countries: Australia is an island continent that does not share land borders with any countries. That said, New Zealand is located southeast of the Tasman Sea and Indonesia is northwest of Australia. 

Geography: Australia is surrounded by the ocean. Most of its geography is a low plateau with deserts, rangelands, and a fertile plain in the southeast. There are also mountain ranges in the east and southeast.

Political system: Representative democracy and constitutional monarchy

Major religions: Christianity

Main languages: English

Money: The Australian Dollar (AUD) is divided into 100 cents. Opening a bank account in Australia is relatively easy for expats, as many banks offer a wide range of services. 

Tipping: Tipping is not customary in Australia, but service charges range from 10 to 15 percent in most hotels and restaurants.

Time: GMT+11. Australia has six time zones.

Electricity: 230V, 50Hz. Three-pin, round-prong plugs are used.

Internet domain: .au

International dialling code: +61

Emergency contacts: 000 for police, ambulance, and fire services

Transport and driving: Public transport in Australia's major cities is well-developed but can be limited in rural areas. Driving in the country is on the left side of the road.

Moving to a new country can be a daunting experience, and expats will have many queries and concerns regarding life in their future home.

Below are some answers to the most frequently asked questions about moving to Australia.

What is the weather like in Australia?

The weather in Australia varies. In such a vast geographical area, significant temperature variations exist between different parts of the country. Generally speaking, though, the country’s northern parts are warm to hot most of the year. The coastal areas around Sydney experience mild winters and hot summers.

How safe is Australia?

The general level of safety in Australia is high, and expats should merely exercise the same precautions as in any other developed country. The usual security measures are recommended, such as keeping doors locked and installing good home and car alarms. Higher crime rates are usually more common in poorer areas of cities.

There are a few dangerous creatures in Australia, such as certain snakes and spiders, but these are usually found in sparsely populated areas rather than in cities. Still, it’s a good idea to brush up on identifying these animals and what to do if you encounter one.

Which city in Australia is best for expats?

Sydney, Melbourne and Perth all have large expat communities and come recommended, but Australia has many options. Where expats choose to settle down in Australia will depend on their field of work and personal priorities, but the country has something to suit everyone.

Australia is a major regional financial hub with a sophisticated banking system. Matters of banking, money and taxes in Australia are fairly simple to manage.

For help understanding the finer points and ensuring all obligations are met, you will be able to seek out professional support.

Money in Australia

The Australian Dollar (AUD) is the official currency in Australia and is divided into 100 cents.

• Notes: AUD 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100
• Coins: 5, 10, 20, and 50 cents; AUD 1 and 2 

In Australia, the currency is simply abbreviated as $, not to be confused with the US Dollar (USD). 

Banking in Australia

Banking as an expat can be an exercise in patience, due to the sometimes limited options available while building up a financial history in a new country. If you want to open a bank account in Australia, you should investigate all available options, finding the best value for money and interest rates. Some banks will also be more expat friendly than others, and it's well worth opting for a bank that is used to accommodating customers from abroad. 

Australia’s major banks are the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, ANZ Bank, Westpac and National Australia Bank.

Opening a bank account

As banks are always keen to attract new customers, most have a wide range of services and are happy to assist expats. Opening a bank account in Australia is a fairly straightforward process as long as you bring all the required documentation as well as a deposit if needed. Requirements can vary between banks, so it's best to research the details beforehand.

ATMs

Both cash and credit or debit cards are readily accepted all over Australia, and ATMs are widespread and easy to find.

Taxes in Australia

Moving to Australia means that, at some point, expats will encounter the Australian Tax Office. You can be taxed as a resident after living in Australia for 183 days of a tax year.

The country uses a progressive tax system, and the amount of tax you pay depends on your income. In addition to income tax, you may also be required to pay the Medicare levy.

Tax can be a complex issue, and we recommend consulting an advisor with experience in expat tax.

Expats working in Australia enjoy an excellent work-life balance. While it’s nose to the grindstone during working hours, employees won’t find themselves obligated to take work home with them or work overtime. This allows everyone to have time to see their families, enjoy the great outdoors and pursue hobbies.

Besides this perk, there are also great opportunities for career progression in Australia. While local competition is tough, expats with qualifications and experience in relevant areas should be able to find a job that suits them.

Job market in Australia

Expats with qualifications and experience in growing sectors with skill shortages stand a good chance of finding work in Australia. Industries such as healthcare, IT and marketing are well worth looking into.

Another industry in Australia worth considering is mining. Although the mining boom has begun to decline, the country is still one of the world’s top exporters of minerals such as iron, aluminium, gold and copper. Construction is also a strong and continually growing industry, with construction managers particularly sought after.

Finding a job in Australia

Most expats will need to find and secure a job before entering Australia. That said, the government’s immigration department is as strict as it is efficient, and a work permit is needed to take up a job offer in Australia.

Most expats work in Australia on employer-sponsored visas. The hiring company must prove that a position exists for the expat and that no local candidate can fill the position. Given that a large chunk of Australia’s workforce has tertiary qualifications and that many senior managers and technical staff have international experience, Australian citizens are often chosen over expats.

Expats hunting for jobs should start by joining industry associations and perusing the career centres maintained by regional governments. Online job portals are also convenient ways to search for jobs, and networking through social platforms such as LinkedIn can be key to finding the right opportunity.

Useful links

• SEEK
• Indeed
• Jora

Work culture in Australia

There is regularly a distinctly relaxed atmosphere in the Australian workplace. This doesn’t mean that less work gets done – Australians are generally hard workers – but it does mean there is a good work-life balance in the country.

Swearing is a famously prolific part of the Australian dialect, and expats can expect this to extend to the workplace too, although it’s probably best not to follow suit.

Socialising with co-workers outside of work is common and expected, so if invited to after-work drinks, expats should accept the invitation and take the opportunity to get to know their colleagues.

Many reputable companies offer shipping and removal services to and from Australia. If you’re an expat relocating to the country, you can import your belongings duty-free, provided you’ve had them for 12 months. Many of the country’s major cities are positioned on the coast, and most have ports that are efficient and well-managed.

That said, shipping to a country as far removed as Australia can be an expensive and time-consuming endeavour. You’ll have to choose between sea and air freight; while sea freight is more affordable, it will be slower than air freight.

Shipping furniture to Australia

Furnished housing is less common in Australia, but it’s relatively easy and affordable to kit out unfurnished accommodation – much cheaper than shipping over goods and furniture from abroad, in any case.

If you decide to ship your goods to Australia, you will have to jump through several bureaucratic hoops and spend quite a bit of money. Ensure that all the goods you’re shipping are clean and contaminant-free to avoid delays or penalties.

We recommend purchasing an insurance policy for your goods from an insurance company that is different from the shipping company to ensure your goods are protected.

Shipping cars to Australia

Before shipping, you must ensure your car complies with safety and emission standards. A Vehicle Import Approval (VIA) is necessary to ship a vehicle into Australia, and you must be eligible to drive in Australia before you receive your VIA. The application for a VIA typically takes between four and six weeks.

The shipment will also incur a customs duty. However, if the vehicle’s owner is staying in the country for less than 12 months, they may be exempt from these requirements. The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry inspects all vehicles shipped into Australia to ensure they are free of contaminants.

Useful links

• Australian Department of Infrastructure and Transport

Cost of shipping to Australia

Shipping, both by sea and air, can be incredibly expensive. In many cases, if you’re relocating for work, your employer may foot the shipping bill or at least provide a relocation allowance.

Shipping by sea is generally less expensive than by air, but it takes much longer. We recommend using a combination of both, shipping essential goods by air and other possessions by sea.

Costs depend on the volume of goods shipped, their weight, and the distance the cargo must travel. Before deciding which service provider to use, it’s a good idea to solicit at least three quotes. This will give you an overview of the going rates.

You should know that shippers often tack on additional expenses for certain packing materials, handling and hoisting of excessively large items, and certain processing requirements.

You may also be asked to prove ownership of certain items by presenting receipts or insurance papers. It’s best to have these on hand, especially for new electronic goods.

Shipping pets to Australia

Shipping pets to Australia can be a complex process that requires careful planning and documentation. Pets must be microchipped and have certain vaccinations.

You must also obtain an import permit from the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry. Only cats, dogs, and horses from selected countries can be brought into Australia, while rabbits and birds can only be brought into the country if they are from New Zealand.

Pets from some countries may also be quarantined. Dog owners should note that some dog breeds, such as pit bull terriers, are considered dangerous and cannot be brought into Australia at all.

Read more

• Moving Pets to Australia
• Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry – Bringing cats and dogs

Many expats imagine that culture shock in Australia is limited to marsupials, massive spiders and mangled accents. While these points may certainly be among the causes of confusion and disorientation upon arrival, it’s important to realise that a move to Australia can be more difficult than initially anticipated. Symptoms of culture shock, like the loss of identity and loneliness, often befall new expats.

Foreigners sometimes have the misconception that the local culture in Australia is just a midpoint between the US and Britain. The thinking is that, with its sophisticated infrastructure, strong economy and English language, little preparation is needed before relocation, and even less effort is required to acclimatise once on Aussie soil.

Ultimately, even though you may find aspects of life in Australia familiar, there are several nuances you might find complex and that will take getting used to.

Socialising in Australia

Australia is generally an open and friendly destination. People value their relationships immensely, and loyalty to friends and family is paramount. As a result, Australians tend to come across as easy going, which may be misconstrued by some expats as being overly friendly or too informal.

Australians are fond of socialising around the barbecue or over a pint at the pub. People will introduce themselves and greet on a first-name basis. Even walking down the street, it's not unusual to be greeted with a ‘g'day’ from a total stranger or to engage in small talk with a fellow shopper in a grocery store.

Cultural values in Australia

Some expats may be surprised at the extent of the pointed Australian emphasis on equality and the egalitarian spirit. For example, anything that can be construed as bragging or boasting tends to provoke a negative reaction from Australians.

This can be attributed to what is known as ‘tall poppy syndrome’ – the tendency to value unity and uniformity over individual achievements. Anyone perceived as considering themselves better than others is thought of as a ‘tall poppy’ that needs to be cut down to size.

Another related and closely held cultural value is the idea of a ‘fair go'. This is the belief that everyone deserves a chance to achieve success through talent, hard work and effort, not favouritism or social hierarchy.

LGBTQ+ rights and community in Australia

Australia is considered one of the most progressive countries in the world when it comes to LGBTQ+ rights. There's also widespread social acceptance of gay marriage, which was made legal in 2017. Same-sex adoption and parenting laws give same-sex couples the same rights as straight couples.

Legal gender can be changed in Australia, though some states and territories have more stringent requirements than others. Some parts of the country legally recognise non-binary gender, which is indicated by an 'X' on the person's identity document (rather than an 'F' or an 'M').

Find out more about LGBTQ+ rights in Australia.

Women in Australia

Gender equality in Australia is, like many countries across the world, a work in progress. Strides have been made towards equality in the workplace, but there's still a fairly wide gender pay gap and a lack of women in leadership positions.

Government initiatives have been put in place to improve representation, and the percentage of female CEOs in Australia is slowly but surely rising.

Find out more about gender equality and women in leadership in Australia.

The healthcare in Australia is recognised as one of the best in the world, and it’s no surprise that the country has one of the highest life expectancies in the world. A hybrid of both public and private service provisions, Australia’s healthcare system is affordable and accessible.

Public healthcare in Australia

While the public healthcare system in Australia is efficient and world-class, there are still occasional queues and waiting lists for things like non-emergency surgery. The standards of rural and urban facilities may also differ. For those living far from a metro, it may be necessary to travel some distance to receive care for complicated or specialised cases.

For these reasons, most expats in Australia without permanent residency opt to use private doctors and hospitals. Temporary residents are also not eligible for the public healthcare system – Medicare – and without it, medical costs are on par with private facilities.

Australia has 31 primary health networks (PHNs). These networks organise public health services in different regions across the country. They also provide after-hours healthcare services and are a great option for urgent care.

Private healthcare in Australia

Most private healthcare package options specialise in surgery, particularly non-emergency surgeries, such as orthopaedic surgery.

If you’re moving to Australia, you’ll need to prove to the Australian authorities that you are adequately covered by a minimum level of private health insurance to be granted a working visa.

Even if you are a citizen of a country with a reciprocal health agreement, you must still take out health insurance coverage to qualify for your visa, since you can only enrol in Medicare once inside Australia.

Reciprocal health agreements only provide limited access to Australian healthcare services, and you should research the extent of coverage these provide. Generally, it is only limited to immediate necessary care.

Useful links

• Services Australia – Reciprocal Health Agreements

Health insurance in Australia

Most Australians have private health insurance to complement their Medicare coverage. There are two main types of private health insurance: hospital coverage and general treatment coverage. Hospital insurance covers some or all of the costs of a private hospital stay, while general treatment coverage pays for services not covered under Medicare, like physiotherapy, dental care, and optometry services.

Medicare

The government-supported healthcare system is called Medicare. It is available to all Australian citizens and permanent residents and is paid for by taxes levied on individual salaries. The Medicare scheme covers treatment in public hospitals and also offers complete or partial coverage of the cost of doctors’ consultations.

Although Medicare doesn’t require patients to visit certain doctors, you should note that you must first get a referral from a general practitioner for them to cover the consultation and procedure costs for specialist care. Doctors either bill Medicare directly or, if the patient settles it, they can claim the rebate from Medicare.

The increased use of private facilities decreases the strain on public facilities, which means Medicare occasionally offers certain rebates to residents who use private facilities.

With that said, not all medical care will necessarily be covered on the Medicare programme. We therefore recommend that you take out some form of private medical insurance.

Useful links

• Medicare

Pharmacies and medication in Australia

Pharmacies are easy to find in Australia, especially in the larger cities. Many pharmacies are open late or even around the clock.

You should note the generic name of any chronic medication before arriving in Australia, as brand names may vary from country to country.

Health hazards in Australia

Be aware of several health hazards when moving to Australia. Diseases like tuberculosis and hepatitis have higher incidences in Australia than some expats may have experienced in their home countries. Depending on where in Australia, you may experience frequent bushfires, affecting your lung health.

Dengue fever may also be an issue in Australia’s more tropical regions. The country also has high UV radiation levels, which increase the risk of skin cancer. We recommend protective measures like wearing sunscreen and clothing that covers your arms and legs.

Vaccinations for Australia

If you’re moving from a country where yellow fever is endemic, a vaccine is necessary to enter Australia. Beyond the routine vaccinations, the following vaccines are recommended for a safe trip to Australia:

• Hepatitis A and B
• Covid-19
• Meningitis
• Rabies

Those living in Australia’s rural areas should consider a Japanese Encephalitis vaccine, particularly if you’ll be exposed to mosquito bites. Booster shots for influenza, Mumps, Measles and Rubella (MMR), and Tdap (Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis).

Emergency services in Australia

The number to dial in case of an emergency is 000. The cost of ambulance rides is not usually covered by Medicare, even for permanent residents and citizens of Australia, making private insurance essential in case of emergencies.

Australian embassies

• Australian Embassy, Washington, DC, United States: +1 202 797 3000
• Australian High Commission, London, United Kingdom: +44 20 7379 4334
• Australian High Commission, Ottawa, Canada: +1 613 236 0841
• Australian High Commission, Pretoria, South Africa: +27 12 423 6000
• Australian Embassy, Dublin, Ireland: +353 1 664 5300
• Australian High Commission, Wellington, New Zealand: +64 4 473 6411

Foreign embassies in Australia

• Embassy of the United States, Canberra: +61 2 6214 5600
• British High Commission, Canberra: +61 2 6270 6666
• Canadian High Commission, Canberra: +61 2 6270 4000
• South African High Commission, Canberra: +61 2 6272 7300
• Embassy of Ireland, Canberra: +61 2 6214 0000
• New Zealand High Commission, Canberra: +61 2 6270 4211

With a number of Australia’s cities frequently rated as some of the world’s most desirable destinations, it’s no surprise that many people make the move Down Under. It’s all too easy to see a country through rose-tinted glasses, though, so here’s a list of the pros and cons of moving to Australia to help give you a fuller picture of the country.

Accommodation in Australia

Accommodation in Australia varies with location. Compact apartments and townhouses in central areas offer easy access to the hustle and bustle of city life, while suburban dwellings further afield afford more space and a sense of community.

+ PRO: Lots of choices

There is a wide array of real estate options throughout Australia to suit an expat’s requirements and budget. Renting is popular in cities and, in most cases, finding a reasonably priced rental is possible.

- CON: Property is expensive

While purchasing a property in an Australian city will offer plenty of choice, home buyers need to be aware that real estate law in Australia favours the seller. Plenty of research is essential before making an offer on a home. Also, competition against other investors can be fierce, so expats should be prepared to fork out for their perfect Aussie home.

Cost of living in Australia

Gone are the days of Australia being a cheap place to live compared to the UK or US. In recent years, Sydney has been reported as being significantly pricier than many other popular expat destinations, but it’s not all bad news.

+ PRO: High minimum wage and a great standard of living

The cost of living in Australian cities may be high but so is the standard of living, and many residents feel it is worth paying a bit more to reside in Australia.

- CON: Groceries and utilities are expensive

The costs of food and utilities have risen dramatically over recent years and show little sign of slowing.

Lifestyle and culture in Australia

Australia is a friendly and accommodating country. The cities, especially, house a wide diversity of people from all over the globe. The outdoor lifestyle in the country encourages people to come together, whether around a barbecue, at sporting events or just at a gathering of like-minded individuals.

+ PRO: Great climate and lots of sports

Outdoor activities are popular in Australia, making it easy to stay healthy. Australian cities host many sporting events throughout the year with something to suit every sports fan. Running and cycling are especially popular in cities and can be kept up throughout the winter months thanks to the warm climate.

- CON: Lack of activity in small towns

Outside of Sydney or Melbourne, cultural activities such as opera and ballet may be difficult to find. The cinema might be the best option for artsy types, as the main weekend attraction in rural areas is likely to be a football match.

Healthcare in Australia

Healthcare in Australia is a mixture of private and state-provided care. Those eligible for Medicare – whether as a resident or a citizen of a country with a reciprocal healthcare agreement – can access subsidised essential treatment. For those who cannot access Medicare, private health insurance is recommended.

+ PRO: Good-quality public and private healthcare

The standard of healthcare in Australia is high, and both public and private hospitals are well-equipped and provide top-notch service. Expats can use both systems, and it is easy to get to grips with what is and isn’t publicly available.

- CON: Private health insurance is expensive

Private health insurance is pricey and is an expense most expats will have to budget for. In some cases, expats not eligible for Medicare are required to take out private health insurance as a condition of their visa.

Education and schools in Australia

Education in Australia is generally excellent with good services and teaching staff. Schools are a mixture of public and private, with parents being able to choose which suits their situation best.

+ PRO: Some reasonably priced private schools

Private schools have a reputation for being exorbitantly priced. On the other hand, Australian private schools are mostly Catholic schools that are reasonably priced and offer students a wider range of activities and subjects than most public schools.

- CON: High fees at independent and international schools in Australia

The higher-end, non-Catholic private schools are called independent schools. These are often prohibitively expensive, and so are most international schools. Tuition fees for university-goers without Australian residency are also high.

Driving and transport in Australia

Australia is a massive country and, with the majority of the population living in coastal areas, transport between states can be expensive. The most popular way to travel between states is by air and there are regular flights between Australian cities. In sparsely populated areas, transport can be problematic, with buses being the main mode of transport.

+ PRO: Great travel opportunities within Australia

Australia offers a diverse climate and a wealth of unique wildlife, meaning only a short trip can feel like landing in another country. Although cities do vary, urban transport in Australia is generally good, offering trams, trains and buses.

- CON: Trips can be long and difficult

Domestic flights are often fast and cheap. Any other form of transport between major cities can be time-consuming and can turn out to be expensive. Many isolated areas don’t have airports and only offer bus routes.

Due to the country’s vast size, the climate in Australia varies tremendously, although one thing is sure: expats living down under are unlikely to escape the heat.

The southern coast, which includes Adelaide, Melbourne, and Sydney, has the best climate by far. It has mild winters (June to August) between 41°F and 50°F (5°C and 10°C) and warm summers (December to February) between 77°F and 86°F (25°C and 30°C). Winters tend to be wet, although Australia has been known to experience severe droughts caused by insufficient rainfall.

The country’s interior, often referred to as ‘the Outback’, is dry and barren and experiences more extreme weather conditions than the coastal regions. In summer, daytime temperatures can soar to a scorching 104°F (40°C) only to drop at nighttime, sometimes to between 66°F and 32°F (19°C and 0°C). In winter, temperatures are mild, usually around 61°F and 75°F (16°C and 24°C).

Meanwhile, northern Australia has a tropical climate, with average temperatures in the dry season (May to October) of around 70°F to 90°F (21°C to 32°C). Heavy rainfall and even cyclones are known to hit between December and March when the temperature rises. This is the hottest time of year in northern Australia, making for uncomfortably humid conditions.

When it comes to the weather in Australia, expats should respect the harsh and relentless sunshine. Avoid going outside during the hottest time of the day, especially in summer. When you do go outside, be sure to apply sunscreen with a high SPF and drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration.

Pre-history

• The Aboriginal people of Australia have lived on the land for over 45,000 years and have a rich cultural history and oral traditions.

Colonisation

• 1770: British navigator Captain James Cook claims the land for Britain.
• 1788: The first British colony is established in Sydney. The colony of New South Wales is originally used as a penal colony for convicts transported from Britain. This also marks the beginning of the Frontier Wars, a conflict between Indigenous peoples and British colonisers that will continue into the 1930s.
• 19th century: Over the next century, more British colonies are established, and the six colonies eventually join to form the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
• 1850s: Gold is discovered in Australia, leading to a gold rush and an increase in population and economic growth.

The 20th Century

• World War I and World War II: The country plays a significant role in both wars. Following WWII, Australia becomes a leading member of the British Commonwealth and a strong ally of the United States.
• Post-1945: Australia experiences rapid economic growth and becomes one of the world's wealthiest nations. The war carries industrialisation to a new level, and the combination of full employment and high population increase leads to a high level of investment and rapid expansion of the economy.
• 1949–1966: Sir Robert Menzies serves as Prime Minister of Australia, establishing a long period of stability and prosperity for the country.
• 1962–1973: Australia is a key ally of the United States during the Vietnam War, with more 60,000 Australian soldiers fighting alongside American forces in the conflict.
• 1905–1970s: Named the Stolen Generations, many Indigenous children are forcibly removed from their families and placed into institutions or with non-Indigenous families. During this time, the Australian government also implements a series of policies aimed at restricting non-white immigration to Australia.
• 1967: The 1967 referendum is a turning point in Indigenous rights in Australia. More than 90 percent of Australians vote in favour of giving the federal government the power to legislate for Indigenous Australians and include them in the national census.
• 1972–1975: Gough Whitlam serves as Prime Minister of Australia. His government implements several significant reforms, including introducing universal healthcare and free university education, legal aid programmes and the end of conscription.
• 1975: The Whitlam government is dismissed by the Governor-General, leading to a constitutional crisis.
• 1983–1996: Bob Hawke and Paul Keating serve as Prime Ministers of Australia. During this time, they implement the 'Hawke-Keating reforms', a range of economic reforms that help to transform the Australian economy.
• 1986: The Australian Act is passed, which effectively cuts the powers of the UK to legislate in Australia. 

The 21st Century

• 2007: China becomes a major economic and political power, and Australia develops a close relationship with the country, with a focus on trade and investment. China is Australia's largest two-way trading partner in both goods and services, accounting for nearly one-third of its trade with the world.
• 2008: Prime Minister Kevin Rudd apologises to the Stolen Generations on behalf of the Australian government. This is a significant moment in Australia's reconciliation process and acknowledges the trauma and injustice suffered by Indigenous Australians.
• 2010–present: Despite its long period of stability, Australia has seen a number of political upheavals in recent years, with frequent changes of government and political gridlock on key issues.
• 2017: Same-sex marriage is legalised in Australia after a national postal survey in which an overwhelming majority of Australians voted for marriage equality. 
• 2019–2020: The Black Summer bushfires ravage large parts of Australia, causing widespread destruction and loss of life, and are followed by the Covid-19 pandemic. The government and people have rallied to respond to these challenges and work towards a better future for the country.
• 2022: Australia's transparent regulatory system and sound governance frameworks underpin its economic resilience. Australia's economic freedom score is 77.7, making its economy the 12th freest in the 2022 Index of Economic Freedom. The country's scores on judicial independence and property rights are among the highest in the world.
• 2022: The Australian Labor Party, led by Anthony Albanese, won the federal election, ending nearly a decade of Liberal-National Coalition government.
• 2023: A referendum was held to establish an Indigenous Voice to Parliament. The motion was defeated, sparking debates on reconciliation and policy direction. There remains an ongoing public discourse in Australia about Indigenous rights, climate action, and biodiversity conservation.
• 2024: In November 2024 Australia became the first country in the world to approve a social media ban on under-16s.

If you want to live and work in Australia, you will need a visa. The Australian government makes the visa application process easy to understand, providing comprehensive information on how to apply for each specific class of visa, the associated costs, where to apply, and more.

Australia has many visa categories, and requirements vary widely. Some of the most popular visa categories include:

• Visitor visas
• Studying and training visas
• Family and partner visas
• Working and skilled visas

That said, the application process doesn’t guarantee entrance into the country and can take a long time to finalise.

The Australian Department of Home Affairs’ website has more information on the country’s visa options.

Visit visas for Australia

Australia has many visitor visas, each valid for different durations depending on nationality. The standard Australian visit visa and its subtypes are categorised according to tourism, business, or visiting family. Visitor visas may grant stays of up to 12 months.

Visitor visa for Australia

Tourists or expats intending to study or change visas once in Australia should apply for the Visitor visa first. It allows travellers to enter Australia as a tourist only and allows a stay of up to 12 months. Applicants must apply before travelling to Australia and prove they can fund their stay there. Holders of this visa cannot legally work in Australia.

eVisitor visas for Australia

Some nationalities are eligible for a free eVisitor visa. Holders of this visa may visit Australia for up to three months at a time in a 12-month period. These visas can only be applied for online and from outside Australia. You’ll only need a valid passport to apply.

Working holiday visas for Australia

Young people between 18 and 30 (35in some cases) who hail from one of the eligible countries on the Australian Home Affairs website, like Belgium, Cyprus, and Sweden, can visit Australia and work temporarily to fund their travels. The Working Holiday visa is not intended for permanent relocation and is only valid for 12 months.

Applicants must have a passport that is valid for at least a year after their arrival and enough funds to support themselves initially.

If Working Holiday visa holders complete at least three months of regional work, they may be eligible to apply for an extension to their original visa. A record of employment is often necessary for an extension.

Those not eligible for the Working Holiday Visa may be eligible instead for the similar Work and Holiday Visa.

Transit visas for Australia

When travelling through Australia, you will need a transit visa. These are relatively easy to get and have few requirements. Travellers must apply outside Australia and have a confirmed booking to another country within 72 hours of entry. Documents supporting these claims are necessary, so keep your travel documents handy. Those joining non-military ships also require Maritime Crew visas.

Student visas for Australia

Studying in Australia is only possible with a student visa. This visa allows a stay of up to five years with proof of enrolment. It allows students to participate in studies, bring over family members and work 48 hours a fortnight in any sector while their course is in session.

To apply, you must be enrolled in any course of study in Australia, have Overseas Student Health Coverage (OSHC) and hold at least a Visitor visa. From 2024, you are ineligible to apply for a student visa if you currently hold a visitor visa.

Visa regulations are subject to change at short notice, and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Known for its gorgeous natural landscapes and diverse wildlife, Australia has continued attracting expats worldwide, creating a melting pot of cultures. An integral part of the country’s society, diversity and inclusion in Australia is continuously improving, with the government prioritising accessibility and cultural integration.

Accessibility in Australia

Australia’s commitment to inclusivity is evident in its rights for people with disabilities to access public places, enshrined in the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) of 1992. The Act guarantees disabled access to the majority of public venues. For the one in six Australians over 15 with disabilities, ensuring accessible transport is paramount. Introduced in 2002, the Disability Standards for Accessible Public Transport require providers to offer accessible services.

The standards undergo reviews every five years to ensure they stay relevant. Feedback from caregivers, transport providers, state governments and individuals with disabilities plays a crucial role in these assessments, with the recent 2022 review aiming to refine and adapt to contemporary needs. While substantial progress has been made, challenges such as unclear signage and inaccessible timetables persist.

Victoria and Queensland have made notable strides, offering specific travel passes like Victoria’s Access Travel Pass and Queensland’s TransLink Access Pass, reflecting an ambition to cultivate a fully inclusive transport system. Although more improvements are necessary, most trains and stations in Melbourne are wheelchair accessible. Victoria also offers wheelchair-accessible taxis, disabled parking and varied free travel passes, highlighting its commitment to inclusivity.

Lastly, the Mobility Allowance by Services Australia epitomises efforts to bridge the accessibility gap. This financial support targets those unable to use public transport due to specific challenges. It not only aids with commuting for work, studying, or job-seeking but also underscores Australia’s unwavering dedication to ensuring that every resident, regardless of their physical challenges, can actively participate in society.

Further reading

• Disability Discrimination Act 1992
• Disability Standards for Accessible Public Transport
• Mobility Allowance by Services Australia
• People with Disability Australia (PWDA) Advocacy and Support

LGBTQ+ in Australia

Australia’s relationship with the LGBTQ+ community has a multifaceted history. In the 18th century, Australia had deep-rooted homophobia, and those convicted of male homosexual activity were cruelly punished. As the years turned, so did the country’s attitude. By the late 19th century, a male gay subculture had emerged, especially in Sydney, comparable to that in London.

By the mid-1960s, a burgeoning LGBTQ+ community became more vocal, and the 1970s heralded an era of transformation, with advocacy groups like CAMP Inc. catalysing significant change, making ‘coming out’ not just personal but a potent political statement.

Legal milestones soon followed, culminating in the decriminalisation of homosexual activity with the Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act of 1994. This journey culminated in the 2017 legalisation of same-sex marriage. Nevertheless, there are some nuances. Most Australian states recognise non-binary genders, but some, like New South Wales, don’t. Discrimination protections exist, but religious institutions hold some exemptions. Furthermore, conversion therapy’s legal status remains a patchwork, with only certain regions enacting bans.

Today, Australia is celebrated as a beacon of LGBTQ+ acceptance. Cities like Sydney host the globally renowned Mardi Gras festival, while even smaller towns like Daylesford (or ‘Gaylesford’, as it’s affectionately referred to) offer hospitable havens. Despite pockets of conservatism, Australia’s overarching message is clear: it is a land where the LGBTQ+ community can largely embrace their true selves.

Further reading

• Australian Government: Guidelines on the Recognition of Sex and Gender
• Victorian Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission
• Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras

Gender equality in Australia

In the past few decades, Australia has made commendable progress towards gender equality, from women ascending to prominent roles in academia, politics, and business sectors to impactful policies ensuring fairness and equity. Notable milestones include the 1984 Sex Discrimination Act, which outlawed gender-based discrimination and harassment. Established in 1994, the Office of the Status of Women ensures that the government receives data-driven advice on women’s rights.

By 2006, Australia ranked 15th globally for gender equality. Another monumental move was the launch of the National Plan to Reduce Violence Against Women and Their Children 2010–2022. Australia’s efforts to champion gender equality are evident in measures such as setting recruitment and promotion targets for women in organisations, ensuring equal pay for the same job roles, and actively promoting gender equality through various strategies.

This is concurrent with evolving cultural perceptions and societal norms. With more women venturing into traditionally male-dominated arenas, changing gender roles are challenging age-old gender norms and stereotypes. A heightened awareness of gender disparities, aided by education and media, is fostering a societal shift towards greater equality.

However, sexual harassment and gender violence persist, affecting women’s safety in workplaces, educational institutions, public spaces and homes. Despite a solid start to the millennium, Australia now ranks 43rd internationally for gender equality, indicating room for improvement.

With an 11.5 percent gender pay gap, women, making up 47 percent of the workforce, earn significantly less than men. Women’s representation in leadership roles is also limited, and they often face reduced job opportunities due to familial and caregiving commitments.

Further reading

• Australian Human Rights Commission: Sex Discrimination
• Office for Women
• The National Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children 2010–2022
• Workplace Gender Equality Agency

Women in leadership in Australia

In Australia, women’s representation in leadership roles remains an area of disparity across multiple sectors. In politics, women represent 45 percent of State and Territory Parliaments but only 39 percent in the Australian Parliament. While they account for a majority (53 percent) of senior executive positions in the Australian Public Service, the business sector presents a different story.

Data from the Workplace Gender Equality Agency highlights that women occupy only 19 percent of ASX-listed company CEO positions and 14 percent of chair positions. Despite a slight rise in female CEOs among Australia’s top 200 companies, overall women’s leadership representation in Australia often lags, with some areas regressing. Organisationally, limited mentorship opportunities, a lack of flexibility and the gender pay gap hinder progress.

Australia has launched several initiatives to bolster women’s ascent to leadership positions. The Public Service Academy’s Women in Leadership Programme targets aspiring female executives. The Victorian Government’s Women’s Leadership Programmes cater to women and gender-diverse individuals, focusing on honing their leadership skills. Organisations such as Women & Leadership Australia and the Australia Awards Women’s Leadership Initiative also actively promote women’s leadership.

Further reading

• Office for Women
• Victorian Government’s Women’s Leadership Programmes
• Women & Leadership Australia

Mental health awareness in Australia

Mental health is an integral facet of the overall well-being of Australians and expats. Recent statistics paint a concerning picture: each year, approximately one in five individuals between the ages of 16 and 85 grapple with a mental health disorder. This number is particularly alarming considering the spike in psychological distress levels from 2001 to 2018, with women bearing the brunt. Since then, the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdowns have further exacerbated mental health challenges.

While Australia’s federal and state governments have amped up their mental health services funding by 50 percent in the two decades leading to the Covid-19 outbreak, the pandemic has compelled a more profound introspection into the mental health consequences and the existing gaps in research and understanding surrounding the issue.

Australia initiated multiple programmes to boost mental health awareness and combat stigma. The government’s Better Access initiative ensures Medicare rebates for mental health, and there are collaborations like those between the Mental Health Commission of Australia and various mental health organisations that aim to raise awareness.

Further reading

• Australian Government Department of Health
• Mental Health Commission of Australia
• Beyond Blue: Mental Health Support
• Black Dog Institute: Mental Health Research, Education and Clinical Care

Unconscious bias education in Australia

Unconscious biases, stemming from subconscious perceptions about different groups, impact diverse aspects of Australian society, especially regarding race, ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation and physical ability. Such biases can infiltrate personal and professional environments, inadvertently shaping interactions.

In Australia, these unintentional biases can hinder diversity and inclusion, sometimes culminating in the underrepresentation of specific demographics across various fields. An evident repercussion of this is seen in the recruitment process and promotional decisions, often resulting in a homogeneous leadership rather than a diverse one.

Many initiatives, campaigns, and programmes consistently work towards educating individuals and organisations on understanding and mitigating these biases. Notable examples include initiatives by Diversity Australia, the Australian Red Cross, and the Government of Western Australia.

The outcomes of such conscious efforts are manifold. Engaging in unconscious bias training is not only ethically correct – it has quantifiable benefits. It paves the way for enhanced workplace diversification and fosters improved decision-making. The result is a more inclusive, diverse and productive workplace that thrives on varied perspectives. Australia’s continued dedication to such initiatives is a beacon of hope for a future marked by genuine inclusivity.

Further reading

• Diversity Australia
• Government of Western Australia: Unconscious Bias in the Workplace

Diversification of the workforce in Australia

Australia’s diverse population has been shaped significantly by immigration, bringing various cultures and expertise. Unfortunately, this diversity hasn’t always been mirrored in the workforce. Recent endeavours aim to redress this imbalance, working towards a more inclusive employment landscape. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, women comprise 51 percent of the workforce, and 9 percent identify with one or more disabilities. Although the representation of women in senior leadership roles has seen an uptick, areas like Indigenous representation and representation of people with disabilities need more focus.

Sectors like the Australian Public Service have made commendable strides, especially in embracing employees from non-English speaking backgrounds, people with disabilities and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Industries like mining and construction still have ground to cover. Globalisation and immigration bring diverse skills to the local talent pool, but realising this potential demands addressing unconscious bias and increasing leadership diversity.

A diverse workforce offers extensive benefits. Businesses see enhanced creativity and innovation, and diverse experiences offer varied solutions, boosting company adaptability. A mixed team can also improve productivity, with each member contributing unique skills, and diverse groups improve decision-making by approaching problems from various perspectives.

While globalisation and immigration continue to diversify Australia’s populace, efforts to leverage this in the workforce must be more concerted, tackling challenges head-on and persistently pushing for genuine diversity and inclusion.

Further reading

• Australian Bureau of Statistics
• Australian Public Service Commission
• Reconciliation Australia

Safety in Australia

Australia is often considered a safe destination, underpinned by its stable political system and comparatively low crime rate. Various factors contribute to this reputation: robust law enforcement, an involved community and a sound political system work in tandem to uphold the country’s security.

That said, Australia’s vast and diverse landscape has challenges. The continent is susceptible to various natural disasters, from bushfires and cyclones to floods and prolonged droughts. The country’s response mechanism to these calamities is a testament to its resilience, with government agencies, emergency services, and community organisations pulling together to issue timely warnings, chalk out evacuation plans and offer support during crises.

The government’s numerous policies, regulations and programmes are at the helm of safety in Australia. These span diverse sectors, such as workplace safety, road transport, and disaster management. A notable example is the National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards, ensuring that healthcare services are of top-tier quality and safety.

Further reading

• Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council (AFAC)
• Safe Work Australia
• National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards

Calendar initiatives in Australia

21 March – Harmony Day 
26 May – National Sorry Day 
27 May to 3 June – National Reconciliation Week 
8 March – International Women’s Day 
17 March – Close the Gap Day 
June – Pride Month 
2 October – International Day of Non-Violence 
10 October – World Mental Health Day 
14 November – World Diabetes Day 
1 December – World AIDS Day 
3 December – International Day of People with Disability