Moving to Bulgaria offers expats a unique opportunity to explore one of the oldest countries in Europe, boasting a rich natural diversity and storied history. The country’s breathtaking countryside features mountains, plains, rivers, lakes, stunning hot springs, and an extensive coastline along the Black Sea.

Living in Bulgaria as an expat

Bulgaria’s property market is a significant attraction for Western European expats. Many expats look to purchase holiday homes on the Black Sea coast or invest in property due to Bulgaria’s affordable cost of living, picturesque countryside, and proximity to the rest of Europe.

In terms of jobs for expats in Bulgaria, there is a particularly high demand for English teachers. Other thriving industries include agriculture, tourism, IT, and construction, but salaries in Bulgaria tend to be lower than in other EU states.

Public transport in Bulgaria, although extensive, relies primarily on buses and trains, and major ride-sharing services like Uber and Bolt are not currently available in the country. While those moving to the capital, Sofia, or other major cities in Bulgaria may be able to get by without a car, expats relocating to a coastal town or rural area will find having their own car essential.

The quality of healthcare in Bulgaria is a mixed bag. Medical staff are generally highly trained, but many expats find that public healthcare facilities aren’t up to Western European or North American standards. Private hospitals are of a much higher standard, and Bulgaria is fast becoming a popular destination for medical tourism because the cost of top-quality facilities is comparatively low.

Although the use of English is growing throughout the country, expats will find it beneficial to hire a dedicated relocation specialist to assist in figuring out Bulgaria’s complicated bureaucratic procedures. Those planning to settle in Bulgaria should also consider taking a language course.

Cost of living in Bulgaria

The cost of living in Bulgaria is low, and as a result, it is popular for foreign investment in property and business. Housing and international school fees will be the most significant expenses for expats living in Bulgaria, with other everyday costs being extremely affordable. While salaries aren’t as high as in other countries in the EU, the cost of living is low enough for people to enjoy a high standard of living.

Expat families and children

Although the quality of public education in Bulgaria is of a high standard, the language of instruction is Bulgarian. Many expats therefore opt to send their children to one of the several international schools in the country. While the fees at these schools tend to be high, children are often taught a familiar curriculum in their home language, easing the relocation process a great deal.

Skiing and water sports are popular pastimes for the whole family in Bulgaria. Expats who are more interested in shopping and nightlife will need to head to Sofia, as entertainment facilities elsewhere tend to be somewhat minimal.

Climate in Bulgaria

While the climate along the coastline of the Black Sea has Mediterranean influences, the rest of Bulgaria has a continental climate typical of Central Europe. With warm summers and cold, snowy winters, expats can experience the best of both seasons in Bulgaria. While thunderstorms are common in the warmer months, the colder seasons are populated with clear but crisp sunny days.

Ultimately, expats moving to Bulgaria will need to be open-minded and have a sense of adventure. Bulgaria’s infrastructure has improved markedly over recent years, but expats should be prepared to leave their comfort zone and initially give up a few luxuries in return for a bright future in a country filled with potential.

Fast facts

Population: Approximately 6.7 million

Capital city: Sofia

Other major cities: Plovdiv, Varna, Burgas, and Ruse

Neighbouring countries: Greece, Turkey, Romania, Macedonia, and Serbia

Geography: Bulgaria has a widely varied topography, including the Balkan Mountains in the east, the Danubian and Thracian Plains, and a long stretch of coastline along the Black Sea.

Political system: Parliamentary democracy

Major religions: Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Sunni Islam

Main languages: Bulgarian, Turkish, and Roma

Money: The Bulgarian Lev (BGN) is divided into 100 stotinki. Thanks to the language barrier and the notorious Bulgarian bureaucracy, opening a bank account can be challenging. ATMs are common in larger cities, but scarce in rural areas. Cards are readily accepted in more metropolitan areas, while cash is king in the more remote parts of the country.

Tipping: Tips of 10 percent of the bill are customary in restaurants. Hotel porters and taxi drivers expect visitors to round up the bill for good service. With non-metered taxis, expats needn’t add a tip to the fare agreed upon beforehand.

Time: GMT+2. Daylight saving time is observed from the last Sunday in March until the last Sunday in October.

Electricity: 230V, 50Hz. Plug types C and F are used in Bulgaria. Plug type C has two round pins, and plug type F has two round pins with earth clips on the top and bottom.

Internet domain: .bg

International dialling code: +359

Emergency contacts: 112

Transport and driving: Driving is on the right-hand side of the road. Drivers from EU countries can use their national licences, while drivers from non-EU countries can’t use their licences for longer than a year. Bulgaria has a low-cost rail system and a relatively fast bus system.

The weather in Bulgaria, including in Sofia and the interior regions, is temperate and representative of the continental climate typical of Central Europe. The exception is the Bulgarian coastline along the Black Sea, including cities like Varna and Burgas, which have a humid subtropical climate.

The climate is moderate, and seasons are distinct, with long, hot summers and relatively mild winters. Humidity levels in Bulgaria vary throughout the seasons, with summers being relatively dry compared to autumn and winter. Coastal areas typically experience higher humidity levels due to proximity to the Black Sea.

Springtime may be foggy and unpredictable in early March, but temperatures become warmer by June, rising to about 70°F (20°C). The high-altitude mountain areas remain snowy well into July, when the summer heat arrives.

Summer in Bulgaria starts in June and finishes towards the middle of September. Temperatures hover around 77°F (25°C) but can rise above 104°F (40°C) on a sunny and clear day. Recent years have seen an increase in extended dry heat waves.  The coastal areas have a refreshing breeze and average around a comfortable 70°F (20°C).

Temperatures don’t often drop below 50°F (10°C) during the short autumn from mid-September to October. While rainfall increases, it is dry compared to the rest of Europe. As the season progresses, winter brings more snow than rain.

Winter lasts from late October to mid-March and offers choice skiing opportunities thanks to the abundant snowfall. Expats can expect temperatures as low as 23°F (-5°C) or 5°F (-15°C) in the coldest regions. That said, it is regularly clear and sunny, softening the effect of the biting cold and making the thick snow enjoyable. Ski enthusiasts can find many popular ski resorts in Bulgaria, such as Bansko, Borovets and Pamporovo.

There have been several devastating floods in this region of Europe, including recent flood emergencies in 2024 and 2025. While these were historically rare, climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, making violent storms and heavy snowfall more unpredictable. Areas near major rivers, like the Danube and Maritsa, are more prone to floods.

The Bulgarian government has been improving the country’s flood prevention and management systems to minimise the risks and impact of flooding. Expats should pay close attention to any government directives regarding the weather, such as not travelling or being outdoors in harsh conditions.

The standard of accommodation in Bulgaria varies, and expats can easily find something that suits their needs and budget. Property prices have been rising dramatically, with Bulgaria experiencing one of the highest price increases in Europe. While still among the more affordable EU countries with prices about 40 percent below the European average, the rapid price appreciation has significantly impacted affordability. Foreign buyer interest remains strong, although foreign direct investment saw a slight decline in 2024 compared to 2023.

There are many things to consider when deciding where to live in Bulgaria. Many expats prefer to live on the outskirts of Bulgarian cities, as this provides greater access to the famed Bulgarian countryside. This can be seen outside of Sofia, where expats have invested in luxurious modern villas.

Expats with cars will discover that parking can be scarce in the cities, and finding accommodation with parking bays is an essential consideration. Those hoping to use Bulgaria’s public transport should ensure their homes are close to the public transport network.

Types of accommodation in Bulgaria

Expats can find luxury homes on the outskirts of Bulgaria’s urban centres, while apartments are typical throughout most cities. Shared accommodation does exist and is especially popular in cities such as Sofia, due to its large student population.

Apartment styles range from Soviet-era blocks to apartments in historical buildings. Construction and renovation costs are relatively low compared to Western Europe, but recent increases in building material prices have impacted renovation costs. Many expats still purchase fixer-uppers for renovation, although they should budget for current material cost increases when planning projects.

In rural areas and smaller towns, expats might find traditional Bulgarian houses. These homes are typically made of wood, stone or bricks and feature unique architectural elements such as wooden verandas and carved ornaments. Expats interested in a more authentic Bulgarian living experience might consider renting or purchasing such a property.

Furnished or unfurnished

Apartments for rent in Bulgaria are generally fully or partially furnished, but there are also listings for unfurnished flats. ‘Furnished’ may mean various things in Bulgaria, but large appliances would usually be included.

Short lets

For expats seeking temporary accommodation in Bulgaria, short-term leases offer a flexible and convenient solution. These are fully furnished properties that can be a comfortable short-term home away from home. Expats can find various short-let options throughout the country, from modern city apartments to charming rural cottages, ensuring a perfect match for every lifestyle and budget.

Short-term rental websites for Bulgaria include BgStay.com, Airbnb.com and HomeToGo.com.

Finding accommodation in Bulgaria

Expats can find accommodation online, but they are advised to look out for property scammers targeting the expat property market. Language barriers might also affect accommodation negotiations, and for these reasons, many expats prefer to find their accommodation through accredited real estate agents.

In Bulgaria, many real estate agents speak English, and there are a number of agencies that specialise in catering to the expat market. Tenants should be aware that they will have to pay agency fees for securing a rental, typically equal to half a month’s rent or up to one month’s rent. When buying a property, tenants are responsible for an agency fee, typically around 3 percent of the property price.

When choosing accommodation, expats should consider the security measures provided by the building or complex, such as access control, security guards or surveillance cameras. Additionally, enquire about the maintenance of common areas, including cleaning, gardening and shared amenities like gyms or pools.

Useful links

• Imot.bg, Imoti.net, Bulgarian Properties and Property.bg are popular Bulgarian rental websites.
• Popular international rental websites with Bulgarian properties include Realtor.com and HousingTarget.com.

Renting accommodation in Bulgaria

Renting accommodation in Bulgaria is the best option for expats who are either not ready to commit to purchasing property or prefer the flexibility of renting. Expats renting in Bulgaria can find a wide variety of accommodation options, from modern city flats to traditional houses in quaint villages.

Renting here can be quite affordable compared to other European countries, but expats need to familiarise themselves with the renting process and local regulations to ensure a smooth transition to their new home. Expats typically make use of real estate agents to find accommodation in Bulgaria. It is recommended that expats narrow down their preferred neighbourhoods based on their budget. Once they have chosen their ideal neighbourhood or area, they can schedule an appointment with an agent to view the available properties.

Guarantors

Expats should be aware that some landlords may require a Bulgarian guarantor to co-sign the lease, particularly if the tenant doesn’t have a local employment contract or a strong financial history in Bulgaria. In such cases, expats might need assistance from a friend, colleague or employer to act as a guarantor. Expats may also be able to find a rent guarantee service, although they’re not very widespread in Bulgaria.

Leases

Once a suitable property has been found and an agreement has been made with the landlord, the estate agent will draw up the contract. Expats should have the lease translated into English to ensure they know precisely what’s expected of them.

Rental contracts in Bulgaria are typically signed for a fixed term, usually one or two years, but expats may be able to negotiate this with an understanding landlord. When signing a lease, it’s crucial to understand the terms related to rent increases. Ensure that any rent increase provisions in the lease are clear and acceptable before signing the agreement.

Costs and fees

Tenants may be responsible for additional costs like property maintenance and management fees. Ensure these responsibilities are clearly defined and included in the lease agreement. Some leases may also include a parking bay at an additional cost.

Deposits

A security deposit is customary when renting accommodation in Bulgaria, and it generally ranges from one to three months’ rent, alongside the first month’s rent. This deposit protects the landlord in case of property damage or unpaid rent.

Upon lease termination, if the property is in good condition and all outstanding bills are settled, the deposit should be returned to the tenant in full. Inspect the property thoroughly before you move in, and take photos of any pre-existing damage.

Terminating the lease

Bulgarian rental agreements typically require a notice period of one to three months for either party to terminate the lease. Make sure you include a termination clause in the lease agreement, and specify the notice period and any potential penalties for early termination. Expats who need to leave the country unexpectedly should be mindful of these provisions, as landlords might withhold part or all of the security deposit if the tenant breaks the lease agreement without proper notice or justification.

Either party can legally terminate the contract early if the other party doesn’t comply with the terms set out in the lease agreement.

Utilities in Bulgaria

Expats moving to Bulgaria should be aware of the various utilities in Bulgaria. These include electricity, gas, water supply, waste removal and internet and phone services. Utility bills are seldom included in the lease price, and the tenant is generally responsible for paying bills such as water and electricity. The registrations of utility meters aren’t usually transferred to the tenant’s name, and if the tenant falls behind on paying utilities, the landlord might use the deposit to cover these.

Electricity and gas

The main electricity providers in Bulgaria are CEZ, Energo-Pro, and EVN. There are also several gas providers, including Overgas and Bulgargaz. In most urban areas, gas is piped directly into homes, while in rural areas, expats may need to rely on canister gas for cooking and heating purposes. Tenants have various payment options at their disposal. They can pay their bills online, set up direct debit payments through their bank or visit designated payment offices in person.

Water

Water usage is usually metered. The water supply in Bulgaria is managed by regional water and sewerage companies (ViK). Billing frequency varies depending on the area, with some companies issuing monthly or bi-monthly invoices. Payment methods include online payments, direct debit or at a local pay office.

Bins and recycling

Waste removal is generally not covered in the rent and is considered an additional cost for tenants. Collection schedules depend on the municipality, with most areas offering weekly or bi-weekly pickup. Bins are provided for general waste and recycling; some areas may have green waste collection for garden waste.

Internet

Expats moving to Bulgaria may be pleasantly surprised by the high-speed internet and competitive mobile phone services available in the country. Bulgaria has excellent internet infrastructure with some of the fastest mobile internet speeds in the world, with fibre optic connections widely accessible in urban areas. Bulgaria’s leading internet and phone service providers include Vivacom, A1 and Yettel (formerly Telenor Bulgaria). It is common to find bundle packages that combine internet, landline and mobile services, often at discounted rates.

Useful links

• Electricity providers: Energo-Pro and EVN
• Gas providers: Overgas and Bulgargaz
• Water and sewerage companies: ViK Sofia, ViK Plovdiv and ViK Varna
• Internet and phone providers: Vivacom

While banks in Bulgaria are relatively sophisticated and offer a wide range of services, the country is infamous for its paperwork-heavy bureaucracy. There is also a lack of access to English translation and services. This primarily affects the banking and tax sectors, but may extend to other areas such as healthcare, and legal and public administration. These are some of the challenges expats may face when it comes to managing banking, money, and taxes in Bulgaria.

Money in Bulgaria

Bulgaria’s official currency is the Bulgarian Lev, abbreviated as BGN, at least until January 2026, when the country will switch to euros.

The lev is subdivided into 100 stotinki. The value of the lev is pegged to the euro at a rate of 1.95583 to 1. The Bulgarian National Bank regulates Bulgaria’s banking system and currency.

• Notes: 1 BGN, 2 BGN, 5 BGN, 10 BGN, 20 BGN, 50 BGN and 100 BGN
• Coins: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 stotinki; 1 BGN and 2 BGN

Banking in Bulgaria

Although Bulgaria’s small market hasn’t attracted many international banks, local banks are run efficiently and with a focus on customer service. Some reliable Bulgarian banks include Raiffeisen, UniCredit Bulbank, DSK and Postbank (officially known as Eurobank Bulgaria). Banks are typically open between 9am and 5pm, Monday to Friday. All of these banks offer mobile and online banking services.

Opening a bank account

Both residents and non-residents of Bulgaria can open a bank account. As most documents aren’t in English, completing the paperwork required to open a bank account can be challenging. Expats looking for assistance with banking and tax matters in Bulgaria can consider hiring a local accountant or financial adviser proficient in English, or they can use professional expat-focused services like those offered by specialised relocation agencies.

Expats opening a bank account in Bulgaria will need their passport or national ID card, an address to send correspondence to, and a minimum deposit amount. Banks may also require proof of income, a letter of employment and a copy of a lease agreement, and they may perform a background or credit check. Bank cards can be collected or delivered to the specified address, typically within one week of opening an account.

ATMs and credit cards

ATMs are common in Bulgarian cities, but availability may be limited in rural areas and villages. Expats can use any ATM, regardless of which bank they belong to, but withdrawal fees will be higher from other banks’ ATMs.

Visa and MasterCard are widely accepted in Bulgarian cities, but this is not the case in smaller villages, where cash payments are the norm. Expats can exchange currency at banks, and bureaux de change are widely available in cities.

Contactless services

Digital wallets and mobile payment services like Google Pay and Apple Pay – and local solutions like Paysera – are available in Bulgaria and are becoming more widely accepted. These allow users to make contactless payments, transfer money, or pay bills through their smartphones.

Taxes in Bulgaria

The Bulgarian tax year follows the calendar year. Expats will be considered Bulgarian tax residents if they have been in the country for more than 183 days in 12 months. Tax residents in Bulgaria will have their worldwide personal income taxed at a flat rate of 10 percent. Those who aren’t considered tax residents only have to pay tax on income earned within Bulgaria.

Expats with dual citizenship, offshore accounts, or foreign property holdings may need to consider additional factors when banking and filing taxes in Bulgaria. These could include reporting their foreign financial assets, understanding double-taxation agreements or consulting with a tax professional to ensure compliance with both Bulgarian and foreign tax laws.

Bulgarian companies often automatically deduct taxes from their employees’ salaries every month, saving their employees the hassle of paying taxes themselves.

Adapting to local culture in Bulgaria can be an interesting and challenging experience for expats as they immerse themselves in the country’s history and varied cultural background. The impact of the post-socialist era, marked by a period of instability, has contributed to Bulgarian culture.

Bulgarian culture is one of reverence for nature, strong family bonds, and a collectivist approach to social life. Bulgarian society often prioritises communal interests over individual desires, and great importance is placed on group harmony.

For expats from wealthier countries, it’ll take a while to adapt to Bulgaria’s sometimes underdeveloped infrastructure. Progress is being made, but Bulgaria’s bureaucratic system has a history of issues with inefficiency and corruption. Nonetheless, many expats learn to manage these challenges, allowing them to enjoy Bulgaria’s breathtaking countryside and welcoming people, along with its affordable lifestyle.

Communication in Bulgaria

Bulgarians tend to be formal and polite during first meetings. Greetings are regularly initiated with a handshake, while close friends might kiss each other on the cheek.

Bulgarians are known to be direct and may express their views vividly. Bulgarians also convey much meaning in their hand gestures and facial expressions. Expats may experience some initial confusion, as head shaking in Bulgaria may convey the opposite meaning of what expats might expect. In Bulgaria, nodding the head indicates ‘no’, while shaking the head indicates ‘yes’.

Language barrier in Bulgaria

Although English is increasingly spoken, especially by Bulgaria’s younger generations, only about one in three Bulgarians has a workable knowledge of English. Some Bulgarians can speak Russian, German, or other European languages, although Russian knowledge has declined significantly since 2012. German is now considered the second most useful language for children to learn after English.

Knowing some Bulgarian will be helpful to expats, as many bus drivers, police officers, and government officials don’t speak English.

Bureaucracy and corruption in Bulgaria

Bulgaria continues to take active steps to combat corruption in the public sector. The country is following EU recommendations, and it has implemented an upgraded digital case management system. Nevertheless, corruption remains a persistent problem in Bulgaria, with cases of civil servants requesting bribes or doctors expecting extra payments for improved care.

The country’s administrative system can be challenging for expats, given its convoluted and inefficient bureaucracy and the differing policies implemented across regions. This is especially difficult for those immigrating to Bulgaria or opening a business, as extensive paperwork is required.

Education in Bulgaria has always held a prominent place in the country’s society, and there have been numerous educational reforms over the years. Instruction in the public schooling system is provided in Bulgarian, so expats often choose to send their children to international schools in Bulgaria instead.

Public schools in Bulgaria

Education is free in state-owned and municipal schools for all children, including EU and EEA citizens. This, along with the quality of Bulgarian public schools, means that most local children attend schools in the public education system.

The Bulgarian legislature mandates that children must attend preschool education from the age of four, and formal school education starts at age seven (or age six at parents’ discretion). There are four stages of education in Bulgaria: preschool (ages 3 to 7), primary education (Grades 1 to 4), lower secondary education (Grades 5 to 7), and upper secondary education (Grades 8 to 12).

The academic calendar typically runs from mid-September to late May or early June, with breaks for Christmas and Easter. School hours usually run from 7.30am or 8.30am to 1pm or 2pm.

Private schools in Bulgaria

An increasing number of private and specialist schools are being established in Bulgaria.

The curriculum in Bulgaria’s private schools is guided by government regulations, which mandate that certain core courses be taught. Several Bulgarian private schools offer bilingual Bulgarian-English education, but most private schools primarily offer lessons in Bulgarian.

International schools in Bulgaria

International school fees represent a significant expense for expat families in Bulgaria. There are a few international schools in Bulgaria, most of which can be found in Sofia.

International schools allow many expat students to continue following the curriculum they studied in their home countries. Expats can find international schools catering for German, American, French, British, and Spanish curricula as well as the International Baccalaureate curriculum in Bulgaria.

Special-needs education in Bulgaria

Many laws have been implemented in Bulgaria to support children with disabilities in their education. Support teams evaluate children with special educational needs to determine their individual needs and develop appropriate support plans, whether in mainstream schools with additional support or in specialised schools for those with more complex needs.

Special-needs schools primarily cater for children with multiple or severe learning disabilities, as these schools are better equipped to support these children with their educational needs. All mainstream schools are legally required to provide facilities and teachers to educate and accommodate children with disabilities. Children with milder disabilities are often integrated into the mainstream schooling system in Bulgaria.

Karin Dom is a Bulgarian non-profit devoted to providing a range of support services to children with special needs and their families.

Useful links

• Karin Dom

Tutors in Bulgaria

There are many websites that feature and promote tutors in Bulgaria. Verbling, ApprentUs, Preply, and italki are four such websites where expat parents can find a tutor.

These private tutors can teach children online or at home, based on the parents’ preference. They are able to assist children with learning the language or any subjects in school in which the child may be struggling. Tutors can also help children adjust to their new curriculum or the language of instruction if they attend Bulgarian-language schools.

Useful links

• Verbling
• ApprentUs
• Preply
• italki

Although the quality of healthcare in Bulgaria does not meet the standards of most Western European countries, the country provides universal healthcare and low hospital fees. While Bulgaria has made some improvements in healthcare infrastructure, recent reports indicate the system faces significant challenges, with Bulgaria recording some of the highest mortality rates and largest negative population growth in the EU.

Bulgarian doctors and medical staff are highly trained, but the country’s health infrastructure has funding challenges. The state spends the lowest percentage of its GDP on healthcare among EU countries. Many hospital facilities are overcrowded and in poor condition, particularly in rural areas.

A public health insurance scheme primarily funds healthcare in Bulgaria and provides access to medical care through public hospitals and clinics. Bulgaria has implemented mandatory electronic health records (EHR) for all medical activities, so all health-related information for Bulgarian citizens is now centralised and easily accessible to healthcare providers.

Public healthcare in Bulgaria

Public healthcare is managed by the Ministry of Health. Although medical staff in Bulgaria are highly trained, new arrivals may find that the facilities in public hospitals vary widely. Expats will also find that English is not widely spoken in public hospitals.

Medical facilities in urban centres like Sofia and Plovdiv tend to be better equipped than those in rural areas, where access to doctors and hospital services is significantly more limited. Many healthcare establishments in smaller towns and rural areas face potential closure due to staff shortages. 

EU and EEA citizens can use their European Health Insurance Cards (EHIC) at Bulgarian public hospitals until they become residents of Bulgaria. British expats can also use their GHIC – or, for pensioners, their S1 forms. Once officially registered as citizens, foreign residents will have their healthcare provided for under Bulgaria’s compulsory healthcare insurance scheme.

Private healthcare in Bulgaria

Many new arrivals choose to use private healthcare in Bulgaria. The private sector’s general healthcare standards and facilities are typically superior to public healthcare services and should provide a familiar standard for EU expats.

While private healthcare in Bulgaria remains comparatively cheaper than in Western Europe, Bulgarians actually have to pay the highest private healthcare costs in the EU relative to their income, and significant private co-payments are required due to limited public funding.

Most private doctors are bilingual, which limits language barrier issues for expats. Bulgaria has also grown as a destination for medical tourism, as people travel to the country for cosmetic and dental procedures.

Health insurance in Bulgaria

Expats living and working in Bulgaria are given access to free or subsidised healthcare through the Bulgarian public health insurance system. Contributing to this system is compulsory for all residents in Bulgaria. When granted a residence permit, foreigners contribute to their health insurance through their Bulgarian social security number.

Workers in the country are enrolled in Bulgaria’s public healthcare system by their employers, with healthcare fees deducted from employees’ salaries. The total social security contribution rate is about 33 percent, which includes health insurance contributions.

Many expat retirees are not covered by compulsory health insurance plans and must secure private insurance to ensure healthcare coverage.

Polyclinics in Bulgaria

Polyclinics have a long history in Bulgaria, tracing their roots back to the socialist era, when they served as primary healthcare centres that provided an extensive range of services to the population. To this day, they serve as an essential component of the country’s healthcare system, acting as an intermediate level of care between general practitioners and hospitals.

These medical establishments have traditionally focused on providing outpatient services, including diagnostics, consultations and minor procedures. Over the years, polyclinics have evolved to cater to the diverse medical needs of the local population, often offering specialised care in fields such as paediatrics, gynaecology, and cardiology.

Pharmacies in Bulgaria

Expats can easily find pharmacies in Bulgaria’s urban centres, and some hospitals also have a pharmacy attached. There are some 24-hour pharmacies in the largest cities like Sofia and Plovdiv.

Expats can buy many prescription medicines over the counter, and Bulgaria has been digitising its prescription system to improve medication access and reduce antibiotic misuse. Expats can have their prescriptions from other EU countries filled in a Bulgarian pharmacy. Pharmaceuticals in Bulgaria are relatively cheaper compared to the prices in other European countries. As brand names vary from country to country, expats should take note of the generic names of their medications.

Health risks in Bulgaria

New arrivals will experience few health risks when living in Bulgaria. If you’re going out in the countryside, be careful of tick-borne diseases such as Lyme disease and encephalitis. You can avoid tick bites using insect repellent and wearing long trousers.

Vaccinations for Bulgaria

Before they travel to Bulgaria, it is recommended that expats and tourists ensure they have received the appropriate vaccinations to safeguard their health. The following vaccinations are recommended:

• Routine vaccinations – such as measles, mumps and rubella (MMR); diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP); polio; and varicella (chickenpox)
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B

Emergency services in Bulgaria

Bulgaria provides free emergency care in life-threatening situations. Emergency rooms are required by law to treat every patient regardless of health insurance status, nationality, or ability to pay.

Public ambulance services are free if urgent care is required, but patients must pay if their condition isn’t serious. Bulgaria has been actively improving its emergency services, including the introduction of medical helicopters.

Foreign residents should inquire about ambulance response times in their area, as it might be quicker for expats to make their own way to a hospital in an emergency. Some private hospitals operate their own ambulance services, which foreigners with private insurance should consider investigating.

Emergency numbers

• EU emergency line: 112
• Ambulance: 150
• Fire department: 160
• Police: 166

When it comes to transport and driving in Bulgaria, road and rail travel dominate the long-distance travel options. Expats living in Bulgaria’s cities usually get around via bus and trolleybus networks. The capital, Sofia, also has a metro system.

Apart from Plovdiv, the cycling paths inside most cities are nonexistent. Despite this, the number of cyclists is increasing, and the state has promised to promote local biking culture by investing in cycling infrastructure.

Expats thinking of living in rural areas should consider buying a car, as these areas are generally not well covered by public transport networks.

Public transport in Bulgaria

Expats living in Bulgaria will be able to make use of its affordable public transport network. Despite the extensive train and bus routes, public transport is often inefficient.

Trains

Rail networks connect most cities in Bulgaria. The majority of trains are operated by the state-owned Bulgarian State Railways (BDZ). The country’s trains are somewhat outdated and may move at a pace that can frustrate expats used to faster services.

International trains connect Bulgaria to the adjacent countries of Romania and Turkey, and some coaches travel to European countries further afield. Connections to Greece and Serbia may be suspended due to ongoing construction works and operational issues, and there are limited connections to North Macedonia.

International and inter-city train tickets can be bought both online and at train stations. See BDZ Passenger Services for timetables and tickets.

Buses

Buses are a safe, reasonably priced and comfortable means of getting around in Bulgaria. There are many bus routes serviced by a variety of bus companies. Long-distance buses are a common means of domestic travel, and international bus routes can be used to travel to cities such as Skopje, Belgrade, and Istanbul.

Bus tickets can be bought at bus stations, at bus company offices, and, depending on the company, online. Expats may also be able to buy tickets once on the bus, but buying the ticket in advance is recommended. Bus schedules and routes are typically displayed in Cyrillic, which can present a challenge for many expats.

Some online bus ticket portals include RedBus and BusExpress.

Metro

While metros may not be available in the rest of Bulgaria, expats in the capital city of Sofia will benefit from the convenience of the Sofia Metro. There are four lines offering a swift and cost-effective way to traverse the city. The metro system is relatively straightforward to use, with modern trains and stations equipped with bilingual signs in both Bulgarian and English.

Metro tickets can be purchased at station kiosks, with options for single rides, daily passes, and monthly passes catering to various commuting needs.

For information on routes, schedules and fares, expats can consult the official Sofia Metro website or use mobile apps such as Moovit and Google Maps for real-time information and journey planning.

Taxis in Bulgaria

Taxi companies operate in most cities, but can be scarce in rural areas. New arrivals should be careful of taxis that offer fixed rates and don’t use a meter. These drivers may be overcharging for their service.

Rideshare apps such as Uber do not operate in Bulgaria, but local taxi services can be booked via apps such as TaxiMe, Taxi Maxim, and Taxistars. The destination is selected on the app, which allows expats to bypass the language barrier.

Driving in Bulgaria

Foreign residents who don’t live near public transport might need to consider buying a car. The country has a sizeable second-hand car market, and a variety of car makes are available at a cheaper cost than in most EU countries.

Finding parking in cities like Sofia can be challenging, and expats might need to rent a parking space, which can be expensive.

To drive in Bulgaria, expats will need a translation of their driver’s licence or, ideally, an International Driving Permit. For non-EU licence holders, this will be valid for up to one year from the date of issuing of their first residence permit, after which it’s necessary to obtain a Bulgarian driver’s licence.

Cycling in Bulgaria

Although cycling on highways can be dangerous, Bulgaria is famed for its cross-country cycling routes. Despite not having a widespread cycling culture, cycling is becoming increasingly popular, with the state pledging to make cycling safer in urban centres. In recent years, some improvements have been made to the cycling infrastructure in Sofia, and the city has tried to promote cycling through the development of dedicated lanes and pedestrian zones. Plovdiv is somewhat cycle-friendly, but the rest of the country is lacking.

Air travel in Bulgaria

Air travel in Bulgaria has grown significantly in recent years, offering expats a wide range of options for domestic and international flights. With four international airports – Sofia, Burgas, Varna, and Plovdiv – serving as the country’s main aviation hubs, passengers can take advantage of numerous connections to destinations across Europe and beyond.

Several low-cost carriers operate in Bulgaria, making it an affordable choice for budget-conscious travellers. The domestic air network is well connected, ensuring easy accessibility to key cities and attractions within the country.

Working in Bulgaria means expats will have plenty of opportunities. Although the country’s economy has faced challenges in the past, it is now firmly secured in the EU, and recent years have seen moderate economic growth and a steady decline in unemployment.

Bulgaria’s primary industries include energy, mining, metallurgy, machine building, agriculture, and tourism, while finance and IT are growing sectors. Salaries in Bulgaria are among the lowest in the EU (average wages are around a quarter of the EU average), although lower living costs partially offset this difference. Expats may face competition in the job market, as companies often prioritise hiring Bulgarian graduates.

Expats from the EU or the EEA can work in Bulgaria without a work permit, but non-EU expats must secure a work permit before arriving in the country. Work permits are requested by an employer, who must justify their reasons for employing a foreigner over a Bulgarian.

Job market in Bulgaria

Expats seeking employment in Bulgaria will likely find the most opportunities in the urban centres of Sofia, Plovdiv and Varna, working within multinational companies and in the IT, finance, engineering, healthcare, and construction industries. Teaching English in Bulgaria is a strong opportunity for expats, and Bulgaria has had one of the fastest-growing demands for English teachers in Europe since joining the EU.

Those with multilingual proficiencies, specifically in key European languages such as English, French, and German, are in demand in Bulgaria and are more likely to find a job. One reason for this demand is that Bulgaria is a major IT outsourcing destination for many global companies, including Oracle, HP, IBM, CISCO, SAP, Uber, VMware, and Microsoft. Knowledge of Bulgarian will also help secure employment with a local company.

Finding a job in Bulgaria

Many expats move to Bulgaria with a pre-existing employment contract. Otherwise, multinational companies will post listings of job offerings on their websites. Expats can also seek assistance from the various English-speaking recruitment agencies in Bulgaria.

Numerous online job portals also list employment opportunities for expats in Bulgaria.

Useful links

• JOBS.BG, Zaplata.bg and Karieri are popular local job posting sites.
• International sites like LinkedIn and Jooble also list some jobs.

Work culture in Bulgaria

Fostering and maintaining relationships is a necessary part of Bulgarian work culture. Trust is essential in work environments. Relationships may form slowly, as Bulgarians tend to take their time getting to know new colleagues.

Although Bulgarians generally value directness and cooperation, they may also show deference to age and seniority. Otherwise, the work culture in Bulgaria is not overtly different from the work culture in other EU nations.

A notable cultural difference in Bulgaria is the reversed meaning of head shaking and nodding, which may be initially confusing for expats. A head shake means ‘yes’, and a nod indicates ‘no’. Expats should remember this when conducting business and in day-to-day life in Bulgaria.

There are plenty of opportunities for expats doing business in Bulgaria to establish themselves in the country’s growing economy. Known for its strategic geographical location, low operating costs, and favourable tax environment, Bulgaria has become an attractive destination for entrepreneurs and investors, especially since its accession to the EU in 2007.

Expats in the Bulgarian business world should be mindful of local customs, business practices, and language barriers, which may differ significantly from those in their home countries.

Local Culture in Bulgaria

Fast facts

Business hours

Business hours are Monday to Friday, 8am or 9am to 5.30pm.

Business language

Bulgarian is the official language. English is increasingly used in business circles, especially within multinational companies.

Business dress

Business attire is generally formal and conservative, but business casual and other less formal attire may be acceptable in some industries.

Greetings

A firm handshake, direct eye contact and addressing people by their titles are appropriate.

Gifts

Gifts are only given on special occasions, and given the historical context of corruption, expats need to approach gift-giving with sensitivity. It’s best to present a thoughtful gift instead of an expensive one. When invited to a colleague’s home, it’s customary to bring a gift for the host. Chocolates, wine, or flowers are acceptable.

Gender equality

Gender equality in the workplace continues to be addressed through EU-aligned policies and legislation. The gender pay gap in Bulgaria is about 20 percent, which is higher than the EU average of about 12 percent, but Bulgaria has a relatively good representation of women in management positions compared to many EU countries. There is progress to be made towards complete gender parity, even though women and men are largely viewed as equals in the workplace.

Business culture in Bulgaria

Business culture in Bulgaria is informed both by the societal importance placed on relationships and by the historical collectivism of Bulgarian society, which has traditionally prioritised the group over the individual. Relationships built on trust are central to succeeding in local business, but these can take time to develop. Networking is therefore an essential part of doing business in the country.

Business structure

Businesses follow a hierarchical structure whereby seniors make decisions, but the consensus of everyone involved is sought beforehand. Business hierarchy is influenced by Bulgarian society’s tradition of extending additional respect and deference to older individuals.

Communication

Communication is formal, with emphasis placed on using appropriate titles. First names are generally reserved for family and close friends.

In line with the importance of forming relationships, face-to-face meetings are important in Bulgarian business culture, although remote meetings across Europe have become increasingly common since 2020. Bulgarians tend to communicate their points directly, but they also use body language extensively to convey their meaning.

Some expats may initially find head shaking and nodding unfamiliar, as these have opposite meanings to most Anglophone cultures – in Bulgaria, head shaking indicates a positive, ‘yes’, while head nodding indicates a negative, ‘no’.

Corruption

Bulgaria continues to address its historical legacy of corruption. There are significant efforts to address corruption, but Bulgaria still has major hurdles to overcome. Nepotism and bribery are still perceived as being prevalent in Bulgaria’s public sector. The country has adopted some EU-recommended legislation to help curb corruption.

Dos and don’ts of business in Bulgaria

• Do be punctual
• Do organise meetings in advance and confirm the appointment the day before
• Do address business colleagues by their titles, as first names are reserved for close friends and family
• Don’t try to rush things. Business decisions can take time as associates get to know someone to determine their trustworthiness.
• Do use side-to-side head shaking to indicate ‘yes’, and up-and-down head nodding to indicate ‘no’
• Do prioritise relationship-building through personal meetings