Safety in Egypt has recently improved, with the current government prioritising safety in Egypt's main centres such as Cairo. Policing has become more visible in the capital city, particularly in the tourist areas.

Still, underlying socio-economic concerns, including poverty and unemployment among the youth, high commodity prices, shortfalls in certain essential goods and tensions between Christians and Muslims that periodically flare into violence. 

Terrorism in Egypt

Following the events of the Arab Spring, Egypt's military instituted strict security measures to improve the safety situation in the country. The military crackdown stoked anti-government sentiment and further motivated non-state extremist armed groups to carry out acts of terrorism in the country. The violence has largely been focused on the North Sinai governorate.

Recently, there has been military activity in the Red Sea to prevent possible attacks that may attack international shipping. There have also been attacks on the Suez Canal, so expats are encouraged to remain up-to-date on the latest news and travel advisories issued by their home countries. 

Crime in Egypt

Crime rates in Egyptian cities are moderate. Expats should take sensible precautions with their security and possessions. Petty crimes, such as opportunistic theft, pickpocketing, bag snatching and street scams, remain a concern. 

As with violent crime, the issue is exacerbated by political developments and high levels of poverty and unemployment. The threat of being impacted by these crimes is elevated in crowded and busy areas, such as markets, transport hubs and areas frequented by foreigners.

Women's safety in Egypt

Sexual harassment remains a pressing social grievance in Egypt. The verbal and, at times, physical harassment of women by large groups of men has generated considerable debate and concern in Egyptian society. Female expats should travel in a group and avoid walking alone at night.

Protests in Egypt

Egypt has experienced high levels of civil unrest since 2011. The primary drivers of protests in Egypt include economic concerns, political developments and religious tensions. Areas in public squares, universities, city centres, courts and government buildings are considered potential protest hotspots. 

Many gatherings are well publicised, and expats should monitor the local press closely for updates on planned events. The security impact on expats is largely incidental, but it’s best to avoid all street gatherings as a precaution. In addition, expats should note that Egypt continues to experience elevated levels of labour-related strikes, which have sometimes severely impacted business and state operations.

Road safety in Egypt

Road traffic fatalities are among the leading causes of death in Egypt. Poor driving standards, disregard for basic traffic laws, insufficient street lighting and poor law enforcement are cited as the main contributing factors. The threat extends to pedestrians, particularly in the larger urban areas. Caution is advised when crossing streets. When driving, it’s best to adopt a defensive driving style.

Safety in the Sinai Peninsula

The overall security situation in the Sinai Peninsula is poor. While the region’s major resort areas, such as Sharm el-Sheikh, are relatively secure thanks to a heavy security force presence, travel outside tourist areas is not advised, particularly in the North Sinai governorate.

The situation in this part of the country remains tense and violence is ongoing. Expats are advised to avoid travelling outside of tourist resort areas in the South Sinai governorate and against all travel to the North Sinai governorate.

Life in the Gift of the Nile is quite different from that in the West, and Western expats may experience a touch of culture shock in Egypt.

People are brusque one minute and incredibly helpful the next, many shops expect patrons to barter (the asking price being at least double the going rate), and power cuts are part of everyday life. Egypt can be frustrating, but its friendly people and fascinating culture more than compensate for these challenges.

Language and communication in Egypt

Arabic is among the hardest languages to learn in the world. The language has several dialects, and Egyptian is but one. Many phrasebooks, dictionaries and even Google Translate do not differentiate between them. Westerners find learning numbers and speaking a few basic phrases straightforward, though, and getting the gist of conversations by picking up on a few keywords will come with time.

Most Egyptians who deal with foreigners speak some English. That said, it isn’t always easy to know if an expat has truly been understood by locals. 'Yes' often replaces 'I don’t understand'. Locals strive to please and to earn a living.

The best policy is usually to phone a friend who speaks Arabic and good English and ask them to act as a translator. Egyptian abruptness shouldn’t be interpreted as rudeness. Often someone is trying to be helpful, with the curtness being a result of poor English or a misplaced sense of urgency.

Tips for expat women in Egypt

It's an unfortunate truth that some Egyptian men see foreign women as the answer to their suppressed dreams. Verbal harassments, such as lewd or suggestive comments, are a reality, and sexual assault – although rare – does happen. The risk factor is lower in certain areas, where expat women are more frequently seen and can blend in.

Recommended methods of dealing with this include avoiding eye contact, keeping conversations businesslike, and not allowing physical contact. Walking with another woman can also help ward off unwanted attention, as can chatting about one’s husband and several children (real or not), wearing a wedding ring, and refusing offers of food and drink from strangers.

Egyptians are friendly, and in a tricky situation, expat women can turn to a passing local woman for help. She will invariably be happy to assist. If travelling with a male friend, referring to him as a husband is better than calling him a boyfriend or partner. Appropriate dress can help avoid problems, but even traditionally dressed Egyptian women are hassled. There are women-only coaches on the Cairo metro and Alexandria trams.

The Egyptian government is trying to address the issue of sexual harassment and end the various forms of gender-based violence in the country. While good work is being done, it may take time before any real change can be seen.

Meeting and greeting in Egypt

A handshake is common between men. When introduced to a group, it's customary to shake the hands of everyone present. Handshakes tend to be limp and prolonged and should include eye contact and a smile.

Family members and men who know each other well will kiss, touching cheek-to-cheek a few times. Advice varies for women meeting men for the first time. Some consider it correct for the woman to initiate the handshake; others feel this is too forward. A foreigner will have more leeway in this than Egyptian women. Courtesy, respect and a sense of humour will paper over any etiquette faux pas.

Religion in Egypt

The vast majority of Egypt's population is Muslim, with most being Sunni Muslim. A small percentage of the population is Christian. Religion is central to the social and legal framework of the country.

If expats find someone at prayer, it is polite to allow them to finish – this usually takes only a few minutes. The Muslim holy day is Friday, beginning at sunset the previous day. For Christians, the day of rest is Sunday, so it can be difficult to determine on which day a business will be closed. The best strategy is to find out definitive hours of a particular business ahead of time.

Egyptian embassies

• Egyptian Embassy, Washington, DC, United States: +1 202 895 5400
• Egyptian Embassy, London, United Kingdom: +44 20 7499 3304
• Egyptian Embassy, Ottawa, Canada: +1 613 234 4931
• Egyptian Embassy, Canberra, Australia: +61 2 6273 4437 
• Egyptian Embassy, Wellington, New Zealand: +64 4 472 4900
• Egyptian Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa: +27 12 343 1590
• Egyptian Embassy, Dublin, Ireland: +353 1 660 6566 

Foreign embassies in Egypt

• United States Embassy, Cairo: +20 2 2797 3300
• British Embassy, Cairo: +20 2 2791 6000
• Canadian Embassy, Cairo: +20 2 2461 2200
• Australian Embassy, Cairo: +20 2 2770 6666 
• South African Embassy, Cairo: +20 2 2535 3000 
• Irish Embassy, Cairo: +20 2 2728 7100 
• New Zealand Embassy, Cairo: +20 2 2461 6000

Several international shipping and removal companies are offering competitively priced quotes for shipping services to Egypt. Shipping outside Cairo will be more difficult and expensive, but it is still feasible.

We recommend that small, expensive items be brought in personal luggage or air freight, as Egyptian customs has a reputation for allowing items to go missing. It is also a good idea to insure expensive shipped goods and to secure coverage through a different company than the one used for shipping to ensure complete and honest coverage.

That said, it is often much cheaper to buy new items from within Egypt than to ship them from another country. This will not only save on shipping costs, but also on any imposed duty or taxes on imported goods. Electronics and furniture are taxed exceptionally highly but can be bought cheaply in Egypt.

Banned items for shipping to Egypt

Egypt has a strict policy in place for bringing in items that are offensive to the Muslim culture. Be sure to check the government lists or phone the nearest Egyptian embassy before shipping. Narcotics and drugs, cotton, firearms and birds, or any bird by-products, are also banned from shipping to Egypt.

Among other things, the amount of alcohol, cigarettes and fragrances that can be brought into the county are strictly regulated. It's also essential for expats to ensure that any literature they bring into the country is not considered offensive to the Muslim culture.

Useful links

• Visit the Egyptian Customs Authority website or contact the department for an exhaustive list of prohibited items in Egypt.

Shipping pets to Egypt

Expats looking to bring their furry friends with them to Egypt will need to wait until they are at least four months old. They will also need a health certificate from a valid government veterinarian in their home country.

This must not be older than 10 days, and the pet may still be subject to examination upon arrival in Egypt. Pets must also have had all their vaccinations, including rabies, 31 days before travelling. Pets must be microchipped, and the microchip should not be older than the rabies vaccination certificate.

There are several animals that are banned from being brought into Egypt, including birds and reptiles. Although Egypt currently does not post a list of banned breeds, the country recently passed a law banning 14 dog breeds, including American Bullies, German Shepherds and Pitbulls. Expats should contact their Egyptian embassy for more information about this.

For those unfamiliar with the culture and economic landscape of the country, doing business in Egypt can be a daunting and somewhat frustrating process. Expats who wish to be successful in Egyptian business will need to spend some time learning and understanding the local culture and cultivating solid relationships with their local counterparts.

Every step of the business process in Egypt takes almost twice as long as it would in the West, so we recommend expat entrepreneurs leave plenty of time for negotiations and possible setbacks. Those moving to Egypt to set up a business should arrange meetings as far in advance as possible, even before arriving in the country. It is also important to confirm the meeting close to the time.

Business culture in Egypt

Relationships

Egyptians prioritise forming strong personal relationships with their business associates. For expats, this means investing time into building relationships and cultivating trust with potential business partners. Networking is important in Egypt, and expats should call upon their local contacts for useful introductions and references.

Meetings

When meeting a business associate for the first time, expats shouldn't expect to get straight down to business, as Egyptians prefer to take some time to get to know colleagues. It is best to wait for the Egyptian business partner to steer the conversation in the direction of business. It's also important to schedule the meeting weeks in advance and confirm it at least two days before the established date. 

Negotiations

Expats will find that the key to doing business in Egypt is patience. This is especially true when it comes to negotiations. Business meetings are slow and lengthy. Egyptians are tough negotiators and will rarely settle for the initial terms of a contract. Avoid being hostile and pressuring other parties during negotiations, as this will create distrust.

Hierarchy

The business environment in Egypt is hierarchical. Status and titles are held in high regard. People in Egypt should be addressed by their title followed by their surname. If no clear title exists, then it is sufficient to use Mr or Mrs.

Saving face

The concept of maintaining face is important in Egypt, and it is inappropriate to humiliate colleagues and associates. Honour is highly valued in both the business world and wider Egyptian society. Even in the business world, a person's word is their bond, and to go back on a verbal agreement makes one look dishonourable. Follow through with any promises made during business negotiations, as this will show trustworthiness.

Dos and don’ts of business in Egypt

• Do take the time to get to know business associates on a personal and professional level. Business relationships in Egypt are based on familiarity and trust.
• Do not make promises that cannot be kept. Honour is highly valued in business.
• Do dress well for business meetings. Appearances and first impressions are important.
• Do not expect to do business during Ramadan, as business comes close to a standstill during this time
• Do make direct eye contact during negotiations as it is considered a sign of honesty and sincerity 

The process for acquiring a work permit for Egypt can be complicated, and the Egyptian authorities are inefficient at times. Luckily, employers will usually take care of the bulk of the paperwork involved in applying for a work permit. 

Since work permit applications require the participation of the expat's employer, it is not possible to obtain a work permit without a solid job offer from an employer in Egypt. In addition to a work permit, some expats will also need a visa before arriving in Egypt. 

Once they obtain their work permit, this temporary or tourist visa is converted to a work visa. The required paperwork for the various visa categories can change frequently and varies according to the applicant's nationality, so any applications are best handled by an agency or through one's hiring company.

Applying for a work permit for Egypt

Before expats and their employers can begin the process of applying for a work permit, they will need to get clearance from the Egyptian National Security Agency and the employee will need to undergo an HIV test.

A work permit application form along with numerous supporting documents from both employer and employee are required for a work permit application. In some cases, additional documents may be requested. Once expats have secured a work permit for Egypt, it is usually valid for a year, after which it can be renewed for up to three years. 

Expats will also need a residence permit to stay in Egypt legally. Once obtained, it is typically valid for either one, three or five years. The process for obtaining a work permit for Egypt can be lengthy and employers will have to prove that no Egyptian national can fulfil the role adequately, so expats should begin the application process as early as possible. 

*Visa regulations and requirements for work permits are subject to change at short notice, and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Known as the land of ancient civilisations, pharaohs and the Great Pyramids of Giza, Egypt has much to offer expats making the move. With so many things to consider when moving abroad, it's all too easy for future expats to become overwhelmed.

Being fully prepared in terms of what to expect can make the transition a bit less jarring. To give expats-to-be a jumpstart on this process, here is our list of pros and cons of moving to Egypt.

Accommodation in Egypt

+ PRO: Lots of options

From sprawling villas to upmarket studio apartments, there’s plenty of variety in Egypt’s property market. Families and single expats alike should have a fairly easy time finding something right for them and their budgets, particularly if they're being paid in foreign currency like US dollars. Those earning in the local currency will have fewer options, but with a little effort, they can certainly still find something suitable.

- CON: It can be challenging to find a reliable real-estate agent

Expats are often seen as wealthy by locals, and this can lead to some estate agents charging higher fees than they would for an Egyptian national. Estate agents in Egypt are also known for showing expats a flurry of unsuitable properties without an opportunity to properly inspect these apartments, leading to expats choosing a home they may not have initially selected. Expats must stand their ground and try to avoid overzealous estate agents.

Lifestyle in Egypt

+ PRO: Incredible sightseeing opportunities

From the wonder of the pyramids of Giza to the awe-inspiring Sphinx, expats in Egypt have some of the world’s most sought-after tourist attractions right on their doorstep.

- CON: Not a particularly lively nightlife scene

Due to the prevalent conservative culture of Egypt, partying and drinking aren't a big part of the social scene. While there certainly are nightclubs and bars to be found, these are few and far between, so it can take a bit of searching to find a good spot.

Culture in Egypt

+ PRO: Friendly locals

Egyptians are known for being welcoming to strangers and will always be up for having a chat or helping someone out. It follows that expats who are similarly open and kind will likely make fast friends with locals.

- CON: It can be difficult to adjust 

The patriarchal culture prevalent in Egyptian society can be a shock to expats. Western women in particular often have a hard time adjusting to this, as they find themselves the object of stares and catcalls in Egypt. Generally, the best way to deal with this is to ignore it. When an expat woman feels unsafe, she shouldn’t hesitate to ask for help from a local woman.

Getting around in Egypt

- CON: Chaotic driving

With one of the world’s highest road accident casualty counts, Egypt is a dangerous place to drive. Local drivers are often unpredictable and will often act without signalling, making it difficult for other drivers to react in time. Rather than braving the chaos of driving in Egypt, we recommend expats instead use taxis and public transport or hire a personal driver.

+ PRO: The Cairo metro

Though much of Egypt’s public transport can be uncomfortable, the metro in Cairo is efficient, fast and well-priced. Those outside Cairo are out of luck when it comes to this convenient public transport experience, as this is the country’s only metro.

Education in Egypt

- CON: Local education unlikely to be an option for expats

Public education in Egypt is generally of a low quality, and the language of instruction is Arabic. For this reason, most expats prefer to send their children to international schools.

+ PRO: Range of international schools

A variety of international schools are spread throughout Egypt’s major cities, offering parents some choice when it comes to selecting their preferred curriculum. Giza and Cairo, in particular, have a large selection of international schools.

- CON: High education fees and extra costs

Aside from already-pricey annual school fees, parents will often be expected to shoulder additional costs for things such as uniforms, extracurriculars, textbooks and school excursions.

Healthcare in Egypt

- CON: Lack of adequate public facilities

Public healthcare facilities throughout Egypt, but particularly in rural areas, lack the standards expats from Western countries may be used to. Treatment may also be substandard, so expats will likely need to invest in private health insurance that includes medical evacuation.

+ PRO: Excellent private healthcare and qualified professionals

While public healthcare in Egypt may be ailing, private health facilities in Cairo offer specialised care with highly qualified English-speaking practitioners on staff. Expats will typically be expected to pay for the services upfront and claim from their health insurance at a later stage.

Cost of living in Egypt

+ PRO: Highly affordable living costs

The cost of living in Egypt is one of the most attractive parts of living in the country. Expats earning in foreign currency will enjoy a higher quality of life than they would back home. Although costs will be slightly higher in major cities, everything from housing, transport and local food items are all reasonably priced in Egypt.

Many expats moving to Egypt do so for work, with Cairo being the country's most popular city for expats. Some companies or schools that host expats will supply accommodation in Egypt or provide an allowance as part of the agreed salary. This is something to consider negotiating into a contract if it is not already included.

Those without assistance from their employer in finding accommodation should consider hiring a real estate agent to navigate the language barrier and the local property market to find the perfect home in Egypt. Alternatively, one could go it alone, but they should ensure they bring someone along to translate if need be.

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Types of accommodation in Egypt

There is a range of property options for expats moving to Egypt. Most find homes in dedicated expat areas, either in the form of apartments or villas. There are also duplexes, penthouses and ground-floor apartments, which may be more suited for expats with families.

Many benefits come with living close to other expats. Having someone to ask for advice and being around others who have experienced the same challenges makes it easier to adjust to life in the country, as it's likely to be culturally different from an expat's own.

Expats tend to earn higher salaries than the local community and hence live in more affluent areas. In these areas, one can expect a wide range of amenities. There are also standalone villas available, which typically come equipped with gardens.

Furnished vs unfurnished

Most rental units in Egypt come semi-furnished or fully furnished. The most basic amenities that are available include essential kitchen appliances, such as a stove, refrigerator and oven. Some apartments may even be equipped with a microwave and dishwasher. The quality of these appliances will generally depend on the price range of the property.

Expats who will only be in the country for the short term may prefer fully furnished accommodation that includes everything from beds to utensils. The cost of fully furnished accommodation in Egypt will typically be higher. New arrivals to Egypt who would prefer to put their personal touch to their new homes can also find unfurnished accommodation in the country, and it is often advertised at lower rates than furnished housing.

Short lets

Short lets allow expats to experience daily life in a particular suburb before they decide to sign a long-term lease. Expats who will be in Egypt short-term can also benefit from short lets, as they are usually more affordable than hotels and often offer similar amenities. The cost of utilities, and sometimes cleaning services, is also frequently included in the list price, making them an attractive option.

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Finding accommodation in Egypt

Egypt is a word-of-mouth society. A recommendation goes a long way and is the best way to find a good service provider. The many expat forums and blogs on the internet make it easy to get advice before even moving to Egypt.

Real estate agents vary in their resourcefulness and ability. The companies with the most employees are not necessarily the best or the most reliable. We recommend that expats ask around within the expat community for a few names and numbers of agents that have proved to be responsible and professional and stick to those. This can also help to avoid companies that are known to rip off expats.

Useful links

• Expats in Cairo is a social media community of English-speaking expats where new arrivals can find property listings.
• Expats can visit the Aqarmap website to look for rental accommodation in Egypt.

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Renting accommodation in Egypt

Leases

Leases in Egypt can be anywhere between one month and a couple of years in length but are typically between one and three years. Expats should shop around to find the best deal that works for them.

It is important that expats renting property in Egypt have a proper written contract and never make a verbal agreement. Expats should insist that a contract is written in English. Reputable estate agents will ensure any Arabic documents are duly translated into English.

Expats may find that rental contracts in Egypt differ quite markedly from the standard contracts they would be accustomed to in their home country. Some rental agreements may stipulate what types of visitors the tenant is allowed to entertain and whether overnight guests are permitted.

Some landlords forbid the free mixing of men and women in their properties overnight, and there have been instances of expats finding themselves in breach of these terms unintentionally. It's therefore quite essential that expats read the contract carefully and fully understand their responsibilities and those of the landlord or agent. Expats can ask that any ambiguous elements of the contract be clarified.

Deposits

To secure a rental home, expats may be obligated to pay several months' rent upfront in addition to a deposit, which is generally at least one month's rent. Expats should therefore ensure they have sufficient funds available and should also take appropriate security precautions to avoid being scammed. Reputable estate agents can be helpful in this regard. In addition, expats should always view properties in person before making payment.

The agent and landlord may require expats to pay an agency fee equivalent to one month’s rent. Some agents do not charge this fee, but expats should find this out before using their services.

Termination of the lease

Expats who are looking to terminate their lease before its stipulated expiration date must inform their landlords of their intentions at least two months before their departure date. Tenants should take a complete inventory of the property and appliances before and after moving out. It's also recommended that they conduct a thorough inspection with their landlord to ensure that they receive their security deposit back in full.

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Utilities

Utility bills are nearly always the responsibility of the tenant in Egypt and will be an additional expense on top of monthly rental costs. Be sure to enquire as to the approximate costs and keep them in mind while budgeting.

Hold on to all invoices, bills and receipts as proof that these have been paid in case it is requested by the landlord. Most rental apartments in Egypt will have all the utility services connected before expats move in, so they needn't worry about this.

Electricity

Most of the electricity in Egypt is generated using hydropower, and the Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC) is the main electricity provider in the country. Apartments will usually have a submeter, and tenants will receive a monthly bill from the government supplier. The bill is typically brought to expats by their building's doorman, known as bowwab in Arabic.

Most tenants will give their bowwab the money to make their monthly electricity payments, but this can potentially open expats up to scams, so it's essential they build a rapport with their bowwab first. Alternatively, expats can use the newly introduced Fawry e-payment system to enquire about their bills and make payments.

Gas

About 60 percent of all households in Egypt have natural gas connections. If expats do not have an existing connection, they will need to speak to their landlords before enquiring with a gas company about the possibility of installing one. There are several natural gas providers, including Egyptian Gas and Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company (EGAS).

Expats can call either of these companies or visit a local branch to enquire. If installing a connection, expats will need to put down a deposit, and bills are sent monthly based on usage. Households without mains gas rely on gas canisters, and this is another option for expats.

Water

Most of the drinking water in Egypt is sourced from the Nile River. The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation manages the water supply and is working on improving water safety in Egypt. Drinking tap water is not recommended in the country, as it is heavily chlorinated.

Similarly to electricity, most expats will receive their monthly water bills from their bowwabs, and they can give them the money to make the payment. They can also use the Fawry e-payment system for their water bills.

Bins and recycling

Egypt currently lacks a centralised waste management system, and as such rubbish collection in the country is typically managed through the informal sector known as Zabbaleen. This involves informal waste collectors coming to a resident's door to collect waste weekly. These collectors will typically expect a small payment once or twice a month.

While local municipalities are formally tasked with waste management, Zabbaleen account for a large portion of waste collectors in the country. The national government has been taking steps to formalise waste collection by contracting private companies to undertake waste collection duties in some cities. Formal recycling is still in its infancy in Egypt; as such, there are few recycling programmes available in the country.

Internet

There are plenty of ways to remain connected while in Egypt, as the country is home to a fair few internet service providers (ISPs). The most popular ISPs in Egypt include Etisalat, Orange and Telecom Egypt. Expats can choose between a cellphone plan or a combined cellphone and internet plan. They will simply need to present their passports, visas and proof of address to get a contract.

Useful links

• For more on power distribution companies and registering for the Fawry e-payment system, visit the EEHC's website.
• Visit Egypt Gas to learn more about connecting natural gas and monthly payments.
• For more on Egypt's water resources and their management, check out the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation.
• Have a look at Orange, Telecom Egypt and Etisalat for more on internet and cellphone plans in Egypt.

Ancient Egypt:

• 3100 BCE: Ancient Egypt, one of the world's oldest civilisations, emerges along the banks of the Nile River.
• 3100–2686 BCE: The Early Dynastic Period witnesses the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the pharaoh Narmer.
• 2686–2181 BCE: The Old Kingdom sees the construction of monumental pyramids at Giza, such as the Great Pyramid of Khufu. Pharaoh Djoser's reign introduced the first step pyramid at Saqqara, marking a shift in architectural style.
• 2055–1650 BCE: The Middle Kingdom brings stability and the development of art, literature and trade.
• 1550–1070 BCE: Pharaoh Hatshepsut, the most famous – but not first – female pharaoh, rules during the New Kingdom and expands Egypt's trade and influence.
• 1353–1331 BCE: Pharaoh Akhenaten attempts to establish a monotheistic religion centred on worshipping the sun god Aten during his reign.
• 1332–1323 BCE: Tutankhamun, a famous pharaoh, ascends to the throne at a young age and is known for his tomb's discovery, filled with treasures.
• 1279–1213 BCE: Ramses II, also known as Ramses the Great, reigns for an estimated 66 years during the 19th Dynasty and leaves a significant architectural legacy.
• 1200–1000 BCE: The Iron Age brings external invasions, including the Libyans, Kushites, Assyrians, Persians, and Greeks.

Ptolemaic and Roman Period:

• 305–30 BCE: The Ptolemaic era witnesses the blending of Egyptian and Hellenistic cultures under the rule of the Ptolemaic Dynasty.
• 51–30 BCE: Cleopatra VII, the last pharaoh of Egypt, forms alliances with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony in her struggle for power.
• 30 BCE: Egypt falls under Roman rule after Cleopatra's death by suicide, marking the beginning of the Roman period.
• 30 BCE–641 CE: Christianity spreads in Egypt during the Roman era, and the country becomes an important centre for early Christian thought.

Early Islamic Period:

• 641 CE: Muslim Arabs conquer Egypt and introduce Islam, leading to the widespread decline of Christianity and the rise of Arab culture. The introduction of Islam leads to a flourishing of arts, sciences and a rich cultural heritage. The Coptic community continues to practice Christianity.
• 969–1171 CE: The Fatimid Caliphate establishes Cairo as its capital and constructs iconic landmarks such as Al-Azhar Mosque. Cairo becomes a centre for Islamic learning and culture.
• 1174 CE: Salah al-Din (Saladin) becomes the first Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt and successfully repels the Crusaders from the region.
• 1250–1517 CE: The Mamluks, a Turkic slave caste, rules Egypt and defends the region against Mongol invasions.

Ottoman Rule and Modernisation:

• 1517: The Ottoman Empire gains control of Egypt, ruling it for over 400 years. The Ottoman administrative system is established in Egypt, including the appointment of a governor (Bey) and the division of the country into provinces.
• 17th Century: Emergence of the Mamluk Beys as power brokers, effectively sharing power with the Ottoman governor, leading to a unique dual administration system in Egypt.
• 1769–1773: Ali Bey al-Kabir's rebellion against the Ottoman Empire, an early assertion of Egyptian autonomy.
• 1798: Napoleon Bonaparte invades Egypt, sparking interest in Egyptology and contributing to European influence in the region.
• 1798–1801: The French occupation under Napoleon which ends with the Ottoman and British forces expelling the French. This event significantly influences the political and social landscape of Egypt and begins a period of closer interaction with European powers.
• 1805–1848: Muhammad Ali Pasha's rule, recognised as the founder of modern Egypt. His military, administrative, and social reforms lay the groundwork for the modernisation of Egypt, including the establishment of a modern army and bureaucracy.
• 1839–1841: The Oriental Crisis, where Muhammad Ali Pasha's expansionist policies challenge the Ottoman Empire, leading to European intervention and the eventual consolidation of Ottoman rule over Egypt, albeit with significant autonomy for Muhammad Ali and his successors.
• 1869: Completion of the Suez Canal, a pivotal event enhancing Egypt's geopolitical and economic importance.

British Occupation and Nationalism:

• 1869–1879: Rule of Khedive Ismail, marked by ambitious modernisation projects, including the modernisation of Cairo, but leading to a national debt crisis.
• 1875: Egypt's financial crisis reaches a critical point, and Ismail is forced to sell Egypt's shares in the Suez Canal to the British government.
• 1879: The deposition of Khedive Ismail by the Ottoman Sultan, under pressure from European creditors, and the appointment of his son Tewfik Pasha, which marks the beginning of direct European control over Egypt's finances.
• 1881–1882: The Urabi Revolt, a nationalist uprising against Khedive Tewfik and European influence, led by Colonel Ahmed Urabi. This revolt is a significant precursor to the British occupation.
• 1882: British occupation begins with Egypt becoming a protectorate and the British effectively controlling the country's administration, military and finances.
• 1919: The British occupation sparks resistance movements and nationalist sentiments among Egyptians, which grow stronger over time and eventually paved the way for the Egyptian Revolution.
• 1882–1922: During British control, Egypt witnesses the growth of a national press, the formation of political organisations, and the emergence of intellectuals and nationalist leaders who lay the foundations for future struggles for independence.
• 1914–1918: Egypt's role in World War I as a British protectorate, including the contribution of Egyptian labour and soldiers.
• 1919–1922: The 1919 Revolution, led by Saad Zaghloul and the Wafd Party, demanding independence from British rule. This movement results in the recognition of Egypt's nominal independence in 1922 but with continued British military presence and influence.

Modern Egypt:

• 1922: Egypt gains nominal independence, but British influence remains significant.
• 1922–1936: King Fuad I becomes Egypt's first monarch following independence, ruling until 1936. There is a struggle for full sovereignty and constitutional governance, marked by the tension between the Wafd Party, the monarchy, and the British.
• 1936: King Farouk succeeds Fuad I and faces increasing political corruption and social unrest during his reign.
• 1939–1945: World War II brings significant changes to Egypt, as it serves as an important Allied base and witnesses clashes with Axis forces in North Africa.
• 1952: The Egyptian Revolution takes place, led by a group of military officers known as the Free Officers Movement. They overthrow King Farouk and establish a republic.
• 1956: The charismatic Gamal Abdel Nasser emerges as a prominent leader and becomes Egypt's second president.
• 1956–1970: Nasser's leadership promotes social reforms, land redistribution, industrialisation and the construction of the Aswan High Dam. Nasser plays a key role in the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement and seeks to unite Arab nations against Israeli aggression. Nasser also nationalises the Suez Canal, which leads to the Suez Crisis and military intervention by Britain, France and Israel.
• 1970: Nasser's sudden death results in Anwar Sadat assuming the presidency. Sadat pursues a policy of economic liberalisation, known as the Infitah, which aims to attract foreign investment and open up the economy. In the stage of the Cold War, Sadat's succession marks a change in allegiances from pro-Soviet to pro-American.
• 1973: Egypt launches a surprise attack on Israel in what becomes known as the Yom Kippur War, leading to initial Egyptian military success and eventually paving the way for peace negotiations.
• 1977: Sadat makes a historic visit to Israel and signs the Camp David Accords in 1978, becoming the first Arab state to establish peace with Israel and securing the return of the Sinai Peninsula.
• 1981: Sadat's efforts for peace are met with widespread unrest, and Islamist extremists assassinate him during a military parade.
• 1981–2011: Hosni Mubarak assumes the presidency and governs Egypt for nearly three decades, focusing on economic reforms, but faces criticism for his authoritarian rule and human rights abuses.
• 2011: The Egyptian Revolution erupts, driven by widespread discontent, demands for democracy and opposition to Mubarak's regime. The revolution leads to Mubarak's ousting, marking a significant turning point in Egypt's modern history.

Post-revolution:

• 2012: Egypt experiences a period of political transitions, including the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood and the election of Mohamed Morsi as Egypt's first democratically elected president.
• 2013: However, Morsi's presidency is short-lived, as he is deposed by a military coup, led by then Defence Minister Abdel Fattah El-Sisi.
• 2014: El-Sisi becomes president and implements economic reforms but faces criticism for restricting political freedoms and human rights.
• 2018: President Sisi wins a second term against a single candidate, with other challengers either getting arrested or withdrawing from the presidential race.
• 2018–Present: Egypt continues to grapple with political challenges, social change, and economic development as it seeks stability and progress in the 21st century.

The weather in Egypt will allow expats to take long johns and winter jackets off the packing list. The country is situated nearly entirely in the Sahara Desert, except for the narrow strip of coastline that borders the Mediterranean, and the climate is therefore hot and dry pretty much year-round.

The blistering heat of summer (June to August) is slightly more tolerable in the coastal region, but the average maximum temperature in this area is still 86°F (30°C). Expats living inland will experience much hotter summer temperatures, with 104°F (40°C) being standard in the warmest areas, such as Aswan and Luxor. In winter, temperatures fall back down to a more bearable 64°F (18°C) to 79°F (26°C), and this time of the year also brings rainfall to the coast.  

Expats should note that, typical of a desert climate, nighttime temperatures in Egypt can drop considerably despite the intensity of the heat during the day. This is especially true of mountainous areas, and expats should be sure to have some light but warm layers on hand.

One unique component of the weather in Egypt is the khamsin. This hot spring wind begins to sweep across northern Africa towards the end of March and peaks over April and into May, lasting about 50 days. High winds pick up sand and dust, which tend to irritate eyes and obscure visibility. These winds are largely responsible for the drastic increase in temperature in some cities during this time of year. The khamsin can cause temperatures to soar as high as 113°F (45°C), and this can make conditions especially dangerous.

The weather in Egypt can be difficult to adjust to, and expats should take measures to stay hydrated. It is important to drink only bottled water, though, as tap water is not safe to drink everywhere in the country. Sunscreen and light, breathable clothing are also recommended, and if possible, it's best to stay indoors during the hottest hours of the day.
 

Education in Egypt is divided into a general schooling system and an Islamic schooling system known as the Al-Azhar system. General education consists of public, private and international schools.

Public and tertiary education are free for all children, but public schools in Egypt remain at a low standard overall, and expats are unlikely to consider them. Luckily, there are many good international school options across Egypt, particularly in Cairo and Alexandria.

Public schools in Egypt

Egypt has the largest education system in Africa, and the government has been working to improve the standard of schooling available. There are frequent reforms to the education system, with some measures praised while others have been widely criticised.

Public education in Egypt is separated into several phases:

• Kindergarten: Schooling begins with the basic education phase at ages 4 and 5.
• Primary school: Thereafter, children move to primary school between the ages of 6 and 12.
• Preparatory school: Students aged between 13 and 15 move on to the next phase of education, where their academic results determine their secondary schooling options.
• Secondary school: The final phase takes place between the ages of 15 and 18 in secondary school. Secondary schooling can be undertaken at technical, vocational or general schools.

In Egyptian public schools, the language of instruction is Arabic. This, in combination with the low quality of education offered, leads many expat families to opt for private or international schools instead.

Useful links: 

• For more on the national education system, see the Ministry of Education and Technical Education's website.

Private schools in Egypt

Some private schools in Egypt follow a curriculum similar to that taught at public schools, but these schools tend to have better facilities and teachers, so children will generally get a better education here than at a public school. On the other hand, some schools teach alternative curricula based on particular educational or religious philosophies.

While private schools may offer local and international students a higher quality of education, private schools are fee-paying institutions, making them pricier than public schools. Still, private schools remain more affordable than international schools.

International schools in Egypt

International schools in Egypt are private schools that teach a foreign curriculum. The most commonly taught curricula are that of the UK, USA and the International Baccalaureate, but there are also many more options, including French, German, Canadian, Pakistani and others.

These schools are frequently oversubscribed, and some are academically selective, so it's best to start the application process as far in advance as possible. Before committing, parents should also be aware that international school fees tend to be high.

While the benefits are usually worth the hefty price, it's essential first to ensure that it can fit into the budget. If moving to Egypt for work purposes, it's a good idea to try to negotiate an education allowance into their relocation contract.

Read more about International Schools in Egypt.

Special-needs education in Egypt

While Egypt has recognised a need for inclusive education and support for students with different educational needs, this is still sorely lacking in the education system. This has mostly boiled down to a lack of understanding and awareness in Egypt around special needs and disability.

That said, a new curriculum for children with special educational needs has been launched, and hopefully this will lead to inclusive mainstream schooling where children with special educational needs receive the support they need while being taught alongside their peers.

There are several schools specifically for children with special educational needs in Egypt that parents can consider. A limited number of international schools in Egypt also offer additional support, but expat parents should find out exactly what this entails before enrolling.

Useful links

• For more on special-needs education resources in Egypt, visit Caritas Egypt's Support, Education and Training for Inclusion (SETI) Centre.

Tutors in Egypt

Parents shouldn't struggle to find a tutor for their child in Egypt. Tutors are available for support in specific subjects, learning Arabic or adjusting to a new curriculum. There are many online tutor companies that parents can consider, most of which offer online or at-home private tutoring. Private Tutors Egypt is an example of one such company.

Most expats in Egypt send their children to one of the country's many international schools. Though fees tend to be high, international schools in Egypt can ease the adjustment process for expat children as they can continue with their home-country curriculum in their home language.

This also allows for an easy transfer to schooling back home, if need be, and culminates in highly respected school-leaving qualifications, including the likes of the British A-Levels, the International Baccalaureate Diploma and the American High School Diploma.

International schools are also often favoured for the excellent facilities and broader range of extracurricular activities on offer. These activities include dance, drama, robotics, coding, and public speaking, allowing international school students to develop into holistic beings. Expat parents are encouraged to ensure that they choose an area or suburb that will be near their children's school and their workplace to avoid long commutes.

There are several international schools in Egypt for expats to choose from, offering a diverse range of curricula. Most of these are in Cairo, Giza and Alexandria. Below are some of the top international schools in Egypt.

International schools in Egypt

American International School in Egypt

Boasting more than 45 years of educational experience, the American International School in Egypt (AISE) is a premier educational institution leveraging a technology-embedded approach to build tomorrow's leaders. AISE offers both the American and International Baccalaureate curricula and integrates pedagogical approaches such as project-based learning, design-based thinking and STEAM learning. With the aim of holistically developing students, AISE's facilities include premium sporting facilities that feature a swimming pool, gymnasium and a regulation-sized soccer field.

Gender: Co-educational 
Curriculum: American and International Baccalaureate 
Ages: 4 to 18 
Website: www.aisegypt.com

British Columbia Canadian International School

An accredited British Columbia Certification institution, British Columbia Canadian International School (BCCIS) aims to develop socially responsible students. The school's curriculum is designed to create enthusiastic learners, while its safe learning environment encourages creative and scientific thinking. BCCIS also offers Arabic Studies to give its learners an opportunity to fully engage in the local culture.

Gender: Co-educational 
Curriculum: Canadian (British Columbia) 
Ages: 4 to 18 
Website: www.bccis.ca

The British School of Egypt

The British School of Egypt (BSE) offers the British curriculum with a student-centred approach called Complete Well BSEing. This involves a distinct focus on academic, physical, social and emotional and spiritual well-being to ensure that students learn to live well. BSE boasts excellent academic results and beautiful facilities that include a swimming pool, theatre, ICT rooms and science labs.

Gender: Co-educational 
Curriculum: British (English National Curriculum, Cambridge IGCSE and A-Levels) 
Ages: 2 to 18 
Website: www.bse.edu.eg

Canadian International School of Egypt

The Canadian International School of Egypt (CISE) offers its students the Canadian Ontario curriculum and a complementary range of activities that serve to develop students into knowledgeable, creative and caring global citizens. This international school offers inquiry-based learning to help students uncover their strengths and interests. CISE prides itself on providing both English immersion and French immersion programmes to ensure its students gain a truly international education.

Gender: Co-educational 
Curriculum: Canadian (Ontario) 
Age: 3 to 18 
Website: www.cise-egypt.com

Expats wanting to travel to Egypt will need a valid passport and possibly a tourist visa, depending on their nationality. Although the service has been suspended since October 2023, nationals of 74 countries can purchase a visa on arrival at an airport in Egypt.

Expats travelling to Egypt to work or study will need to obtain a residence permit, as these activities are not permitted on a tourist visa.

Tourist visas for Egypt

The tourist visa for Egypt is valid for up to 90 days, with a maximum stay of 30 days during this period. While nationals of some countries do not require a tourist visa when travelling to Egypt, other nationalities will need to get a tourist visa upon arrival at an airport in Egypt. These options don't apply to all countries, however, and nationals of some other countries will have to apply for a tourist visa in advance of travelling to Egypt.

Expats should check with their local Egyptian embassy or consulate for the most up-to-date information on nationality requirements regarding tourist visas for Egypt. Citizens from certain countries, such as Iran, Yemen and Kazakhstan, will need pre-clearance before applying for an Egyptian visa. 

Visitors to Egypt will need a passport that will be valid for at least six months from their entry date in Egypt, as well as proof of accommodation and a return ticket to apply for an Egyptian tourist visa. Those who will be travelling to the country for business purposes must have an invitation letter from a local company. 

Useful links

• For more on applying for a tourist visa, check out Egypt's eVisa system. 

Residence permits for Egypt

Expats planning to stay in Egypt for work or study purposes will need to acquire a residence permit and, if in employment, a work permit. Residence is generally granted for one, three or five years. There are several types of residence permits available for Egypt, including: 

• Work or employment-based
• Family reunion
• Investor or business residence
• Retirement
• Student

The documentation required will differ based on the specific residence permit expats have applied for. Typically, expats must submit a valid passport, a police clearance certificate, a health certificate and proof of health insurance among others. 

Work permit applications are made separately from applications for residence permits. The process is a long and arduous one, and expats must have secured employment before they can apply for their work permit. Extensive documentation is required for a work permit application, so it's important to do thorough research beforehand on all that's required.

*Visa regulations and requirements for work permits are subject to change at short notice, and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Transport and driving in Egypt are important issues for expats to consider. While driving in Egypt can be dangerous and chaotic, the country does have an extensive road network, and expats can travel by car or by bus between most cities.

That said, expats should bear in mind that Egypt has one of the highest incidences of road fatalities in the world, and they should take extreme caution when driving. In fact, when travelling long distances, we recommend travelling by rail, river or air.

Public transport in Egypt

The public transport system in Egypt is extensive and affordable. It’s relatively easy to get around the country by train or bus. That said, it’s worth mentioning that public transport is not always the most comfortable way to travel in Egypt.

Buses

Numerous bus routes in Egypt connect the country’s major cities, but many of these intercity buses can be overcrowded and uncomfortable. Fortunately, deluxe buses also exist on some routes between certain cities. They cost more, but the tickets are still relatively inexpensive and well worth the inclusion of air conditioning, onboard toilets, and in some cases, WiFi.

Tickets can be purchased at bus stations or on the bus itself, although it is better to book tickets in advance to guarantee a seat on busy routes. There are almost always inspectors on the bus, so expats should ensure that they have paid the correct fare and are carrying their passports in case the bus stops at a military checkpoint.

Local buses also operate within cities, and most cities will also have minibus services available.

Trains

Egypt’s train network is operated by Egyptian National Railways and is affordable and extensive, covering thousands of kilometres. Some trains have air conditioning – these trains are divided into first- and second-class. Trains without air-conditioning have second- and third-class compartments.

Metro

Cairo is home to a metro system, one of only three fully-fledged metro systems in all of Africa. The metro has 80 stations and carries millions of passengers a day. The metro is fast, reliable and convenient. The two middle cars of each train are usually for women only.

Boats

Those who want to travel via something more exciting than a bus or a train should consider taking a boat down the Nile River. Expats can travel on a traditional felucca or a cruise ship or steamboat.

Useful links

• Some of Egypt's most popular bus companies, include Highjet and Mwasalat Misr.
• For more on train schedules and routes across Egypt, check out the Egyptian National Railways.
• The Cairo Metro’s website offers key passenger information.

Taxis in Egypt

Taxis are widely available in Egypt’s major cities. Expats should try to form a relationship with a trusted taxi driver so that they always have someone reliable to call if they need to be somewhere quickly or need a driver for the day. Taxis are typically white and blue or yellow and black.

Another viable option is using a ride-hailing app like Uber or the local version, Careem. This minimises miscommunication and gives the passenger more control over the route and rate.

Useful links

• Expats can visit Careem or Uber’s websites to learn more about hailing a ride in Egypt.

Driving in Egypt

Driving in Egypt can be daunting. For this reason, some companies provide employees with a driver, but many people still choose to drive themselves, and some employers even cover defensive driving lessons to better equip expats for driving in Egypt.

Egyptians drive on the right-hand side of the road, and road signs are usually in both Arabic and English and are fairly similar to road signs used in Europe.

Road hazards in Egypt

Expats need to be extra vigilant when driving in Egypt as there are many road hazards to contend with. These include a lack of stop signs and traffic lights, drivers’ disregard for lane markings, and obstructions on the road.

Drivers are also likely to encounter stationary vehicles in the middle of the road, trucks driving the wrong way down one-way streets, and minibuses stopping suddenly to allow passengers to disembark in the middle of the road. Drivers in Egypt are also reluctant to use their headlights in the dark and are also not consistent about indicating before turning. It is best to avoid driving at night if possible.

Obtaining a local driving licence

Expats who decide to brave the Egyptian roads can drive in the country with a valid licence from their home country for six months. Egypt currently has no licence exchange agreements with other countries, so all expats who plan to drive in the country will need a local driving licence.

Drivers must take a practical and written test to secure their Egyptian driving licence. The written test will be in Arabic, so expats who are unfamiliar with the language may find it particularly challenging. Expats must produce a medical certificate and a clean blood test proving they are not drug users as part of the application process.

Useful links

• Visit the Ministry of Interior’s website for more information on driving licences and road safety in Egypt.

Moving to Egypt may not be the most obvious choice for expats looking to relocate, but the country's rolling desert landscape and iconic ancient pyramids are on many a travel bucket list. Egypt has just as much to offer expats as it does tourists. Expats who relocate to Egypt tend to be engaging, active, adventurous, and interested in connecting with communities and interacting with Egyptian culture and people.

Living in Egypt as an expat

Those who are looking to live and work in Egypt will typically end up in people-centred professions. Teachers, writers, volunteers and NGO workers are all interwoven into Egyptian society, making for a fascinating expat experience.

Although far less so than other Islamic countries, women used to Western culture often find the transition to Egypt's somewhat patriarchal society difficult.

For the most part, though, Egypt makes for a unique expat destination, and it is usually curiosity or love that draws expats to stay rather than financial promise or luxury living. Although the country has its business incentives, it isn't an internationally recognised industrial centre. Still, entrepreneurs may find new emerging markets and opportunities, as the country is actively promoting itself on a global front.

Expats should have no difficulty finding suitable accommodation in Egypt. Options range from simple studios to fully furnished condos and large villas. 

Safety

Still, expats should remain aware of the country's safety and political situation. Though not characteristically unsafe, riots and violence have been a problem in the country at times. Following the events of the Arab Spring where Egyptians staged pro-reform and anti-government protests, many expats fled the country and their return has been slow, but the country's current regime has prioritised safety and the tourist police are highly visible in Cairo. 

Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy is an issue in Egypt that causes delays in accessing services for both locals and expats. Some expats have reported experiencing delays in renewing their visas owing to inefficient government processes and corruption. This unfortunately also spills into business, so expats looking to do business in Egypt must be prepared to deal with deals. The country is attempting to rectify these issues with the passing of the Civil Service Law in 2015, which aims to reduce the size of government departments and corruption. 

Pollution and traffic

Cairo is a sensory experience, which can be overwhelming for some expats. Egypt's capital city is full of a spectrum of smells and visuals, making for high levels of air and visual pollution. Traffic in Cairo is also nightmarish and chaotic, with many expats choosing not to drive in the city. 

Fortunately, a modern subway system helps commuters get around Cairo and avoid traffic congestion. Expats without the patience to deal with public transport in Egypt always have the option of hiring a car with a private driver. Getting around in Egypt can be an adventure, as there are varied modes of transportation available, from overcrowded buses and minivans to first-class trains. 

Cost of living in Egypt 

Thanks to the relatively low cost of expat living in Egypt, expats can live a comfortable lifestyle in the country. While rent is cheap and transport is generally affordable, an expat's choice of lifestyle certainly impacts their monthly budget. 

Buying local groceries, shopping at markets and eating out at local restaurants will certainly save expats some cash. Those who prefer to buy familiar imported products and alcohol and eat out at expensive international restaurants or hotels will have to budget for these costs. 

Families and children in Egypt

There are several good international schools in the country. Most of these are in Cairo and offer students the opportunity to continue studying the school curriculum of their home countries.

Expats looking for some family fun will have plenty of options when it comes to the many ancient historical and cultural sites they can visit in Egypt, such as the Great Pyramids and Old Cairo. Those looking to spend some time in nature will also discover a range of options for day trips to nearby islands, beaches and parks. The country has also catered to its young population with water parks, aquariums and other great family-friendly attractions. 

Climate in Egypt 

Situated almost entirely in the Sahara desert, the weather in Egypt is hot and dry. Egypt's coastal region offers more pleasant conditions in the summer, but the average maximum temperature in this area is still 86°F (30°C). Expats living inland will experience much hotter summer temperatures, with 104°F (40°C) being standard in the warmest areas, such as Aswan and Luxor. 

In winter, temperatures fall back down to a more enjoyable 68°F to 79°F (20°C to 26°C), making it the perfect time of the year to enjoy Egypt's wonderful outdoors. This time of the year also brings rainfall to the coast.  

Ultimately, expats moving to Egypt with a sense of curiosity and adventure are most likely to have an interesting and satisfying experience. For those with an open mind, Egypt holds much to discover.

Fast facts

Population: More than 105.8 million

Capital city: Cairo (also the largest city)

Neighbouring countries: Egypt spans two continents. Most of Egypt is in Africa, but the land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula extends into Asia. Egypt is bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west.

Geography: Egypt's landscape is mostly desert, with a few oases. It is also home to the famous Nile River, one of the world's longest rivers.

Political system: Unitary semi-presidential republic

Major religions: Islam with a Christian minority

Main languages: Arabic

Money: The Egyptian Pound (EGP) is divided into 100 piastres. ATMs are common in Egypt's larger cities, but may be harder to find in smaller towns.

Tipping: Between 10 and 15 percent is standard practice across the service industry

Time: GMT+2 

Electricity: 220V, 50Hz. Standard plugs are European two-pins.

Internet domain: .eg

International dialling code: +20

Emergency contacts: 122 (police), 180 (fire) and 123 (ambulance)

Transport and driving: Cairo has a well-developed public transport system, including a metro, buses, trams and trains. Other cities may have fewer options, and public transport throughout Egypt tends to be crowded and uncomfortable. Cars drive on the right-hand side of the road.

Most expats find banking and managing taxes in Egypt frustrating. While there are plenty of Egyptian banks available, expats often prefer to open accounts with international banks that have a presence in Egypt, such as HSBC or Citibank.

Dealing with the bureaucracy at Egyptian banks is difficult, and fees for even the most basic services are high. To make matters worse, banking hours in Egypt are limited, with most branches closing at 2pm.

ATMs are readily available throughout the country. Restaurants, shops and major attractions in Egyptian cities will accept international credit card payments.

Money in Egypt

The currency used in Egypt is the Egyptian Pound (EGP). It is divided up into 100 piastres.

• Notes: 25pt, 50pt, 1 EGP, 5 EGP, 10 EGP, 20 EGP, 50 EGP, 100 EGP, and 200 EGP
• Coins: 25pt, 50pt and 1 EGP

Banking in Egypt

Poor exchange rates, hefty fees and constant service charges sully the reputation of local banking in Egypt. Luckily, there are many international bank branches in the country, and these offer modern amenities such as internet and phone banking, as well as easy access to ATMs. Expats who already have an account with one of these banks in their home country will find it fairly easy to set up an account in Egypt.

Businesses in Egypt will often pay employees directly through bank deposits at a certain bank, taking away the choice, or hassle, of selecting a bank.

Opening a bank account

Opening an account in Egypt is straightforward. Required documents may vary from bank to bank, but expats are likely to need their passport, residence permit and an initial cash deposit.

Many banks will also require proof of employment and proof of address, such as a utility bill. Most staff members at banks will speak decent English, making it easy for expats to access banking services in Egypt.

Taxes in Egypt

Egypt has double-taxation avoidance agreements with several countries. Expats are liable for income tax in Egypt, and they may also pay tax on their worldwide income, depending on whether they are classified as tax residents.

An expat is considered a resident for tax purposes if they are in Egypt for 183 days or more in a 12-month period, whether continuously or non-continuously. Tax residents pay tax on both their local and worldwide income.

Money earned from within in Egypt is taxed progressively up to almost 28 percent, depending on one's level of income.

Taxes are intrinsically complicated, especially for expats, so it is wise to hire a professional expat tax agency to help manage the process of filing in more than one country.

Most expats working in Egypt are based in Cairo. As Egypt’s largest city, it is also the location with the most employment opportunities and plays host to a more conspicuous expat population.

That said, unemployment levels are high, and expats may have a hard time finding a job. Still, there are a few positions where a foreigner may find a niche.

Job market in Egypt

Job types vary widely, but most expats don't move for the financial promise that makes other global destinations attractive. The most common occupation for expats working in Egypt is teaching, both in private schools and English language schools.

Egypt boasts a robust oil and gas market, so international companies with operations in the country will often hire expats in various roles, including project management, geology and engineering. As a growing global sector, IT and software development is another in-demand sector in Egypt.

Volunteers and employees for NGOs make up another substantial part of the expat community. Other industries that draw expats are tourism, finance, healthcare and media positions.

Finding a job in Egypt

It is far better to be hired from outside Egypt before relocating than to arrive in Egypt unemployed. If the latter is the case, the best bet for finding employment is through a personal connection.

Expats hired from overseas to work in Egypt often enjoy a higher salary paid in a foreign currency, while expat employees hired from within Egypt tend to be paid in the local currency and earn much less. Networking is an important part of the Egyptian business culture, which functions largely on the premise of personal contacts and recommendations.

Online job portals and local recruitment agencies are also possible sources of employment opportunities. Expat social media groups can also be a fantastic resource for those seeking English-speaking roles.

Useful links

• Wuzzuf posts job listings across Egypt in English.
• Jobs for English Speakers in Egypt is a Facebook group showcasing roles across the country.

Work culture in Egypt

Business in Egypt is conducted in a formal yet friendly and personal manner. Punctuality and a smart appearance are important; suits and ties are worn by business people, and women should dress modestly.

Expats in Egypt must be respectful of the local Islamic customs. Many Egyptian business people are not available during Ramadan, and as Friday is the Islamic holy day, the working week runs from Sunday to Thursday.

English is widely spoken and understood, but a basic knowledge of Arabic will be appreciated. People with titles should be addressed using their title and surname. Business cards should be printed in both English and Arabic, and if someone offers their card, expats should treat it with respect.

Expats moving to Egypt are sure to have plenty of queries and concerns about life in this North African country. Here are some answers to expats' most frequently asked questions.

How safe is Egypt?

Although Egypt had a widely publicised period of civil unrest in 2011, the situation has improved in the years since. That said, we recommend that expats avoid the Sinai Peninsula as this area is still a safety risk. Expats should check official safety reports before travelling to Egypt to stay updated on the current political situation.

Is Cairo really the only place to work?

It depends. Expats employed by NGOs tend to work all around Egypt, and volunteers often do the same. There are some schools in other cities hiring teachers. For most business employment, though, the jobs for expats are almost all in Cairo.

What is the treatment of women like in Egypt?

Expat women in Egypt may find that they attract an uncomfortable amount of attention from local men. Some of these men may have stereotypical ideas of Western women as promiscuous based on depictions in movies and popular culture. It may help to dress modestly and keep one's hair covered with a headscarf. Usually, men on the street will go no further than catcalls but, if feeling unsafe, expat women should be able to call on a local female passer-by to assist.

Will I be able to drink alcohol in Egypt?

Although it isn't always easy to find, expats are free to indulge in a drink if the mood strikes them. Very little alcohol is produced locally, and there are strict limits imposed on alcohol importation. Imported alcohol is also quite pricey. If looking for somewhere to grab a drink, tourist or resort areas are the most likely places to find such establishments. 

The quality of healthcare in Egypt varies widely depending on whether one uses public or private services. Public healthcare is underfunded, and although the Egyptian government is taking steps toward improving the system, the effectiveness of the intervention remains to be seen.

In general, the country’s medical facilities are substandard to those of many Western countries. For better quality care, expats should avoid public hospitals and opt for private care instead.

Unless familiar with a particular hospital, major operations should be done outside of Egypt. Often the best regional healthcare can be found in Dubai, and many wealthy Egyptians opt to travel to the UAE for this kind of specialist treatment.

Health insurance in Egypt

Expats should have private medical insurance in Egypt for both routine and emergency care. Many hospitals will ask for cash directly instead of billing an insurance carrier, but patients should ask for all necessary paperwork to recoup any expenses paid out of pocket.

Some hospitals and hospital groups will offer insurance for the use of their facilities only. Many expats prefer insurance that includes treatment and evacuations to a different country in the case of a medical emergency.

There are hospitals throughout Egypt, from small clinics in rural areas to speciality hospitals with advanced facilities in Cairo. Indeed, most expats requiring more serious medical care will go to a hospital in Cairo. Expats should ensure they have adequate health insurance before seeking medical care in Egypt.

Public healthcare in Egypt

Egypt has a very limited national healthcare scheme, and public hospitals in Egypt have faced serious accusations of negligence in the past. Hospitals in Egypt face underfunding, and this leads to a dilapidated infrastructure and inadequate supplies. Expats may be eligible for free public healthcare, but this system is not recommended and has an extremely low rate of usage, even by low-income Egyptians.

The Egyptian government introduced the Universal Health Insurance System (UHIS) in 2018, which is set to be implemented in six phases, with the final phase expected to be established by 2027. The new health insurance system is going to give Egyptians access to both public and private healthcare facilities at subsidised rates. The UHIS will likely not benefit many expats but is expected to improve the state of healthcare in the country.

Private healthcare in Egypt

Pharmacies and medicines in Egypt

Pharmacies in Egypt are in no short supply, and expats can find one that’s convenient. Many medicines are available for purchase without a prescription, but expats who are dependent on their medication should nevertheless bring a supply with them from home.

Pharmacists in the larger cities should have a good command of the English language and will be able to recommend basic medicines to expats. Medication is inexpensive in Egypt, but expats should ensure they buy something they have used before.

Egypt is known for having an issue of counterfeit medicines, often sold in packaging that looks authentic. These medicines typically contain harmful and unknown ingredients. Expats are encouraged to source their prescription and over-the-counter medication from reliable sources.

Health hazards in Egypt

One of the most significant health concerns facing expats in Egypt is sanitation. Expats should take special care to drink and cook only with bottled water, and vegetables and fruit must be washed thoroughly. It is best to avoid eating street food or buying juices off the street, but food and drink in hotels and restaurants should be perfectly fine.

Egypt has the highest rate of hepatitis C infection in the world, but the country has made strides in its campaign to eliminate the virus on its shores. The virus is transmitted through blood-to-blood contact, so expats should avoid contact with needles of dubious origin, including equipment used for tattooing.

Air pollution is another health hazard in Egypt, especially in large cities. The air quality in Cairo can be very poor due to industrial sites and traffic jams. Dust is a problem for people with respiratory conditions such as asthma. Expats should consult their doctor for advice on the best way to deal with this.

Vaccinations for Egypt

Expats should check with their doctor whether they need any special vaccinations before travelling to Egypt, but should always have their routine vaccinations up to date, especially hepatitis A, measles, rabies and typhoid.

Although Egypt does not require a Covid-19 vaccination certificate, unvaccinated travellers must produce a negative PCR test before being allowed entry into the country. Polio has also been recently identified in Egypt, so it’s recommended that expats have their polio vaccines up to date.

Emergency services in Egypt

The emergency number in Egypt is 123. If there is a serious emergency, expats are advised to organise their own transport to a hospital or to call a private hospital directly and request an ambulance, as the public ambulance service can be unreliable.