Belgium is home to a rich and exciting mix of cultures, and foreigners from all over the globe are drawn to this European hub. Read on to learn more about diversity and inclusion in Belgium.

Accessibility in Belgium

Belgium aims to help disabled people live independently and participate fully in all aspects of life, and various laws address direct and indirect discrimination. Public funding is available to support employers with wage subsidies if they hire disabled workers with reduced productivity.

Cities like Brussels, Antwerp, and Ghent work hard to ensure they are accessible to everyone. Many shops, hotels, restaurants, museums, and cultural sites have been adapted to help people with reduced mobility. Buses, trams, and trains are accessible to those using wheelchairs, and there are tactile paving and audible signals at pedestrian crossings. There are dropped curbs on pavements, although many of the streets in these ancient cities are surfaced with cobblestones, making journeys a little shaky. Wheelchair taxis are available.

Useful resources

• Slim naar Antwerpen: Accessible Antwerp Guide
• Visit Brussels: Accessibility Information
• Visit Ghent: Accessibility Information

LGBTQ+ in Belgium

Belgium is considered one of the most LGBTQ+-friendly countries in Europe. There are laws that prevent discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientation, and same sex activity has been legal since 1795. In 2003, Belgium became the second country in the world to legalise same-sex marriage.

Polls indicate that most Belgians support same-sex marriage and adoption rights. People identifying as a gender other than the one they were assigned at birth can change their legal gender by submitting a statement attesting to this – medical intervention is not required.

The LGBTQ+ community is accepted and well integrated within Belgian society. In Brussels, the main gay scene is located behind the Grand Place, the central square in the city. There are also vibrant and open gay scenes in Antwerp, Ghent and other Belgian cities, and each has bars and clubs that are favoured by the local LGBTQ+ community.

Useful resources

• Çavaria – Flemish LGBTQ+ organisation
• ILGA Europe

Gender equality in Belgium

The Belgian Constitution explicitly affirms equality between men and women. Belgium ranks 5th in the EU on the EIGE’s Gender Equality Index for 2024, putting it towards the top of the group of 27 countries.

While the overall picture is positive, the country’s ranking is brought down by factors such as low employment levels among women and occupational segregation by gender. On the upside, Belgium’s government has the second-highest presence of women in the EU, with 55 percent of the country’s ministers being female.

Useful resources

• European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) – Belgium

Women in leadership in Belgium

Although women are frequently recruited at lower levels, they are increasingly underrepresented at each rung of the management level. Nine out of 10 CEOs in Belgium are male.

The federal and regional governments have taken steps to redress the balance – quotas were introduced in 2018, stipulating that 33 percent of positions on corporate boards must be filled by women. All companies with 50 or more workers need to report their pay data no less than every two years.

Mental health awareness in Belgium

Expats can be at greater risk of mental health issues than the general population. They are especially at risk for depression and anxiety-related conditions, exacerbated by the stress and loneliness of relocation. Fortunately for expats moving to Belgium, there is an extensive range of mental health services, both private and publicly funded.

Most international companies have policies in place to provide support for employees with mental health issues. Mental illness is usually covered by the company’s chosen employee healthcare schemes, although this is worth checking.

Belgium focuses on providing community-based mental health support, which is proven to be more effective than hospital treatment, and reduces the stigma attached to mental health issues. Regional governments provide psychiatric and psychological consultations through Mental Health Care Centres (MHCC). The Brussels-based Community Health Service (CHS) is a nonprofit organisation that offers mental health support for the international community in several languages.

It’s possible to make appointments directly with a mental healthcare professional without a referral from a GP. Only a GP or a psychiatrist can provide prescriptions for medication.

Useful resources

• Community Health Service Belgium
• Belgian Commission of Psychologists Search Portal

Unconscious bias training in Belgium

Unconscious bias is an implicit set of often stereotyped ideas an individual carries about groups of people different to themselves. These develop subtly over time and often go unnoticed. People are most likely to hold unconscious biases about groups they never or rarely come into contact with. These preconceptions are largely negative and tend to be based on assumptions and stereotypes.

Belgium is no exception, and employers are likely to employ their own nationals and nationals of other EU countries over foreigners, even if they are otherwise qualified for the job. Unconscious bias can profoundly affect both personal and work conditions.

In the workplace, unchecked bias undermines vital aspects of the company, negatively impacting employee performance, retention, and recruitment. In a bid to create a better work environment, many companies are beginning to institute unconscious bias training. There are also several online resources that can be used to improve self-awareness regarding bias.

Useful resources

• Harvard: Implicit Bias Test
• Nonprofit Ready: Unconscious Bias Training

Diversification in the workplace in Belgium

Belgium, and Brussels in particular, is one of the most culturally diverse places in the world. Expats living in the city will hear as many languages as in London or Paris, whether taking the metro, standing at the school gate, or doing grocery shopping. Despite the considerable diversity, most of the international community stays within their own expat bubbles, with little contact with local Belgians.

In 2024, over 1.6 million people living in Belgium were foreign nationals. Many of these are EU nationals due to the country’s location and its role as home to a large number of EU institutions. Almost one-third of foreigners in Belgium are of African origin.

Safety in Brussels

Belgium is safe by international standards, although petty crime is higher in the capital Brussels than in the smaller Flemish cities of Antwerp, Bruges and Ghent. People moving to Brussels should take the same sensible precautions that they would in New York or Berlin.

Public transport is generally safe, but there is a high risk of pickpocketing in crowded trains and stations. Taxis are considered safe, although there is a risk of being overcharged by unlicensed cabs. Some areas of Brussels should be avoided at night, including Anneessens, Anderlecht, Brussels North, Molenbeek, Saint Josse and Schaerbeek.

Useful resources

• Brussels Police

Calendar initiatives in Belgium

January – Gay and Lesbian Film Festival 
4 February – World Cancer Day 
8 March – International Women’s Day 
March – TB Awareness Month 
April – Stress Awareness Month 
1 May – Labour Day 
19 May – Global Accessibility Awareness Day 
May – Gay Pride 
June – Pride month 
10 September – World Suicide Prevention Day 
October – Breast Cancer Awareness Month 
10 October –World Mental Health Day 
14 November – World Diabetes Day 
November – Men’s Health Month (’Movember’) 
1 December – World AIDS Day

Pre-history

• The earliest known human settlement in what is now Belgium dates back to the Neolithic period, around 5000 BCE.
• The Gauls subsequently inhabit the region, which is conquered by Julius Caesar in the first century BCE.

Middle Ages

• During the Middle Ages, the area is ruled by various feudal lords and is eventually united under the Dukes of Burgundy in the 15th century.
• In the late 16th century, the Spanish Habsburgs gain control of the region, and it becomes a centre of the Counter-Reformation.

19th century

• 1815: Following the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, the Congress of Vienna divides the region into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
• 1830: A revolt leads to the separation of Belgium from the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent, neutral state.

20th century

• 1908: Belgium becomes a major colonial power, and the Congo Free State becomes the Belgian Congo, and the colony comes under direct control of the Belgian government.
• 1914: Belgium is captured by Germany early in World War I.
• 1918: The war ends, and Belgium is once again independent. The country suffers a death toll of more than 120,000, including 23,700 civilians killed in war crimes.
• 1919: Belgium begins to rebuild after immense wartime damage to industrial infrastructure, farmland and civilian homes.
• 1939: World War II begins. Although Belgium declares neutrality, Germany invades in 1940. After 18 days, Belgium surrenders.
• 1944: Belgium is liberated by Allied forces in September 1944, regaining its independence.
• 1949: Belgium becomes a founding member of NATO.
• 1950–1951: The Royal Question, a political crisis in Belgium, concerns whether King Leopold III should return to the throne after his controversial actions during World War II. Eventually, Leopold III abdicates in favour of his son, Baudouin, who becomes King Baudouin I.
• 1957: Belgium co-founds the European Economic Community, the predecessor to the European Union.
• 1960: Belgium grants independence to the Congo, which becomes the Democratic Republic of Congo.
• 1970: The first state reform takes place in Belgium, officially recognising the country’s linguistic communities and leading to increased autonomy for Flanders, Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region.
• 1993: The Belgian constitution is adapted to recognise three administrative regions: Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels.
• 1995: Belgium hosts the European Union headquarters in Brussels, further solidifying the country’s position as a key player in the European political landscape.

21st century

• 2002: Belgium adopts the euro.
• 2007–2011: Belgium faces a prolonged political crisis, with multiple failed attempts to form a government and deepening divisions between the Flemish- and French-speaking communities.
• 2010: In April, a major Flemish party quits Belgium’s five-party coalition to protest Francophone voting rights in Flemish areas. Early parliamentary elections occur as a result, as the government tries to establish another coalition. In the meantime, Belgium has no official government, destabilising the country.
• 2011: Following more than 500 days without a government, a new Prime Minister, Elio Di Rupo, is announced in December. He heads up a new six-party coalition.
• 2016: The Brussels bombings, a series of coordinated terrorist attacks carried out by ISIS, occur at Brussels Airport and Maalbeek Metro Station, resulting in the deaths of 32 victims and three perpetrators and leaving more than 300 people injured.
• 2020: Belgium faces the Covid-19 pandemic, implementing widespread lockdowns and causing significant economic impact. The virus affects many citizens, resulting in more than 33,000 deaths.

Although European Union (EU) citizens don’t need work permits for Belgium, non-European expats do. The Belgian work permit is also known as a ‘single permit’.

Application forms for work permits in Belgium are obtained from the relevant employment agency in the region of the country where the expat intends to work.

Work permits for non-European citizens

Non-European nationals will need a work permit to be legally employed in the country. It’s usually the responsibility of the Belgian employer to receive authorisation to hire a foreign worker and apply for a work permit on their behalf.

There are three main types of work permits for non-European citizens in Belgium:

• Work Permit B: This short-term permit is valid for a single employer and is issued for up to 12 months. Most expats moving to Belgium will require this type of work permit.
• Work Permit C: This permit allows foreign nationals to work for multiple employers and is valid for up to 12 months. It is generally granted to specific categories of workers, such as seasonal workers or international students working part time.
• Work Permit D: This is a long-term permit for highly skilled workers and executives employed in Belgium for at least four consecutive years. It is also known as the European Blue Card.

Once the relevant authorities have authorised their employment, the expat employee can apply for a Schengen visa, enabling them to enter the country and stay temporarily.

Useful links

• Belgian Immigration Office

Work permits for European citizens

Citizens of the EU or European Economic Area (EEA) don’t usually require a work permit for Belgium. European citizens working in Belgium must have a full EU or EEA passport or identity card. These nationals are free to enter Belgium for up to three months to look for work or set up a business. Those staying for more than three months are required to register at their local Belgian town hall.

Useful links

• YourEurope

Work permit regulations are subject to change at short notice, and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

There are three different national education systems in Belgium. The education systems are managed by their respective regional governments. French-, Dutch- and German-speaking regions each have their own government-run education system that corresponds to the regional language.

Education in Belgium is mandatory for children between five and 18 years old. The school year typically runs from September to June.

Public schools in Belgium

Public schools in Belgium provide expat families an excellent chance to learn the regional language and culture through immersion. Belgian public schools are free for residents, and extra costs associated with school supplies and excursions are kept to a minimum in public schools.

Expats will be delighted to find that schools in Belgium do not work according to catchment zones, meaning they are free to enrol their children in an institution of their choosing. Children are required to enrol in a school within 60 days of registering at their local municipality.

Public schooling is divided into the following phases, with compulsory schooling beginning at the age of five:

• Nursery school (2.5 to six years)
• Primary school (six to 12 years)
• Secondary school (12 to 18 years)

Useful links

• The regional Ministries of Education have separate websites for the Dutch, French and German communities.

Private schools in Belgium

Another option for expats is sending their children to private schools in Belgium. Fees at private schools vary widely, but are typically higher than at public schools. The teaching philosophies vary within and between all these institutions. Many private schools are religious institutions or are based on a teaching philosophy that differs from the regional government curriculum, such as the Montessori and Waldorf curricula.

International schools in Belgium

The main allure of international schools in Belgium is that an expat family will most likely find others who speak their home language. This commonality makes the transition to a new country much easier for the whole family. It also allows students to continue with a familiar curriculum, assuming there is an international school that teaches it.

These schools can also administer non-Belgian exams such as the SATs and the International Baccalaureate. Students are also likely to find a broader range of extracurricular activities than what is offered in traditional Belgian public schools. However, international schools tend to have higher tuition fees compared to public and private schools. These schools often have limited spaces, and parents should apply well in advance to secure spots for their children.

Read more

• Best International Schools in Brussels
• Best International Schools in Antwerp

Homeschooling in Belgium

Homeschooling in Belgium is another option for expats. That said, before making this commitment, the expat family needs to be aware that the Belgian government has put strict guidelines and inspections in place. Families may need to submit periodic progress reports or participate in standardised testing, depending on the region and local regulations. Parents who do not comply with these standards can be sanctioned. Proper procedures must be taken to ensure compliance with local laws.

Special educational needs in Belgium

Special needs education in Belgium focuses on inclusion and equality. The Belgian government is dedicated to ensuring that every child has access to education. In each language community, a specific department within the Ministry of Education is responsible for overseeing special needs education.

The ministry will first attempt to immerse a child in a mainstream school. If this is not possible or suitable, children would be enrolled in a specialist school. There are various categories of specialist schools in Belgium. Some schools are focused on physical disabilities, and others will focus on learning or behavioural difficulties.

Tutors in Belgium

Whether parents want to improve their child’s language skills, boost their grades in a problem subject or get assistance in preparing for a big exam, expat families can use the many high-quality tutors around Belgium. There are numerous large and small companies, as well as independent tutors, who can be hired to help.

In addition to in-person tutoring, many tutors and tutoring companies also offer online sessions, making it convenient for expat families to access educational support regardless of their location. It can be particularly helpful to ask fellow expats and the child’s school for recommendations.

Useful links

• Apprentus, Suerprof and My Sherpa are well-known tutoring services that operate in Belgium.

The weather in Belgium is fairly grey throughout the year. The country's climate is temperate and not uncomfortable, but precipitation is constant throughout various seasons. Rain becomes a regular part of life, but when mixed with the stark coldness of winter, it can prove challenging for newly arrived expats.

Maritime influences from the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean make for cooler summers and moderate winters. Temperatures range from 72°F (22°C) during warmer months to 39°F (4°C) during colder months.

The country's small geographic size means that the weather in Belgium is relatively uniform throughout, with only a slight variation in the Ardennes region. The higher elevation in this area brings colder temperatures and more snowfall.

Expats living in Belgium will quickly learn to bring along something waterproof wherever they go, even if sunshine and blue skies start the day.  

Keeping in touch in Belgium is easy, thanks to the country’s modern, efficient, and reliable telecommunications system. Mobile coverage is comprehensive, and cafés and bars often offer free WiFi. The internet is speedy and well priced.

Telecommunications in Belgium

You can learn about different service providers in Belgium on Meilleur Tarif. This website is run by the Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Communications (BIPT) and is available in English, French, Dutch, and German. It calculates the best service according to the customer’s needs and wants. Most listed companies can offer combination packages that include telephone, mobile, and internet services.

Useful links

• Meilleur Tarif

Mobile phones in Belgium

There’s a wide range of mobile phone networks to choose from in Belgium, with the most prominent being BASE/Telenet, Proximus and Orange.

Once you have the required documentation, you can choose a prepaid or contract service. Most expats opt for the postpaid option. Prepaid plans may look cheaper initially, but going beyond the allowed minutes may prove far more costly overall, so it’s best to choose carefully, keeping your needs and typical usage in mind.

Some Belgians refer to mobile phones as ‘GSM’. Shops selling mobile phones are easily found in most towns and have websites displaying their stock and services.

Internet in Belgium

Most households in Belgium are equipped with high-speed broadband. To take out a contract, most of which are binding for a minimum of twelve months, you’ll need to provide identification, proof of address, and banking details.

Plans vary, so it’s worth researching the top providers and their offerings. Many internet providers in Belgium offer complete triple-play services, including television, internet, and telephone.

Bandwidth in Belgium is relatively fast, but some internet providers have bandwidth caps in place to limit the amount of data transferred.

Postal services in Belgium

Mail is delivered Monday through Friday in Belgium. If the recipient of a package is not home at the time of delivery, the postal carrier will put a notice in their postbox. A legitimate form of identification is needed to collect a package.

The Belgian post office is officially called Bpost. Supermarkets such as Carrefour and Delhaize often have postage points where customers can buy stamps and send packages, although international deliveries may not be available. To send a package to another country, it’s best to go to a post office.

When looking for accommodation in Belgium, expats will find plenty of reasonably priced, comfortable options. Whether it be furnished or unfurnished or freestanding houses, or luxury apartments, all types of housing are available in Belgium.

Types of accommodation in Belgium

The standard of accommodation in Belgium is typical of Western Europe, with small but comfortable houses being the most common. Most homes have heating systems. Moving outside the city limits will often grant expats access to larger properties and some beautiful country views.

Within the city, there is also a plethora of outdoor areas, such as parks, swimming pools, tennis clubs and children’s gyms. In terms of community and parks, Belgium is a very family-friendly country.

Furnished vs unfurnished

Most properties in Belgium come unfurnished. Expats should check with the landlord or agent about the condition the property will be in. In some cases, ‘unfurnished’ may simply mean that there are no soft furnishings, but it could also mean that there are no fixtures such as light fittings, carpets or basic electrical appliances, including kitchen appliances.

Short lets

For those looking for temporary or short-term accommodation in Belgium, serviced apartments and short-term rental properties are readily available, especially in the major cities. These furnished apartments come with a higher price tag than long-term lets but are cheaper than hotels, making them an ideal solution for expats in the country for a short duration or those still looking for a permanent home. They often include utilities, internet, and sometimes cleaning services.

Useful links

• Booking.com
• Airbnb

Finding accommodation in Belgium

It should not be difficult for expats to find and secure accommodation in Belgium. Several online resources can be used to research the property market before arriving in the country, but expats should always see a place in person before signing a lease.

Real estate agencies in Belgium offer a hassle-free way of finding accommodation and will usually handle all the administrative processes. The landlord is responsible for paying for a real estate agent’s fees.

Useful links

• Immoweb
• Realo
• Vlan

Renting accommodation in Belgium

There are strict laws around real estate in Belgium that aim to protect tenants as well as landlords. To receive the complete protection of the law, expats are advised to follow all the proper processes. These can be reviewed on the government’s official information and services website.

Leases and early termination

A typical Belgian residential lease is for nine years, known as a long-term lease. A tenant can break the lease with three months’ notice at any time. If the tenant breaks the lease in the first, second or third year, they will have to pay a penalty of one, two or three months’ rent, respectively. Breaking the lease early after three years incurs no penalty. This lease type is often called a ‘3-6-9 lease’ because the lease and its components can be revisited every three years.

There are also shorter-term leases available for three years rather than nine. During a three-year lease, it is impossible to break the lease before the term’s completion. This means that tenants are responsible for paying the rent for the entire duration of the contract, regardless of the circumstances.

For a lease shorter than three years, if the tenant wishes to leave before the end of the contract, they are usually required to give three months’ notice and may be subject to a penalty.

To avoid any disputes, it’s advisable to keep the property in good condition throughout the lease and to fix any damages promptly.

References and background checks

Before a rental agreement in Belgium can be finalised, expats will have to provide proof of identity, employment, and residency status. Applicants may be asked for references, which can be challenging when renting for the first time in a new country, but in some cases, the expat’s employer may be able to act as a reference.

Deposits

Deposits in Belgium are up to two or three months of rent. This should be kept in a separate account and returned once the lease has ended. The landlord or agent will do an exit inspection, and if there are any damages to the property, the repair cost will be taken from the deposit.

Utilities in Belgium

In the context of renting in Belgium, tenants are typically responsible for their utility costs. This includes but is not limited to water, electricity, gas, and waste removal expenses. The cost of utilities can differ based on the area of residence, the type of housing and individual consumption.

Electricity and gas

Electricity and gas in Belgium are often supplied by the same company, with a few key providers including Engie and Lampiris. Providers offer various plans and pricing options, so it’s advisable to compare deals to find the most suitable one.

Belgium uses Type E electrical outlets, so expats may need to acquire appropriate adaptors for their devices.

Water

Water is typically provided by local companies in each region, such as Pidpa and De Watergroep. Bills are usually issued quarterly, and water may be metered, meaning charges are based on consumption. In some cases, water costs might be included in the rent, so it’s worth confirming this with the landlord or rental agency.

Waste and recycling

Waste removal in Belgium is organised by local municipalities. They provide separate bins for general waste, organic waste and recyclables. It’s crucial to adhere to the local waste disposal guidelines to avoid potential fines. The frequency of collections varies, but it’s typically weekly or fortnightly.

Internet and phone

Furthermore, expats will need to consider expenses for internet and phone services. Various providers offer these services, with packages tailored to individual needs.

For more detailed information, read up on Keeping in Touch in Belgium.

Useful links

• Gas and electric: Engie and Lampiris
• Water: Pidpa and De Watergroep

Expats doing business in Belgium will find themselves operating in a diverse, globalised and open economy. That being said, you’ll need to make considerable preparations. The country’s multilingual and multicultural makeup has created a business environment as varied as its population. As a result, you may find yourself having to become familiar with not just one but multiple business cultures in Belgium.

Fast facts

Business language

French, Dutch and German are the official languages in Belgium. The language used will vary by location.

Hours of business

Monday to Friday, 8.30am to 5.30pm.

Business dress

Business attire is formal and conservative. Belgians take appearances seriously and are known to be stylish.

Greeting

When greeting a Belgian businessperson, a handshake is appropriate for both men and women.

Gifts

Gift giving is not generally a part of the local business culture and is usually done between close associates on a more personal level. If a gift is given, it’s usually opened in the presence of the giver.

Gender equality

Men and women are treated equally in business and society.

Business culture in Belgium

The business culture in Belgium can be confusing due to the country’s diversity. There are stark contrasts between its two predominant communities – the French-speaking Walloons and the Dutch-speaking Flemings. With almost 20 percent of the country’s population being foreign born, Belgium’s business culture is further diversified.

Communication

French, Dutch and German are the three official languages in Belgium. While each language is associated with a community traditionally from a specific geographic region, they coexist throughout much of the country. Expats doing business in Belgium shouldn’t assume that the cultures of these different regions are interchangeable.

It’s very common for Belgians to be multilingual, especially when it comes to being able to speak French and Dutch. Depending on where you will be working in Belgium, you may encounter language switching, while negotiations between businesspeople from different communities might also take place in English.

You’ll need to be subtle, diplomatic, and patient in your business dealings. Ideally, you should find out which language your associates are most comfortable speaking before meeting. Some Belgians take great pride in their community and may be offended if they’re spoken to in the wrong language, so sensitivity and understanding are paramount when dealing with language barriers. When in doubt, English is usually a good neutral option.

Hierarchy

Flemish business culture tends to follow a model similar to an egalitarian, industrious Dutch style, and businesses tend to be organised horizontally. Wallonian business culture, meanwhile, resembles that of France, with a strict hierarchical structure and significant emphasis on job titles and rank.

A trait shared by all business cultures in Belgium is the high value placed on compromise. Belgian businesspeople see meeting halfway as a willingness to work together. This expectation is mirrored in the strong union culture in Belgium, which creates many demands on businesses. This is a point that expats should be prepared for if they intend to start their own business in the country.

Meetings

Business meetings in Belgium are conducted formally. Participants are expected to arrive punctually, and the meeting should be structured and efficient. It is essential to address people with their appropriate formal titles and use formal language, at least until invited to do otherwise. German and Flemish speakers are more likely to use English titles, while French speakers may use Monsieur, Madame or Mademoiselle.

Dos and don’ts of business in Belgium

• Do embrace compromise, as it reflects Belgian values
• Don’t arrive late; punctuality is crucial and highly valued
• Do dress professionally and stylishly, as appearances matter in Belgian business culture
• Don’t bring up personal matters or discuss cultural divisions within Belgium during business conversations

Arranging visas for Belgium is fairly straightforward. As Belgium is part of the Schengen visa area, travellers who don’t have an EU passport or one from a list of visa-exempt countries will be required to apply for a Schengen visa before arrival.

Visas for Belgium

To apply for a visa for Belgium, you’ll need to gather the required documents, complete a visa application form, and submit these to the Belgian consulate or embassy in your home country. Processing times can vary, so ensure you submit your application well in advance of their intended departure date.

In some cases, you may be asked to provide additional documents at the discretion of the Belgian embassy or consulate. It’s common to be asked for proof of employment and residence in your home country to indicate that you will return home after your trip.

If you plan to travel to Belgium for business purposes, you’ll need to include a letter of invitation from the Belgian business party hosting you. If attending a conference, you usually need to submit proof of registration and accommodation.

Type C Schengen visas

The Type C Schengen visa allows travellers to stay in the Schengen area for a maximum of 90 days within a 180-day period for tourism, family visits or business purposes. It is essential for expats to check the specific visa requirements for their home country before making any travel plans, as these requirements can change over time.

Type D long-stay visas

Type D visas are issued for stays longer than 90 days, regardless of whether the holder plans to live in Belgium for a fixed period or settle there permanently. Expats will need a long-stay visa if they’re moving to Belgium to study, work, visit family for a longer period or immigrate to Belgium permanently.

Useful links

• Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Residence permits for Belgium

For stays longer than 90 days, you might need a temporary or permanent residence permit.

For non-EU expats, there are several types of residence permits, each with specific requirements and validity periods. Initially, a temporary residence permit, such as an A or B card, may be granted, which allows for a limited stay in Belgium for purposes including work, study, or family reunion.

After meeting specific criteria and residing in Belgium for a certain period, you may become eligible to apply for a more permanent residence permit, such as a C card (identity card for foreigners) or a D card (long-term resident status).

Anyone intending to stay in Belgium is required to report their presence in the country to their local commune. Having done so, they will receive a notification of arrival for short stays and a registration certificate for long stays.

For stays of less than three months, EU citizens must do this within 10 working days of arrival and non-EU citizens within three working days of arrival. For longer stays of more than three months, EU citizens must register their stay at any point in the first three months, while non-EU citizens have eight working days to do so.

Non-EU expats moving to the country for employment will likely also need a work permit for Belgium.

Useful links

• Belgian Immigration Office

Visa regulations are subject to change at short notice, and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Thanks to its small geographic size and well-established transport network, Belgium is a relatively easy country to get around. The country has an extensive train network. Belgian cities all have bus networks, some have trams, and Brussels has an established metro system too.

Public transport in Belgium

Trains

The country has a comprehensive and efficient rail network that offers the best way of getting around Belgium. Brussels and Antwerp have excellent urban rail networks, while Brussels also has a metro system, which offers the best way to navigate the city.

The national rail network is run by the National Railway Company of Belgium, known as SNCB (French) or NMBS (Dutch). The various train services each have a designated letter, allowing for easy identification.

Available SNCB train services include:

• Intercity (IC)
• Peak-hour (P)
• Local (L)
• Suburban (S)

In addition to SNCB services, there are also high-speed trains between Brussels and other European cities. For example, Eurostar links Brussels to France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK.

Buses

Belgium has an established bus network for both inner and intercity travel. However, buses are not as popular as trains for getting around Belgium.

Flixbus and Eurolines have routes in Belgium and across Europe. There are also regional operators, like De Lijn in Flanders, TEC in Wallonia and STIB-MIVB in the Brussels Capital Region.

Trams

Several Belgian cities have tram lines, including Brussels, Antwerp, and Ghent. In Brussels, the tram is integrated with the metro system, making it a convenient means of travelling around the city.

Useful links

• Trains: SNCB and Eurostar
• Buses: Flixbus, Eurolines, De Lijn, TEC, and STIB-MIVB

Taxis in Belgium

Taxis are plentiful in Belgian towns and cities, with numerous private companies offering services. They don’t all look the same, but they can usually be identified by the taxi sign on the vehicle’s roof. Metered taxis generally operate in different zones and offer variable rates. It’s best to negotiate the fare before setting off on a journey.

Ride-hailing services and applications are also available in most Belgian cities and are a convenient alternative to taxis.

Useful links

• Uber and Bolt are two popular ride-hailing services in Belgium.

Driving in Belgium

With such an extensive public transport network, most expats living in Belgium will find that it’s not necessary to own a car. But those wishing to have a vehicle will find that driving in Belgium is straightforward.

Roads in Belgium are typically well maintained. Toll-free motorways connect all major towns and cities.

One thing that expats may take a while to get used to is the road signage, which can be confusing at times. Road signs in Belgian cities are largely bilingual, but road signs in more rural areas are usually written in either French or Flemish. Place names can be spelt differently in French and Flemish, and signage may suddenly change from one language to the other, depending on the region.

Driver’s licences

If you’re from the EU, you can drive on your driver’s licence from home as long as it remains valid. Three months prior to expiry, you can apply to exchange your licence for a Belgian licence.

Drivers from non-EU countries can legally drive for up to six months on their licence from home. After this, they will need a local licence.

Some countries have exchange agreements with Belgium, allowing citizens to simply swap their foreign licence for a local one. Expats from countries without such agreements will have to take a theory and practical test to obtain a local licence.

Useful links

• Mobility and Transport Belgium – Foreign Driver’s Licences

Air travel in Belgium

Due to the country’s small size, there are few domestic flights between Belgian cities. On the other hand, Belgium is quite an international hub, with regular flights to the rest of Europe and further abroad. The main airport in Belgium is Brussels Airport.

Other major airports in Belgium include Ostend Bruges International Airport and Antwerp International Airport in Flanders, and Brussels South Charleroi Airport and Liege Airport in Wallonia. These all offer flights to other European airports and further abroad.

Living in Belgium as an expat

Located in the heart of the continent and housing the headquarters of the European Union and NATO in its capital, Belgium is a melting pot of influences from around the world. As a result, expats moving to Belgium are sure to find that it is one of Europe’s most diverse and fascinating countries.

Belgium is rich in both cultural history and cultural pleasures. What wine is to France, beer is to Belgium. With a reputation for gastronomy and an outstanding selection of the world’s finest brews, Belgium is a diverse country that is warm and welcoming to anyone planning to settle here.

Brussels is the political powerhouse of Europe, with its historic Gothic buildings and European Union office blocks. Outside the thriving capital lies picturesque countryside, the wooded gorges of the Ardennes, and an assortment of undiscovered, lazy seaside towns.

Brussels City Guide 
Antwerp City Guide

Working in Belgium

Belgium is a fantastic destination for career progression, especially for expats in the fields of services, manufacturing, engineering, and technology. With Brussels being the home of major European organisations, including the EU and NATO headquarters, there are plenty of opportunities to be found.

Finding a Job and Working in Belgium 
Business Culture in Belgium

Belgian culture

To a large extent, Belgium is split between two dominant cultural groups: the Flemings and the Walloons. The Flemish community is Dutch speaking and is primarily based in the north of the country, in Flanders, and constitutes around half of the Belgian population.

The French-speaking Walloons live in the south and east of the country in Wallonia, making up around a third of the population. There is also a smaller German-speaking population in the eastern part of the country, near the border with Germany.

All three of these languages are officially recognised, and while they may be predominant in certain areas, the Belgian capital is legally bilingual. This infiltrates every aspect of daily life in Brussels, from street signs to business dealings. This unique mix of cultures is one of the most challenging aspects to come to terms with, but also one of the most interesting.

Local Culture in Belgium

Cost of living in Belgium

Living in Belgium comes with a significant cost, and the good life in Belgium incurs a high cost of living. This means that expats need to be prepared for higher expenses in various aspects of their daily lives. From housing and transport to groceries and entertainment, the prices tend to be steeper than in many other countries.

The country’s robust economy and stable job market can help offset the expenses for expats who can secure well-paying employment. Expats in Belgium who are able to embrace the higher cost of living can expect to enjoy an excellent standard of living in return.

Cost of Living in Belgium

Living in Belgium with children

With one of the world’s highest living standards and a high quality of life, Belgium offers expat families an attractive array of top-quality housing, healthcare, education, and infrastructure. There are also plenty of exciting activities and attractions geared specifically towards kids, so there’ll always be something to keep the little ones busy.

Finding a school in Belgium

Belgium’s education system is well known for being free of charge and offering exceptional standards. Language and cultural barriers can be challenging, though, so many expats in Belgium opt for international schools instead. These allow expat children to continue learning in a familiar language and curriculum, which eases their transition. Additionally, some international schools offer globally recognised curricula like the International Baccalaureate, making them ideal for expat families that are always on the move.

Best International Schools in Brussels 
Education and Schooling in Belgium

Getting around in Belgium

Belgium has a high-quality public transport system and a highly developed and incredibly dense motorway network, which links it with other European routes and facilitates access to neighbouring countries. In a few hours by train, you could be in Paris, London, or Amsterdam.

Getting around from city to city within the country is also easy, while inner city travel is a snap in Brussels thanks to the well-integrated bus, tram and metro system. Public transport can get crowded, so some people prefer to drive. Do be aware that if you take this route, you’ll have to contend with the seemingly ever-present traffic in Brussels.

National and International Transport in Belgium 
Getting Around in Brussels

Climate in Belgium

The weather in Belgium is not one of the country’s selling points. Although not necessarily unpleasant, light rain is fairly constant throughout the year and can be a bit inconvenient. To reduce the risk of being caught off guard, carrying a small umbrella in case of sudden showers is a good idea.

Those not fond of heat will surely enjoy the mildness of Belgian summers, with temperatures hovering around 72°F (22°C). Winters can be chilly, with temperatures ranging from just above freezing to around 39°F (4°C), and there may be snowfall.

Climate Charts for Belgium

With its rich cultural heritage, gastronomic delights and exceptional quality of life, Belgium beckons expats seeking new horizons. The country’s multiculturalism presents both challenges and captivating experiences, and its central location offers easy access to other European destinations. All in all, for those ready to embrace its diverse culture and bask in its high quality of life, moving to Belgium promises expats an immensely rewarding and enriching journey.

Fast facts

Official name: Kingdom of Belgium

Population: 11.8 million

Capital city: Brussels

Neighbouring countries: Belgium is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the south and France to the west.

Geography: Belgium is a small Western European country with three main geographic regions: the northwest coastal plain, the central plateau and the Ardennes. The Ardennes is a heavily forested, rocky plateau in southern Belgium. The rest of the country has a rather flat landscape, with a few natural lakes and many artificial waterways and canals.

Political system: Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Main languages: Dutch, French, German, English

Major religions: Christianity

Currency: The Euro (EUR) is the official currency and is divided into 100 cents. It’s fairly easy for expats to open a bank account in Belgium, provided they have the necessary paperwork.

Time: GMT+1 (+2 from the end of March to the end of October)

Electricity: 230V, 50Hz. European-style two-pin plugs are used.

International dialling code: +32

Internet domain: .be

Emergency number: 112

Transport and driving: Cars drive on the right-hand side of the road. The country has an excellent public transport system, including trains, trams, and buses, which connect various cities and regions in Belgium. Expats can generally get by without owning a car.

The banking system in Belgium is well organised and sophisticated. Expats will find that managing money in Belgium is usually a hassle free process.

Numerous local and international banks have branches in the country, with the main banks being ING Belgium, KBC Bank, Belfius and BNP Paribas Fortis.

Money in Belgium

The country is part of the Eurozone, and the currency in Belgium is the Euro. One Euro is divided into 100 cents.

• Notes: 5 EUR, 10 EUR, 20 EUR, 50 EUR, 100 EUR, 200 EUR and 500 EUR
• Coins: 5 cents, 10 cents, 20 cents, and 50 cents, as well as 1 EUR and 2 EUR

Banking in Belgium

Banking in Belgium has evolved, with most people now completing transactions either at ATMs or via online banking. Some Belgian banks operate entirely online, where it's possible to do everything from opening an account to using the bank's investment services and more.

Banking hours in Belgium are normally 9am to 4pm, Monday to Friday. Some banks are also open on Saturday mornings.

Opening a bank account

Opening a current account in Belgium is generally simple, regardless of the particular bank used. You'll need to bring documents such as proof of identification, completed application forms and proof of address.

Some Belgian banks have the functionality for customers to open bank accounts online, with some allowing foreigners to do so before arriving in Belgium. In these cases, the expat will have to inform the bank once their residency permit has been issued.

ATMs and debit cards

ATMs are widely available in Belgium. Credit and debit cards can be used. The main type of debit card used in Belgium is known as the Bancontact card. This is a chip card that has a four-digit PIN. The Bancontact card can be used to withdraw cash at ATMs and to pay for everyday items, including groceries and petrol.

Taxes in Belgium

Taxes in Belgium are high, with income tax being paid on a progressive scale with tax rates of 25 to 50 percent depending on the taxpayer's income.

Expats are considered Belgian tax residents if they primarily work or live in the country and have registered at their local municipal office. As a result, an expat may be subject to Belgian tax on their worldwide income. Luckily, the country has double taxation avoidance agreements with many countries around the world, so most expats should not be taxed twice.

Given the relative complexity of taxation in Belgium, we recommend expats consult a specialist.

Working in Belgium is a major attraction for expats around the world. This small country punches far above its geographic weight with a thriving, dynamic economy. Despite having relatively high taxes, Belgium continues to attract job-seeking expats who want to enjoy the high quality of life it offers.

Job market in Belgium

Belgium has a strong manufacturing sector, but the services sector still accounts for the most significant part of its economy. The country’s main exports include automobiles, metals, plastics, food products, finished diamonds and petroleum products.

The commerce, logistics, public administration and education sectors also play a notable role in Belgium’s economy. Expats with qualifications in these industries are likely to find suitable roles in the country.

While the job market is highly competitive, many English-speaking companies in Belgium are connected with the European Union or with NATO. These institutions are highly competitive and tend to offer attractive employee benefits.

Finding work in Belgium

Expats are most likely to be employed in the services or manufacturing sectors, especially in the capital, Brussels. Those with the best chance of finding a job in Belgium work in specialised areas with a shortage of personnel, such as engineers, technicians, mechanics, accountants, certain IT specialists and qualified teachers.

Foreign job applicants who can either speak French or Dutch will have an added advantage over those who cannot, especially when seeking employment outside of Brussels. In fact, it might be challenging to find a job without speaking the predominant language of the region.

To find opportunities, try building connections online or browsing popular Belgian job portals to scope out the market.

Useful links

• VDAB
• Jobat

Work culture in Belgium

Belgium is in the heart of Europe and offers expats a diverse, multicultural working environment. Belgian business culture is primarily influenced by Dutch, German and French business structures and etiquette.

The business environment in Belgium is fast paced and demanding. The local workforce is known for being skilled, productive and multilingual. Expats will do well to learn a few phrases in the local languages and keep an open mind towards any new business practices they may encounter.

Business Culture in Belgium

Home to one of the most reputable and reliable healthcare systems in Europe, Belgium provides top-notch medical treatment. Medical facilities and practitioners in Belgium adhere to high standards of care and hygiene.

Pharmacies are widely available, and emergency services are reliable. Expats will be able to find good-quality public and private healthcare in Belgium.

Public healthcare in Belgium

The Belgian healthcare system is funded to some extent by the government, which provides funds to mutual health organisations. All employees and self-employed workers in Belgium have to contribute towards the state health insurance fund.

Anyone who qualifies for public healthcare can consult any doctor of their choosing. Fortunately for expats, most doctors will be proficient in English.

EU citizens can use their European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) to access state healthcare during a short-term visit. UK citizens can use their Global Health Insurance Card (GHIC), which replaced the EHIC for UK citizens post Brexit.

Private healthcare in Belgium

Expats who qualify for non-resident tax status may not be required to contribute to the national social security system, in which case their employer’s private healthcare plan will likely cover them.

Patients using private healthcare in Belgium typically pay the doctor for healthcare services received and later submit a claim to their insurance provider for reimbursement. The extent of coverage for these claims can vary, but often a significant portion of the costs is covered.

Some dentists may not accept state insurance, making it advisable for expats to consider comprehensive dental insurance coverage.

Health insurance in Belgium

All employees and self-employed workers in Belgium are required to join the state health insurance scheme or provide proof of private medical insurance. The state insurance scheme typically covers a significant portion of medical costs, which may vary depending on the specific services and circumstances, but doesn’t exceed 75 percent. It covers dependant spouses and children, usually up to 18 years of age (and sometimes older if they are still in full-time education or have certain disabilities).

Many residents also have private health insurance to cover any remaining costs, particularly if they have an existing medical condition. This supplementary health insurance is frequently included in expat employee benefits packages.

Expats who don’t contribute to the national social security system should check whether their employer will provide private health insurance. If not, it’s essential to take out a policy independently to cover the often high costs associated with private treatment.

Pharmacies and medicines in Belgium

Pharmacies in Belgium are readily available and most operate during regular working hours. Some pharmacies are open 24 hours a day. If a pharmacy is closed, a list of nearby after-hours pharmacies will usually be posted on the window.

Most over-the-counter medicines are available at Belgian pharmacies. Medical prescriptions must be paid for upon collection. Expats should keep their receipts to claim costs from their medical aid. It’s also advisable for expats to be aware of the generic names of any long-term medication, as brand names can vary in different countries.

Health hazards in Belgium

While Belgium is generally regarded as a safe country for expats with few health hazards, it is important for individuals to remain aware of potential risks and take appropriate precautions. The climate in Belgium can be damp and rainy, leading to colds and flu, especially during the winter months.

Air pollution in urban areas such as Brussels can potentially cause respiratory issues for susceptible individuals. Expats with allergies should be aware of the pollen count, as it can be high during spring and summer months, which may trigger hay fever or asthma symptoms.

Vaccinations for expats in Belgium

Before moving to Belgium, expats should ensure they are up to date with routine vaccinations. Although no specific vaccinations are required for entry into the country, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional to determine any additional vaccinations that may be appropriate based on individual circumstances.

Some vaccinations to consider include:

• Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR)
• Tetanus, Diphtheria and Pertussis (Tdap)
• Influenza
• Hepatitis A and B

Before relocating to Belgium, expats should consult their healthcare provider or a travel health clinic to discuss their specific needs and receive tailored advice on vaccinations and other health precautions.

Emergency services in Belgium

Emergency services in Belgium are reliable, with largely rapid response times. Aside from the general European emergency number, 112, expats can also dial 100 for medical emergencies. Ambulances are not part of the national healthcare plan, but may be covered by private insurance for those who have it.

Expats may need some time to adjust to the local culture in Belgium, as there’s a lot to take in. Most notably, there are three main languages and many cultures all wrapped up in one fairly small country. Here are a few points to consider when settling into life in Belgium.

Languages in Belgium

The Flemings, who speak Dutch, occupy the northern half of Belgium, whereas the French-speaking Walloons mainly occupy the southern half. There is also a small German-speaking community in the east of Belgium. Dutch, French and German are all official languages.

Most Belgians, particularly in Brussels, are adept with languages and can speak English in addition to French, Dutch and/or German. It’s still a good idea for expats to learn a local language, depending on the area they will be living in and the type of work they will do.

Cultural differences in Belgium

The cultural and linguistic differences can be striking if one travels north into the Flemish areas or south into Wallonia. The buildings and people from the two communities are generally different, so it can sometimes feel like a country divided in half. The perception is that Flemings are more industrious and serious, as well as more reserved. Walloons are perceived to be more relaxed, expressive and outwardly emotional.

Greetings in Belgium

In many respects, the customs and etiquette in Belgium are fairly typical of the broader Western European region. Belgians are largely quite reserved and usually greet people they don’t know as friends with a handshake. Friends may greet one another with one or more kisses on the cheek.

Belgium is located in the very heart of Europe. The Netherlands and Germany border it in the north and the east, and France and Luxembourg border it in the west and south. Belgium is at the crossroads of Germanic and Latin Europe, which is exemplified by its three national languages: Dutch, French and German.

As is the case with many famed countries around the world, Belgium can often be romanticised. Here's a balanced look at the pros and cons of moving to Belgium.

Languages in Belgium

+ PRO: A rich cultural experience

The accessibility of three very different languages can lead to an enriching experience. In most companies, you'll hear multilingual conversations among your colleagues. Although most people in Belgium speak either Dutch or French, it can generally be assumed that they will also speak English at a reasonable level.

- CON: Complex state structure

Three languages, divided over three non-converging regions and communities, create a complex state structure. The state is largely federalised, meaning every region has different rules governing areas such as housing, childcare and education. Expats living in one region and working in another will experience the complications that arise from this first-hand.

Local Culture in Belgium

Accommodation in Belgium

+ PRO: Easy to live close to work

One of the benefits of living in a small country like Belgium is that it isn't necessary to live in the city to be close to work. If one prefers the countryside or a smaller town, living there and working in the city is usually possible. Consequently, expats can benefit from the considerable price difference between renting in the city and on its outskirts.

- CON: Property is expensive

Although one can expect to benefit from the significant price difference between locations, accommodation prices for buyers are quite high compared to other countries. Real-estate taxes on property transfers also differ between the regions.

Renting Expat Accommodation in Belgium

Getting around in Belgium

+ PRO: Excellent public transport infrastructure

Belgium has excellent public transport. Almost every city can be reached by train in a short amount of time. Public transport within Brussels in particular is also fantastic and varied, consisting of subways, trams, and buses. If you're not a fan of public transport, most cities also have extensive cycling infrastructure.

+ PRO: Easy travel within Europe

Another benefit of Belgium's location is that London, Amsterdam, and Paris can be reached by rail in less than three hours. This proximity makes Belgium a magnificent starting point for discovering Europe's finest capitals, even on one-day trips.

- CON: Occasional public transport delays

Although public transport is affordable and accessible, trains do not always arrive on time. Delays can occur, and although they don't generally amount to more than 10 minutes, they should be considered if planning to commute daily.

Driving and Public Transport in Belgium
Getting Around in Brussels

Taxation in Belgium

- CON: High tax rates

To contribute to public services and its high quality of life, Belgium has one of the highest levels of personal income taxation in the world, with tax brackets ranging from 25 to 50 percent. Belgium also demands high social security contributions from both employers and employees. Expats should definitely have their tax and social residency statuses examined by an expert.

Banking, Money and Taxes in Belgium

Lifestyle in Belgium

+ PRO: Excellent dining

Belgium offers exceptional cuisine. On top of traditional hot dishes such as waterzooi or waffles, it also offers some of the finest beers in the world. Belgians enjoy a high quality of life, and expats can look forward to enjoying the country's diverse culinary offerings.

+ PRO: Varied entertainment options

When it comes to relaxing, Belgium has a wide range of events and attractions. It has many museums, beaches and hilly forests, making for great walking or fishing trips. Additionally, Belgium has many theatres, concerts, and festivals on offer.

Shopping, Eating Out and Outdoor Activities in Brussels
Best Attractions in Brussels

Cost of living in Belgium

+ PRO: Affordable essentials

The cost of everyday essentials such as groceries and public transport in Belgium is relatively affordable compared to other Western European countries. This allows expats to maintain a comfortable standard of living without breaking the bank.

+ PRO: Competitive utilities

Utility costs in Belgium, such as electricity, gas and water, are generally competitive compared to other Western European countries, allowing expats to save on monthly expenses.

- CON: High cost of dining out and leisure activities

While the essentials may be affordable, the cost of dining out, leisure activities and consumer goods can be higher than in other countries. Expats may find themselves spending more on these items, especially if they frequently indulge in Belgium's renowned culinary scene.

Education in Belgium

+ PRO: High-quality education

Belgium boasts a high-quality education system, with many well-regarded local and international schools. Expats can choose from various options to ensure their children receive a quality education tailored to their needs.

+ PRO: Access to top universities

Belgium is home to prestigious universities such as KU Leuven and Ghent University, offering expat students excellent higher education opportunities without the need to leave the country.

- CON: School availability and language barriers

The availability of spots in international schools can be limited, so it is essential to apply early. Additionally, language barriers may arise in local schools for expat children who are not fluent in French, Dutch or German, making the transition more challenging. Expats moving between regions may find navigating the differing educational structures and requirements challenging.

Education System and Schools in Belgium

Healthcare in Belgium

+ PRO: Excellent healthcare system

Belgium is known for its efficient, high-quality healthcare system, which is accessible to both residents and expats. The country offers a comprehensive range of medical services, with many healthcare professionals speaking English, easing communication for expats.

- CON: Mandatory health insurance

Healthcare in Belgium is not free; health insurance is mandatory for expats, and must be obtained either through their employer or purchased privately. While this ensures access to quality care, it does add an extra expense to the cost of living for expats in Belgium.

Healthcare and Medical Insurance in Belgium