Living in the DRC as an expat

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a country in Central Africa known by several names: the DRC, DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply the Congo. Expats considering moving to the DRC may picture gorillas or chimpanzees and the lush Congo Rainforest (the world's second-largest rainforest after the Amazon). New arrivals soon realise that life here has much to offer.

As Africa's second-largest country, the DRC boasts an area greater than France, Germany, Norway, Spain, and Sweden combined. A simple glance at a map does not do justice to the DRC's diversity of environments, natural resources and cultures. The Congo's biodiversity encapsulates jungles, savanna grasslands, mountains, volcanoes, and Africa's Great Lakes region in the east of the country. 

Still, one of the main concerns for foreigners moving to the Congo is safety. Although its civil war ended in 2003, the country still struggles with political and economic insecurity. A tumultuous history and a diversity of over 250 ethnic groups have unfortunately left the country at the epicentre of ethnic conflicts in the Great Lakes region for decades. Conflict and violence are prevalent in eastern provinces, and security should not be taken lightly when living in Kinshasa.

Safety in the DRC

Working in the DRC

The DRC is famous for its mineral wealth, from cobalt and copper to diamonds and gold. The mining sector is the economy's biggest attraction to foreign investors, while the growing job market allows expats to find work in various sectors ranging from finance to tech. The UN maintains a strong peacekeeping presence in conflict-ridden areas, and humanitarian aid work is another key sector in which expats work. 

As an expat, you'll need a work permit to work in the DRC. The work permit application process is usually facilitated by the employer, who must prove the need for a foreign employee. You'll also need a business travel visa and a Yellow Fever vaccination certificate to enter the DRC. 

Working in the DRC

Local culture in the DRC

The DRC is rich in culture, and many new arrivals feel welcome here. More than 200 ethnic groups make up the country's lively cultural mosaic. Although locals are generally friendly towards newcomers, they may also be suspicious of foreigners due to the country's history and experience with foreign powers. 

Family plays a major role in Congolese society, and you'll find that it's common for men and women to hold traditional roles in managing the household. The workplace culture in the DRC is hierarchical, which may be challenging for those who are from more egalitarian societies. 

Business Culture in the DRC

Finding accommodation in the DRC

Most expats move to Kinshasa or Lubumbashi, the capital of the southern copper-rich Haut-Katanga province. You'll find that the accommodation options in these cities vary widely in quality. Accommodation that meets Western standards is typically in the form of hotels, gated security complexes, and luxury freestanding houses. 

Fortunately, most expats will have their employer sponsor their accommodation, so they won't need to go through the process alone. If you have to find your own accommodation in the DRC, using platforms like Airbnb is the simplest way to find a home, especially if you are only in the country in the short term. Otherwise, contracting a real estate agent is the best way to go.

Advice on Renting Accommodation in the DRC

Cost of living in the DRC

With poor transport infrastructure and high food insecurity, the cost of living in the DRC can be unexpectedly high. Many basic goods and services that you may take for granted are either scarce or come at a premium. Imported products, in particular, tend to be expensive due to logistical challenges and limited availability.

The overall healthcare system is in a dire state, and you are advised to budget for the cost of medical insurance, which includes emergency air evacuation and repatriation.

Living in the DRC with children

Given numerous safety and infrastructural barriers, expats contemplating a move to the Democratic Republic of the Congo should consider their options carefully, particularly if relocating with a family. 

Kinshasa is the country's capital and the most developed city. As an economic hub, it offers numerous services and amenities. Kinshasa hosts several Western-standard medical facilities and a handful of international schools. That said, the standard of infrastructure across the Democratic Republic of the Congo is poor. The provision of basic services in most towns, including electricity and water, is often subject to disruption, if present at all.

Healthcare and Medical Insurance in the DRC

Finding a school in the DRC

Congo's public education system is underfunded and understaffed. Local schools typically are not a viable option, while international schools are limited in number and capacity. Expat parents will need to ensure they apply well in advance to secure a spot for their children. 

Most international schools in the DRC offer the American, British, or International Baccalaureate curriculum. International schools are known for their pricey tuition, so we recommend negotiating an education allowance as part of your relocation contract. Although international schools are expensive, they offer children an opportunity to continue learning a familiar curriculum and to meet other expat children who may share similar experiences. 

Schools and Education for Expats in the DRC

Getting around in the DRC

Getting around in the DRC without a car and a driver will be challenging, as the country's public transport system is largely unsuitable for most expats. Driving in the car is initially not recommended as road conditions in parts of the country range from poor to hazardous, so most expat employers provide their employees with a car and driver to help them get around. 

Getting Around in the DRC

Climate and weather in the DRC

The DRC has a tropical climate. Since the country straddles the equator, its northern and southern regions have opposite seasons. From April to October, the north has a dry season, and the south has a rainy season. Nonetheless, the DRC remains humid (averaging 80 percent humidity) with sweltering conditions throughout the year.

An expat's experience in the capital will differ greatly from elsewhere in the country. Despite the hardships, most new arrivals report a friendly environment. With an open mind, determination, and caution for safety, you can embrace moving to and living in the DRC.

Fast facts

Population: Over 109 million

Capital city: Kinshasa

Neighbouring countries: The Democratic Republic of the Congo borders the Central African Republic and South Sudan to the north, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania to the east, Zambia and Angola to the south, and the Republic of the Congo to the west.

Political system: Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic

Major religions: Christianity

Main languages: French, and Kikongo, Lingala, Swahili, and Tshiluba are also officially recognised

Time: GMT+1 and GMT+2

Money: The Congolese Franc (CDF) is the local currency and can be divided into 100 centimes. The US dollar is also widely used across the country. ATMs and card facilities are available in major urban centres, but rural areas seldom have these.

Electricity: 220V, 50 Hz. Plugs with two or three round pins are used.

International dialling code: +243

Internet TLD: .cd

Emergency numbers: Emergency services are extremely limited. Expats are advised to seek out private security services and hospitals in emergencies.

Transport and driving: Vehicles drive on the right-hand side of the road. Public transport is limited and generally unsuitable for expats. Road infrastructure is underdeveloped, particularly in rural areas.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is Africa's second-largest country by area. This is just one of the factors that make travelling difficult. While driving and public transport are viable options for getting around in the cities, travel between major cities is best done via flight. 

Bear in mind that the transport infrastructure and country-wide road network are underdeveloped. Expats should also consider the numerous safety concerns when travelling in the DRC.

Safety in the DRC

Public transport in the DRC

Buses

Several bus services operate between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and its neighbouring countries. However, given the safety concerns, particularly around the border regions, it's best to avoid bus travel across the country.

Buses and minibus taxis also operate in most towns and cities, but they're often overcrowded and poorly maintained, so they should be used with caution.

Boats and ferries

With thousands of kilometres of navigable rivers, water transport is a popular means of getting around in the DRC. The Société Commerciale des Transports et des Ports (SCTP) manages river transports, ports, and railways in the DRC. 

Ferry services operate between Kinshasa and Brazzaville, in the Republic of the Congo, which is located just across the Congo River. Expats can ask the ferry service provider for information on the safety standards. Crossing the river via speedboat is a safer and more pleasant option.

Trains

While there is a railway network in the DRC, including one operating between Kinshasa and Matadi, services are infrequent and unreliable. Despite some rail refurbishment projects by foreign firms operating in the mining sector, there are very few passenger services.

Taxis

You can also get around by taxi in the DRC. Shared minibus taxis and converted truck-buses, known locally as fula fulas, also provide transport in the DRC. 

That said, it's best to contact a known private taxi company rather than hail one off the street. This is a safer and more reliable option for getting a taxi. We also suggest agreeing on a fare before departing.

Useful links

• Transco
• Société Commerciale des Transports et des Ports (SCTP)

Driving in the DRC

Most expats will get around in the DRC by car. Even if places are within walking distance, it's normal to drive to the destination. Whether you drive yourself or hire a driver is another decision to make.

Nonetheless, having a driver is greatly beneficial, as these professionals will be familiar with and able to navigate the local roads. Many companies provide their expat employees with a car as well as a driver. If not, this perk may be negotiated. Alternatively, you can hire a car. Most rental companies only rent cars with a driver.

Although Kinshasa's main streets are relatively clean, chaotic traffic and poorly maintained roads, especially outside the capital city, make driving hazardous. Driving is particularly dangerous during the rainy season from September to May, and road accidents are common. A four-wheel-drive vehicle is best if you're driving outside the main cities, and you should avoid driving at night.

Both official and unofficial roadblocks are common, and expats should ensure that they carry all the necessary documents when travelling. Requests for bribes are not unusual, so caution is advised when dealing with security officials.

Driver's licences

If you want to drive in the DRC, you must get an International Driving Permit (IDP) before arriving there. An IDP is typically valid for a maximum of 12 months. Thereafter, you'll need a local driver's licence. This process is often tedious and bureaucratic, so most expats avoid it. 

Those who are brave enough to go at it will need to undergo written and practical driving tests, which will be in French. You'll also need to provide valid documentation and a residence permit as part of the process. 

Air travel in the DRC

Given the country's vast size and for various safety reasons, it is best to fly between cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The two main airports in the country are Kinshasa International Airport (N'djili International Airport) and Lubumbashi International Airport.

Several African and international airlines offer regular services to and from the DRC. Regular charter services also operate within the country. However, Congolese air carriers have a dubious safety record, and expats should choose their carriers carefully.

Useful links

• Kinshasa International Airport

The education system in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is generally poor and underdeveloped. Expats are not likely to enrol their children in the local schooling system, and rather tend to look for international schools.

The number of international schools in the DRC is limited, and most are concentrated in the country's capital, Kinshasa, and the second-largest city, Lubumbashi. Homeschooling presents an additional option for expat families.

Public schools in the DRC

Unfortunately, local public schools are usually under-resourced and lack adequate teaching staff and equipment.

The local curriculum is based on the Belgian education system, with six years of primary and six years of high school. The language of instruction is French. The education system is divided into: 

• Ecole Maternelle (Kindergarten) – ages 3 to 5 
• Ecole Primaire (Primary School) – ages 6 to 11
• Ecole Secondaire (Secondary School) – ages 12 to 17

The secondary school programme is divided into a lower level, which is typically two years and an upper level, which continues from ages 14 to 17. 

Due to the poor quality of the public schooling system, expats are unlikely to enrol their children in a local school. Rather, parents choose to send their children to an international or boarding school back home or abroad.

Private and international schools in the DRC

There are a few private and international schools in the DRC. Most are located in Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. Some private schools offer bilingual education programmes, while others are mainly English or French-speaking.

One of the most prominent international schools is The American School of Kinshasa, and many expats living in the capital decide to send their children there.

In addition to the cost of living, fees at international schools are expensive. Expats moving to the DRC as part of a corporate relocation should ensure that their employment package can cover these costs.

While international schools may be pricier than public or private schools, these schools typically offer mobile families an opportunity to continue their children's education seamlessly. International schools also offer globally recognised curricula like the American, British, and International Baccalaureate system. 

Nurseries in the DRC

Parents moving to the DRC may be worried about finding the best kindergarten or preschool for their toddlers. While the options will be more limited than in other expat destinations, several international schools offer early learning programmes. These schools recognise the value of early education and guide young children in basic communication and numeracy.

Parents of young children may find they integrate better into school life than older students, particularly regarding language. English and French are the main languages of instruction, and young kids typically pick up languages more easily.

Homeschooling in the DRC

Given that the legal status of homeschooling in the DRC is unclear, expat parents see this as an alternative schooling option. On the one hand, public schools are generally underfunded, while international schools can be exorbitant. Homeschooling helps expat families find a good balance.

If you want to homeschool your children, we recommend doing research on various curricula. You can also contact expats living in the country through social media pages for personal guidance and advice.

Special educational needs in the DRC

Unfortunately, access to special-needs education in the DRC is limited. We advise that expats contact and consult with private schools to determine whether the services they offer are suitable.

For instance, the American School of Kinshasa typically supports students with mild to moderate learning barriers. The school advocates for inclusive education and has trained teachers and administrative staff to offer this. Students with physical handicaps can also access the school.

Tutors in the DRC

Having a tutor can help both expat children and adults integrate into their new lives in the DRC. If you do not speak French, you may initially experience some culture shock, so hiring a tutor to help you learn the basics can help greatly.

Finding a local tutor is perhaps best done by networking with other residents, as well as asking at private schools. You can also find tutors from all over the world who conduct online tutorial sessions.

Useful links

• Apprentus
• TeacherOn

Although some efforts have been made to improve healthcare in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the country's healthcare system remains in a poor state. If you need serious medical care, you may seek help outside the country.

That said, basic healthcare facilities offering a reasonable standard of care are available in the main cities, such as Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. In rural areas, though, healthcare facilities are virtually non-existent.

Public healthcare in the DRC

The DRC's public healthcare system is in a desperate state of disrepair. Both facilities and adequately trained staff are seriously lacking.

In theory, the DRC has a four-tiered healthcare model. First-tier medical care is provided by nurses at community health centres, followed by general physicians in reference health centres for the second tier. Specialist care in provincial hospitals constitutes the third level. Finally, university hospitals are the fourth level. That said, in practice, access to public medical facilities is severely lacking in rural and remote areas and places impacted by conflict.

The government works with NGOs and humanitarian medical organisations, such as Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) to bridge the gap and offer mobile services. However, support is limited and expats are not likely to seek assistance at public healthcare facilities, even in a large city.

Useful links

• Democratic Republic of Congo Ministry of Public Health, Hygiene and Prevention

Private healthcare in the DRC

Most expats will opt for a private hospital or clinic in the country's capital, Kinshasa. The city has a few private hospitals that offer a decent level of care and meet Western standards. The doctors are highly trained, and many speak English as well as French.

Some large foreign mining operations will have a doctor and a small on-site clinic to cater to their staff's basic medical needs. Nevertheless, major medical emergencies usually require air evacuation to a country with better facilities, such as South Africa.

Health insurance in the DRC

A comprehensive health insurance policy is essential for expats living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Those moving to work in the DRC as part of a corporate relocation package should ensure that their contract makes provisions for health insurance. We recommend ensuring coverage for medical repatriation abroad in the event of a medical emergency.

Pharmacies and medications in the DRC

Pharmacies are available in major towns and cities. There are a few well-stocked pharmacies in Kinshasa.

If you require regular prescription medication, you should bring a sufficient supply from home along with you. This should be properly marked and accompanied by a script. As the legal status of certain medications varies across international borders, we recommend contacting the nearest DRC embassy for further guidance.

Vaccinations for the DRC

Before travelling to the Congo, you should consult a healthcare professional, such as a GP, to ask about recommended vaccines. Some diseases that may be low risk in an expat's home country are prevalent in the DRC.

The yellow fever vaccine is mandatory for everyone entering the DRC. It is advised to stay up-to-date on all routine vaccinations as well as further recommended ones, including:

• Cholera
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)
• Rabies
• Typhoid
• Polio

You should also consult with a healthcare practitioner about taking anti-malarial medication before, during, and after travelling to the DRC.

Health hazards in the DRC

The DRC is prone to numerous tropical diseases. The main health concerns include malaria, waterborne diseases, HIV/AIDS and Ebola. Expats living in the DRC should follow all mandatory requirements and regulations and stay informed on the latest news.

Malaria is widespread and is the leading cause of death in the country. We recommend researching the standard precautions when living in or travelling to a malaria-prone region. These include insect repellent and mosquito nets over beds and consulting a healthcare professional about anti-malarial medication. Ebola presents a risk in certain areas of the DRC, including Équateur, and several outbreaks have occurred over the years.

Waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid are also common. You should avoid drinking tap water and purchase bottled water instead. It's also important to avoid ice made from tap water. 

HIV/AIDS has also presented a serious health problem in the country. Expats moving here should be aware of the risk of contracting the disease and follow the normal recommendations.

Emergency medical services in the DRC

Emergency services are seriously lacking across the country. Expats may need to take a taxi or be driven to the nearest medical facility. It's typically recommended to contact your home country's embassy for support.

Air evacuation to another country with better health facilities, such as South Africa, will likely be necessary for any serious emergencies. Expats should ensure that they have sufficient health insurance to cover this.

Despite an end to the country's civil war in 2003, safety and security in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) remain tenuous, especially in the eastern and border regions. Due to numerous safety concerns, many foreign governments, including the UK and US, advise their nationals to avoid all travel to the conflict-prone provinces.

Expats travelling to or living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo should register their presence in the country with their embassy.

There are several health and safety issues that come with living in the DRC. These may differ depending on where in the DRC you are moving to. We recommend expats follow the local news and advice of foreign and local authorities.

Crime in the DRC

Crime rates are high in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with both petty and violent crimes occurring frequently. Foreigners are often targeted, especially near hotels and crowded areas. It's best to remain vigilant at all times, never go out on the streets alone, and avoid travelling at night.

The eastern provinces are plagued by insecurity and crimes such as banditry, rape, kidnapping, and robbery. Women and children are particularly vulnerable to these crimes. Most travel to these areas is strongly advised against, as, despite the presence of Congolese security forces and peacekeeping troops, these crimes occur largely unchecked.

Expats who wish to explore the DRC and go on safari should also understand the risks. In the east of the country, bordering Uganda, lies Virunga National Park, said to be Africa's oldest national park. There are opportunities for gorilla trekking here. However, armed groups have been known to be active in the park, presenting the risk of kidnap or injury.

Protests in the DRC

Civil unrest is common due to the country's tenuous political and economic situation. Protests and political demonstrations take place often, especially in Kinshasa and Goma. These tend to turn violent rather quickly, and it's recommended that expats avoid all large protest gatherings.

There may also be a military and police presence and checkpoints. Commercial flights and internet connections are known to be suspended when demonstrations turn seriously violent. While this sounds distressing, it is best to be aware of the situation and follow the local media surrounding it. Streets may be blocked as a result, so travel and movement are limited. It's advised to avoid travelling around during times of protests.

Conflict in the DRC

Despite an end to the country's civil war in 2003, safety remains a pressing issue in the eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Numerous armed groups continue to operate in the region, particularly in Ituri, North Kivu, South Kivu, Bas-Uele, Haut Uele, Tanganyika and Haut-Lomami provinces. Foreign authorities also advise against all travel to the Kasai region and eastern provinces. Despite concerted government and UN efforts, violence continues to affect these areas.

Expats living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are encouraged to monitor the situation in the east of the country carefully. They should also consult with their local embassy before travelling.

Road safety in the DRC

Travel safety is an important consideration when getting around. Poorly maintained roads and reckless driving contribute to many traffic accidents. If you plan on driving in the DRC, you should be vigilant and drive defensively.

Most car rental agencies only allow renting a vehicle with a driver. Many expats prefer this, as the driver will know how to navigate the roads best. The authorities also recommend sticking to the main routes, locking doors, keeping windows up and keeping valuables out of sight.

When travelling by taxi, it's best to book and contact a private taxi company or driver rather than hailing one off the street.

Transport and Driving in the DRC

Finding accommodation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is key to settling into expat life here. When house hunting, new arrivals are often shocked at how expensive accommodation is, particularly in the capital Kinshasa.

Fortunately, if you're working in the DRC, your employer may cover housing costs, including rent, electricity and other utilities. We advise expats moving to the DRC as part of corporate relocation to ensure that your employment package provides for the high accommodation costs or includes secure housing.

Types of accommodation in the DRC

The standard of housing in the DRC is variable, ranging from very poor to exclusive and exorbitantly priced. A hotel is a good option for expats moving to the DRC on a short-term contract. More and more hotels are springing up in Kinshasa, and Lubumbashi also has a few decent hotels.

Gated complexes

Expats living in the DRC for a longer period could be housed in a secure gated complex. These are essentially gated areas with standalone houses, townhouses and apartments. Residents may also have access to shared amenities, such as a swimming pool and garden.

Gated compounds that offer exclusive, high-end accommodation will be pricey. Fortunately, an expat's employer generally provides and pays for this type of housing.

Safety is a major concern when searching for accommodation in the DRC, more so in some areas than others. Burglaries and other petty crimes are common in Kinshasa, while conflict continues to plague the eastern provinces. Seek secure accommodation, preferably within a gated expat compound with 24/7 guards and access control.

Safety in the DRC

Houses

Standalone houses are also available in the DRC. These properties typically have walls around them, and expats are encouraged to explore safety and security measures.

Furnished vs unfurnished

Although furnishings may still be quite minimal in homes marketed as 'furnished', both furnished and unfurnished accommodation is available in Kinshasa. The furniture quality could also be hit-and-miss, so it's worth checking this when signing a lease agreement.

Short lets

Short-term accommodation in the DRC ranges from serviced apartments to furnished rental homes in major cities like Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, and Goma. These options provide expats with a comfortable and flexible living arrangement, often including utilities, housekeeping, and security. 

Many expats prefer short lets while they settle in, allowing time to explore neighbourhoods before committing to long-term housing. Additionally, these accommodations are ideal for business travellers or digital nomads needing a hassle-free stay in a convenient location.

Useful links

• Airbnb
• Vrbo

Finding accommodation in the DRC

As an expat working in the DRC, you'll likely have your employer's support when looking for a place to live. Often, the organisation pays for and provides property – but even if they don't, they will be a good point of reference when starting the house hunt.

Online forums and property listings on portals such as IMCongo and DRC Properties are also helpful. Negotiations are common in the DRC, so prospective tenants may be able to leverage their skills to get a better deal than what is listed online. 

It is also frequently recommended that new arrivals go through a real estate agent. These professionals can help new arrivals find a property in the DRC that suits their budget, lifestyle, and preferences.

Useful links

• IMCongo
• DRC Properties

Renting accommodation in the DRC

Housing could be arranged through an expat's employer. If not, navigating the housing market in the DRC can be overwhelming for a new arrival. Enlisting the services of a real estate agent can help to ensure the rights of the landlord and prospective tenant.

Making an application

The first step to finding accommodation in the DRC is to view several properties and contact the landlord or estate agent once you find one you like. Many landlords require proof of employment, a copy of your passport, and in some cases, a guarantor who is locally based when you're applying for housing in the DRC. 

Since formal rental agreements are not always standard, working with a trusted real estate agent or relocation service is advisable to ensure clarity on lease terms and avoid potential disputes.

Additionally, negotiating rental prices and payment terms upfront is common practice, as many landlords prefer payments in US dollars. If you're not fluent in French, we recommend taking a French-speaking friend or colleague with you during your negotiations. 

Leases

We recommend expats carefully review their tenancy agreements. If they are provided in French, it's worth getting the paperwork translated.

Given the short-term nature of an expat's stay, properties can be rented monthly or yearly. Properties can typically be rented for up to three years. Some new arrivals may prefer to rent a property through Airbnb, as this often avoids extra hassles with paperwork while allowing greater flexibility in terms of duration of stay.

Deposits

Typically, landlords in the DRC ask for a three-month security deposit, which is usually refundable at the end of the lease. 

Terminating the lease

The notice period is frequently 30 days for both fixed-term and month-to-month leases, but it's essential to carefully review your lease agreement, as this may differ from contract to contract. We recommend taking an in-depth inventory that includes dated pictures when you move in and out to ensure you are not charged for normal wear and tear. 

If the property is returned in a suitable condition, you should receive your security deposit in full. If there is damage, the landlord will deduct charges from the security deposit. 

Utilities in the DRC

Utilities are commonly added to basic rental costs in the DRC. That said, utilities may not be included in some apartments and gated complexes. We recommend expats ask about the electricity and water supply, as well as water pressure and heating in the building.

Electricity and gas

Connecting electricity and gas in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) can be challenging, so expats should plan accordingly. The national electricity provider, Société Nationale d'Électricité (SNEL), is responsible for electricity supply, but power outages are frequent, making a backup generator or solar power a worthwhile investment. 

Depending on your location, your electricity may be supplied by a private provider, and you may have a prepaid or postpaid meter. Prepaid meters require tenants to buy electricity credits in advance, while expats with postpaid meters will usually receive monthly bills. 

Gas for cooking and heating is typically supplied as LPG bottles, which can be purchased from local vendors or specialised suppliers, as mains gas infrastructure is limited. It’s advisable to check with your landlord or real estate agent about existing utility connections and ensure all bills are settled before moving in to avoid unexpected disruptions.

Water

Despite the country's abundant access to freshwater resources, the DRC has a severe lack of access to safe drinking water. Most expats and some locals often drink bottled water, as the tap water in the country is unsafe to drink. Given frequent water shortages, many households and businesses also invest in water storage tanks or boreholes to ensure a steady supply.

REGIDESO, the state-owned company, supplies water in the country. However, water services can be unreliable, especially in cities like Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. To connect to the water grid, expats may need to visit a local REGIDESO office with identification, proof of residence, and their rental agreement. They may also need to pay connection fees, which can vary.

Bins and recycling

Waste management and recycling in the DRC remain largely informal, with limited government-managed waste disposal services, particularly outside major cities like Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. The country's capital, Kinshasa, only has one managed landfill. In urban areas, where most expats will live, private companies and local initiatives provide waste collection services, but coverage can be inconsistent, and residents often rely on informal waste disposal methods. 

Recycling in the country is still in its infancy, with small-scale efforts led by NGOs and community organisations focusing on plastic and electronic waste. We recommend seeking out local recycling initiatives or private collection services to minimise waste and ensure responsible disposal. 

Useful links

• Société Nationale d'Électricité (SNEL)
• REGIDESO
• Plastycor

Many expats working in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) relocate to follow a short-term opportunity. Despite being a resource-rich country, the DRC suffers from severe hardship factors, including ongoing insecurity and underdeveloped infrastructure. As such, few expats see a move to the country as a permanent arrangement.

Along with government plans to welcome a favourable business environment, major companies operating in the DRC offer decent compensation to their expat employees. As an expat working in the DRC, you may also be provided secure accommodation, medical insurance, and a driver for work purposes.

If you're looking to do business in the DRC, you should weigh several pros and cons while researching the job market and the best routes to employment.

Job market in the DRC

As part of governmental strategies for job creation and development, the DRC plans to diversify its economy, boosting employment in a range of areas. These include mining, agriculture, finance, banking, real estate and IT.

The Congo is said to be one of the world's richest countries in terms of its natural resources. Many expats are employed in the mining industry, mining resources such as copper, cobalt, diamonds, or gold – to name a few.

Humanitarian work is another sector that draws expats. There is a constant demand for healthcare professionals, and many NGOs in the DRC provide medical services and support.

The DRC is Africa's second-largest country, so the job market varies depending on the area. The capital, Kinshasa, is the largest and most developed city. Since it is an economic hub, most expats will find employment here. The mining region of Katanga and its capital, Lubumbashi, is also a popular destination for expats seeking employment, while those working in the humanitarian sector will likely be where the need is greatest: in the eastern Kivu provinces.

Finding a job in the DRC

Despite the DRC's status as one of the world's least developed countries, the cost of living in the capital city, Kinshasa, is high. Moving to the DRC with a job already in place is recommended.

Securing employment is not always easy. There are quotas on hiring foreigners in the DRC that restrict the number of expats a company can employ. Foreigners also require a relevant work permit and work visa. The process can be complicated, but is usually handled by the employer.

Many expats move here as part of an intra-company relocation. Networking and taking advantage of local contacts can be helpful. That said, finding work through a large multinational corporation may secure a more favourable employment package.

Company websites, recruitment agencies and professional networking platforms such as LinkedIn are great resources. Other popular online job portals include Indeed, Pnet and JobnetAfrica.

Useful links

• Indeed
• Pnet
• JobnetAfrica

Work culture in the DRC

The Congolese are known to be friendly, and the workplace can feel quite welcoming. That said, this varies depending on the industry and individual company.

An essential consideration for expats is the language barrier. French is the language of business, so those who are fluent in French or at least have a basic grasp will fare best.

Women in the workplace may also experience some culture shock. Few women have senior positions, and climbing the corporate ladder can be challenging.

Business Culture in the DRC

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is home to extraordinary mineral wealth, from copper and coltan to gold and diamonds. Despite its natural resources, the DRC is often considered one of the most challenging business environments in the world.

Years of corruption, exploitation and mismanagement, as well as political and economic tensions and conflict, have left the country impoverished. That said, there are evident gaps in the market that foreign investors are keen to fill. Starting a business in the country is relatively easy, a hopeful sign for future investment and entrepreneurship.

The dominant sectors of the local economy are agriculture, fishing, mining, and forestry. Some manufacturing occurs, particularly of textiles, cement, and wood products. The main business centres are the capital, Kinshasa, and Lubumbashi, in the mining district of Katanga.

When considering doing business in the DRC, there are some key elements of business culture to bear in mind.

Fast facts

Business hours

Business hours are typically Monday to Friday, 8am to 5pm, with a two-hour lunch break taken some time between 12pm and 3pm.

Business language

French is the language of business in the DRC. Local languages, including Swahili, Lingala, Kikongo and Tshiluba, are also widely spoken, particularly in rural areas.

Greeting

A handshake is the usual greeting between business associates. It's not unusual for people to touch each other on the shoulder or arm while talking to those they are familiar with. When shaking someone's hand with their right hand, they may also hold their right forearm with their left hand.

Dress

Lightweight suits are best, given the warm climate. For formal meetings, smart business attire is best.

Gifts

A gift is acceptable when visiting an associate's home, but with the prevalence of bribery and corruption, expats should consider their gift-giving carefully.

Gender equality

The local culture is still traditional when it comes to gender roles. There are very few women in senior positions within the corporate sector.

Business culture in the DRC

Expats doing business in the Democratic Republic of the Congo will find the Congolese friendly and welcoming. They generally take pride in their work and are hardworking. Appearance is also important, and locals dress smartly but modestly.

Hierarchy

Status is a major part of Congolese culture, including in business. Elders and those in authority are respected. Likewise, business structures in the DRC are hierarchical. Although the team's ideas are typically welcomed, the final decisions are normally made from the top.

While this may be the case, expats working in the DRC have often cited a lack of transparency in the decision-making process, which can be frustrating and hinder potential business dealings.

Communication

The communication style may be direct, but direct eye contact is usually avoided. You should adopt a patient attitude when undertaking business. The decision-making process can be drawn out; it's not unusual to have meetings rescheduled or even cancelled at short notice.

French is the language of business in the Congo. To communicate effectively with Congolese associates, we recommend learning some French. The effort will likely be recognised. Other local languages, such as Lingala and Swahili, are also widely spoken, especially in more rural areas.

Corruption

Bribery and corruption are everyday realities and are frequently cited as the biggest constraints to doing business in the DRC. Although efforts to tackle the issue have made progress in recent years, corruption remains a real issue across all facets of business. If you're working and doing business in the country, you should tread carefully when negotiating and purchasing gifts or doing special favours.

Dos and don'ts of doing business in the DRC

• Do be punctual for meetings, even if Congolese associates are late themselves
• Don't be surprised if meetings are cancelled at short notice
• Do learn French to communicate with Congolese colleagues effectively. Otherwise, an interpreter may be required, especially for business meetings.
• Don't ask about someone's ethnicity or discuss the civil war. Politics should also be avoided as a conversation topic.

Despite growth in recent years, the banking sector in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) remains underdeveloped. The country has one of the lowest banking penetration levels in the world, and only a small percentage of adults in the DRC have a bank account.

Money in the DRC

The Democratic Republic of the Congo's currency is the Congolese franc (CF or CDF), which is divided into 100 centimes. The DRC's currency is in banknotes only. The smallest note in use is 50 francs.

• Notes: CDF 50, CDF 100, CDF 200, CDF 500, CDF 1,000, CDF 2,000, CDF 5,000, CDF 10,000, and CDF 20,000

The most common banknotes are CDF 500 and CDF 1,000. The US dollar is also widely used in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Regulations determining when the Congolese franc or the US dollar should be used have changed over time. In some cases, school fees, medical expenses, utilities, rent costs and taxes may be requested in CDF, and USD in other cases. However, it may be worth asking on a case-by-case basis.

Banking in the DRC

The Banque Centrale du Congo (BCC, or Central Bank of the Congo) oversees the country's banking system.

A few local banks operate in the country, with Rawbank being the largest. Microfinance institutions and savings cooperatives also exist. A selection of regional and foreign banks also have a presence in the country. These include Equity Bank Congo, Standard Bank Congo, and Citibank.

These banks are mostly present in Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. Access to formal financial services is limited outside the main cities.

Opening a bank account

Due to the short-term nature of most expat contracts, foreigners rarely open a bank account in the DRC. Employers normally arrange to pay expat employee salaries into their foreign accounts.

If you want to open a bank account in the DRC, you should consider one of the international banks represented in the country. You'll typically need a valid passport, proof of address, and completed banking account opening forms, which may include Foreign Account Tax Compliance (FATCA) forms. 

You can also open a bank account in multiple currencies. While commercial banks typically charge no service fees to establish an account, most require a minimum deposit or amount while the account is in use.

Credit cards and ATMs

Although a few can be found in major urban centres, ATMs are not widely available in the DRC. Bank cards such as Visa and Mastercard are accepted. Credit cards are not widely used, though major hotels will accept them.

Taxes in the DRC

The Democratic Republic of the Congo taxes individuals on a progressive scale ranging from 3 to 40 percent.

Several factors determine whether an expat is considered a resident for tax purposes. Typically, expats who have resided in the DRC for over 183 days in a year and those who have signed a lease agreement are considered tax residents.

Tax regulations are subject to change. When doing business in the DRC, we recommend consulting a tax specialist with experience working with expats.

Useful links

• The General Directorate of Taxes of the Democratic Republic of Congo

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a land rich in mineral resources, human potential, biodiversity, and ecology, but it is diminished by political and economic instability, corruption, and weak infrastructure. Expats generally move to the DRC either to do business in its promising minerals industry or to work in or support NGO missions to aid the victims of violence and food insecurity in the eastern provinces.

But what is it really like to live in the DRC? Here are a few pros and cons of moving to the DRC for prospective expats to consider.

Accommodation in the DRC

+ PRO: Modern housing is available in population centres

Those moving to Kinshasa or Lubumbashi for work can expect to stay at lush hotels or in secure gated communities – for a price. Given the complexity of living in the DRC, employers are more likely to provide accommodation, utilities, transport, and medical cover.

- CON: Leases are usually in French

If you are not fluent in French, you are advised to have your lease contracts translated, even if you have the help of an estate agent to go through the contract.

- CON: Burglary and petty crime is prevalent

Given the massive inequality and poverty in the country, burglary and petty theft are common. Expats who live in freestanding houses should take necessary precautions, including securing their walls and contracting private security services.

Renting Accommodation in the DRC

Lifestyle in the DRC

+ PRO: Rich natural beauty

The DRC is home to dense tropical forests, winding rivers and a range of rare and endangered species. If you are lucky enough to visit the country's national parks, you will be blown away by the richness and diversity of animals and plants.

- CON: Lack of security or freedom of movement

Much of the DRC has been in a state of war, political protest and poverty for decades. Security is often at the forefront of expats' minds, and there are many districts and regions where they should not wander. Unlike in the EU, travel plans should be carefully planned well before being carried out.

+ PRO: USD is accepted

Given the volatility of the national currency, USD is accepted and often preferred. Expats from the US will probably not even need to change their currency to francs.

+ PRO: Many expats in Kinshasa

Life is difficult in the DRC. As a result, the expat community is tight-knit and supportive. The capital city of Kinshasa has a high concentration of expats who share language, culture, and backgrounds.

- CON: Distrust of foreigners

Although many expats have moved to the DRC to help the people, the DRC's history is steeped in colonial and commercial exploitation. As a result, Congolese people can be slow to trust newcomers. It may take some time to win their trust and respect.

+ PRO: Friendly and welcoming people

Nonetheless, the Congolese are famously friendly and dependable, willing to share what they have with their neighbours. Making an effort to learn their language and customs will pay off in lifelong friendships.

Safety and Security in the DRC
Banking, Money, and Taxes in the DRC

Cost of living in the DRC

+ PRO: Economic growth

Largely driven by the mining industry, the DRC's economy is growing and projections show that the economy will remain on an upward trajectory. With any luck, the relatively new government can take advantage of this and work to improve the country's infrastructure and food security.

- CON: High cost of living for expats

Almost all goods that expats are used to sell for precipitous prices. We recommend budgeting carefully, considering that many common goods are imported and sold as luxuries.

+ PRO: Affordable, organic fruits and veg

Locally produced groceries are world-class and inexpensive. Fruits, especially mango and pineapple, are larger and tastier than expats may be used to.

Education in the DRC

- CON: Underdeveloped education system

The Congolese education system is underfunded, underdeveloped and stretched thin, and the local curriculum is taught in French. For these reasons, most expats usually enrol their children in private or international schools. Homeschooling presents another, more cost-effective alternative.

Education and Schools in the DRC

Healthcare in the DRC

- CON: Low standard of healthcare

Health insurance that includes medical evacuation or repatriation is essential when moving to the DRC. Expats are also advised to bring prescription medications with them into the country.

+ PRO: Decent private hospitals and clinics in the capital

Kinshasa has a few private hospitals that meet Western standards, so expats with comprehensive private health insurance will have access to good healthcare. 

Healthcare and Health Insurance in the DRC

Getting around in the DRC

- CON: Poor road infrastructure and dangerous travel conditions

Road infrastructure in the country is virtually non-existent. Driving conditions are hazardous outside major population centres, and many roads are unserviceable during the rainy season. Besides the low quality of roads, there is the question of safety. Protests and insurgencies make many parts of the DRC dangerous to travel through.

+ PRO: Affordable and effective air travel

The UN provides air transport support to the DRC, and the country also has several domestic air carriers. Air travel is the most viable means of getting around the DRC.

Transport and Driving in the DRC

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a country rich in cultural diversity, traditions, and a dynamic social landscape. If you’re moving to the DRC, you should be prepared to navigate language differences and a complex bureaucratic system. Understanding local customs, social etiquette, and the political climate will ensure a smoother transition into Congolese society.

Language barriers in the DRC

The DRC is a multilingual country, with French as the official language. Lingala, Swahili, Kikongo, and Tshiluba are also widely spoken across different regions. Lingala, for example, is the dominant language in Kinshasa and is often used in business and informal settings.

Expats living in the DRC will find that many educated locals and professionals speak French, but English is not widely spoken outside international organisations and expat circles.  

Locals are usually keen to have conversations, but sometimes, they only speak French or Lingala, which may make for uncomfortable interactions for expats. Learning some basic French phrases or one of the national languages can be extremely beneficial, particularly when interacting with locals in informal settings. Hiring a translator or interpreter may be necessary for business dealings, especially in government offices.

Meeting and greeting in the DRC

Congolese people are generally warm and welcoming, and greetings are an essential part of social interactions. A handshake is the most common greeting, often accompanied by a warm smile and sometimes a hand placed on the other person’s forearm. Among close friends and family, men may embrace, while women may exchange light kisses on the cheeks.

Time in the DRC

Time in the DRC operates on a more relaxed and flexible schedule than what many Western expats may be accustomed to. The concept of “African time” is prevalent, meaning that delays are common, and punctuality is not always a priority. Meetings may start later than scheduled, and bureaucratic processes often take longer than expected.

We recommend being patient and adaptable. Confirm attendance for meetings in advance and allow for extra time on the day of the meeting, particularly when dealing with government offices or service providers.  

Social gatherings also tend to start later than planned, so it is common for guests to arrive well after the stated starting time. Expect slow but friendly service at restaurants as well.  

Bureaucracy in the DRC

Bureaucracy in the DRC can be complex and time-consuming, with many processes involving excessive paperwork and long waiting times. Bribery and corruption remain challenges in some government institutions, and navigating administrative procedures can be frustrating for expats. Patience and persistence are key, as processes typically take longer than expected, and requirements may change frequently.

Religion in the DRC

Religion plays a significant role in Congolese society, with Christianity being the dominant faith. Roman Catholicism and various Protestant denominations are widespread. Religious institutions hold considerable influence over social and political affairs. There is also a presence of Islam, primarily among traders and business communities.

Religious events, church services, and faith-based gatherings are central to many people's lives. Expats should respect local religious customs and be mindful of religious holidays, as businesses and government offices may close or operate on reduced hours during these times.

LGBTQ+ in the DRC

The DRC is a socially conservative country where LGBTQ+ rights are limited. While homosexuality is not explicitly criminalised, there are no legal protections against discrimination, and same-sex relationships remain taboo. LGBTQ+ individuals may face social stigma, discrimination, or even harassment.

Expats who identify as LGBTQ+ should exercise discretion, particularly in public settings. There are no openly LGBTQ+ spaces or organisations, and discussions on LGBTQ+ issues are rare in mainstream discourse. We recommend remaining cautious and seeking advice from local or international human rights organisations for guidance on navigating the local environment.

Women in the DRC

Women in the DRC face significant social and economic challenges, including gender inequality and limited access to opportunities. While women play an essential role in society, particularly in informal trade and agriculture, they are underrepresented in leadership and political positions.

Traditional gender roles are deeply ingrained, particularly in rural areas. That said, in urban centres like Kinshasa and Lubumbashi, more women are entering the workforce and holding professional roles.  

Expat women may attract attention, but they will generally be treated with respect. It is advisable to dress modestly and be cautious when travelling alone, particularly at night.

Cultural dos and don'ts in the DRC

• Do learn basic French or a local language to make communication easier while living in the DRC.  
• Do be patient with time delays and bureaucratic processes.  
• Don’t openly criticise the government or engage in political discussions.  
• Don’t refuse hospitality, as it may be seen as disrespectful.