Banks in India have a reputation for cumbersome bureaucracy, but most provide convenient services once you have managed to navigate the red tape. Paying taxes can also be challenging, but is much easier with the help of a local specialist.

Another thing you must get used to is the Indian numbering system. In the Indian numbering system, the lakh and crore are the main terms to be familiar with. Lakh is a unit that equals 100,000, while 100 lakhs is one crore or 10 million. 

Globally, commas are put after every three digits when dealing with large numbers. In India, a comma is placed after every two digits past the 100,000 mark (1,00,000). This can be confusing, especially when dealing with financial statements. This way of dealing with numbers is an interesting and perhaps unexpected element of adapting to local culture in India.

Money in India

The official currency in India is the rupee, abbreviated as INR, and it's controlled by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

The rupee is technically subdivided into 100 paise, but coins valued at less than 1 rupee are no longer in circulation. Getting change is often difficult in India, so keeping a stock of smaller denominations is wise.

Here are the frequently used banknotes and coins in India:

• Notes: INR 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 2,000
• Coins: INR 1, 2, 5 and 10

To get local currency, there are several factors to consider. India restricts visitors and tourists from bringing any Indian currency into the country, while residents can bring in a maximum of INR 25,000, and large sums of foreign cash must be declared. It's best to explore the different options for obtaining local rupees in the country.

You can exchange money at the airport, though the rate is unlikely to be favourable. It's possible to exchange money at local and international banks in India, and there are also organisations or money changers approved by the RBI that can exchange foreign currency.

Digital payment methods have become immensely popular in India. Platforms like UPI (Unified Payments Interface), Paytm and Google Pay are widely used for everyday transactions, making them convenient for both residents and expatriates. These platforms allow for seamless transactions without cash, which is particularly beneficial for expats who may not carry large amounts of Indian currency.

Useful links

• Reserve Bank of India

Banking in India

The Indian banking sector is robust and offers numerous services in public, private and international banks. Public sector banks include Punjab National Bank, Central Bank of India, Bank of Baroda and State Bank of India. Private sector banks include ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank. International and foreign-owned banks such as Standard Chartered Bank and HSBC also operate in India.

Opening a bank account

Non-residents can hold a select few types of bank accounts in India. Some may only apply to Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and persons of Indian origin (PIOs), while the main account type available to all foreign citizens in India is called the Non-Resident Ordinary Rupee Account Scheme, also known as NRO accounts.

Most banks offer a non-resident (NRO) savings or current account for you if you earn an income in India. Features vary between banks, but account holders will at least be provided with debit or credit cards, as well as internet and phone banking.

Most NRO accounts require you to maintain an average quarterly balance. While the amount may differ depending on the bank, failure to maintain the balance will result in a penalty fee.

Opening a bank account is normally a simple process if you provide the necessary documents. Some bank accounts can be opened online without the need to go into a branch physically. Many people have their company open an account for them, often with an international bank.

To open a bank account in India, you will generally need to provide proof of identity, proof of address, copies of your passport and visa and a mobile phone number. Some bank accounts require applicants to provide a 12-digit Aadhaar number (Indian identification number) and a 10-character PAN or permanent account number (tax number). For information on Aadhaar, visit the official Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) website.

Credit cards and ATMs

ATMs and bank branches are easily accessible in major cities and towns. Credit cards are widely accepted, and most banks offer internet banking services. Still, carrying cash when travelling outside major cities is advisable.

Useful links

• Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)

Taxes in India

If you live in India for 182 days or more a year, you are considered a tax resident and must pay tax on your local income. Personal income tax in India is progressive up to 30 percent.

India has full double tax avoidance agreements with many countries, and you should confirm whether your home country falls under this list.

If you earn above a given threshold, you must file an individual tax return, and you can do this yourself online. Given that taxes in India are relatively complicated, if you aren't especially tax-savvy or simply prefer that a professional complete the process, you can enlist the help of an accountant or tax consultant.

The new tax regime has become the default for individual taxpayers, including non-residents. This means you will now be taxed under this regime unless you opt for the old tax regime, which allows for various deductions and exemptions.

Getting a tax number

In India, a tax number is called a Permanent Account Number or PAN. Not all expats in India will need to obtain a PAN, although this unique identifier is essential in certain instances, including when filing tax returns.

The best resource for getting a PAN in India is the Tax Information Network website. Many tax-related processes, including linking the Aadhaar with the PAN, can be done swiftly online, provided the available e-services and support.

For the latest info, also see the Indian Government's Income Tax Department website.

Useful links

• Tax Information Network
• Income Tax Department

Moving to India, an ancient country rich in culture and diversity, will be a veritable feast for your senses if you’re willing to step out of your comfort zone. Few places compare in scale to the world’s most populous country, and the sheer size and sensory richness can be overwhelming. 

Living in India as an expat

There is great pride in diversity here, and local culture is strong, although you are likely to experience some culture shock as customs in India are often vastly different from Western norms. Communicating with locals is generally easy. English is widely spoken and is frequently the language of business in India.

The largest employing sectors in India are textiles and agriculture, but most opportunities for skilled expats come from areas such as IT, financial services, pharmaceuticals, and telecommunications. You likely won't struggle to meet your basic needs in India. The quality of public services like healthcare varies between regions, but if you can afford it, you’ll probably prefer using the private sector.

After applying for visas, finding suitable housing is the biggest challenge you will face. There is a high demand for good quality accommodation, and you should seek your employer’s assistance or else enlist the services of a reputable state agent.

Cost of living in India

Living costs won’t bother you if you earn in a foreign currency. Even if you earn local currency but work in skilled roles, you will live very comfortably. You may find the remarkable wealth gap visible on the streets of teeming cities such as Mumbai, New Delhi, Gurgaon, and Bengaluru uncomfortable. Despite record economic growth for more than two decades, India has one of the world’s starkest wealth gaps.

If your employee does not cover them, accommodation, international school fees, and healthcare are likely to be your largest expenses while living in India. International schools are known for being excellent but expensive, with additional uniform, books, and extracurricular costs. Housing in popular expat areas can also be pricey, so this is something else to consider. 

Families and children in India

India is often overlooked as an expat family destination, but in reality, the country is a wonderful place to raise a family. Although public schools in India lack funding, most expats send their children to one of the many top international schools in Delhi, Gurgaon, or Mumbai. Travelling around India and experiencing the country’s many breathtaking sights, smells, and tastes are also great family activities, while it is also ideally located to explore further east.

Climate in India

India’s vast terrain makes for a variety of climatic conditions. Two climatic subtypes prevail across India: a tropical monsoon climate, particularly in the humid south, and a tropical climate, bringing both wet and dry periods. The southern regions experience their mildest temperatures between January and September, while in the northeast, the months from March to August are more bearable.

Overall, India provides a welcome mixture of high-quality living, adventure and cultural exploration, making it an expat destination with much to offer.

Fast facts

Population: Over 1.4 billion

Capital city: New Delhi

Largest city: Mumbai

Neighbouring countries: India shares borders with China, Bhutan, and Nepal to the northeast, Pakistan to the west, Bangladesh, and Myanmar to the east. It is also bound by a vast coastline, stretching from the Arabian Sea in the southwest to the Indian Ocean in the south and finally to the Bay of Bengal in the southeast.

Geography: India is a large and geographically diverse country. The northern areas of India are largely defined by the Himalayan mountain range, while the Deccan Plateau occupies the western and southern parts of the country.

Political system: Federal parliamentary constitutional republic

Major religion: Hinduism

Main languages: Hindi and English. There are an estimated 447 native languages spoken among smaller minorities.

Money: The official currency is the Indian Rupee (INR). Although these denominations are no longer legal tender, this was divided into 100 paise. It’s relatively easy to set up a local bank account, and ATMs are easy to find.

Tipping: Standard 5 to 10 percent

Time: GMT+5.5

Electricity: 230V, 50Hz. Most plugs have two (Type C plugs) or three (Type D plugs) round pins.

International dialling code: +91

Emergency contacts: 112

Internet domain: .in

Transport and driving: The standard of public transport in India is highly varied, but networks are extensive. Driving is on the left-hand side of the road.

Given its immense size and diversity, India's general level of safety varies. As an expat, you will likely be concerned about your safety in India, but you'll most likely only encounter issues related to petty crime, road safety and sanitation.

There are ongoing issues related to sectarian violence and terrorism, but expats are not often directly affected – although there have been occasions when areas known to be frequented by expats have been targeted.

Transport safety in India

Road safety is a major concern in India. Reckless taxi and motorcycle drivers account for many accidents, while bus and train accidents are also fairly common.

Pickpockets also target passengers on public transport, so keep a close eye on your belongings. New regulations now require mandatory safety training for drivers and regular vehicle inspections to ensure passenger safety.

Sea travel poses safety concerns as well, given that tourist boats frequently fail to carry lifesaving equipment like life jackets. The government has implemented stricter regulations for vessel safety and crew training. It’s best to check the safety regulations tour operators and travel companies provide.

Food safety in India

Poor hygiene standards and disease are concerns for expats in India, and health advisories recommend increased caution regarding food and water. Authorities have started monitoring food establishments more intensely to ensure compliance with hygiene standards, particularly in tourist areas.

A common affliction for newly arrived expats and travellers is ‘Delhi belly’, which refers to stomach problems caused by food-borne parasites. Recent outbreaks of food-borne diseases, including Salmonella and E. coli, have prompted health officials to issue alerts. 

To avoid waterborne illnesses, it’s advisable to consume only bottled or boiled water. You should also request no ice when ordering drinks at restaurants, as the ice blocks may have been made with contaminated water.

Local authorities have implemented training programmes for food handlers to ensure proper food safety practices.

Useful links

• WHO: Food Safety
• FSSAI: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India

Crime in India

Petty crime is rampant in India, and you will more likely be exposed to this than violent crime. As an expat, you'll typically stick out in a crowd and often be an easy target for pickpocketing, overcharging and small-scale scams.

There have also been reports of people being robbed or assaulted while riding in taxis or rickshaws. It’s best to take prepaid taxis and avoid those already carrying passengers.

Women should be particularly cautious about travelling alone, especially at night, and dress modestly to avoid unwanted attention, as sexual assaults on foreign women have been known to happen across India. We recommend contacting the authorities in the event of this, including the police and your home country’s embassy in India.

Useful links

• UK Government Travel Advice
• US State Department Travel Advisory

Terrorism in India

The threat of terrorism in India remains a concern, especially in major cities such as Delhi and Mumbai – terrorists have previously targeted areas popular with foreigners. Security has been stepped up in major cities as a result.

Certain parts of India are frequently plagued with sectarian violence that has little to do with expats. The most notable examples are in the northern regions of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh. Violence is unpredictable, but there is a risk of bombings, shootings, and kidnappings.

Major foreign offices advise against travelling to some other areas, including the border with Pakistan and the state of Manipur. We recommend you check with your embassy which areas to avoid in India.

Be vigilant around public holidays and days of religious significance. By keeping up to date with the news and following government travel warnings, you should be able to avoid any problems.

Protests in India

Protests related to political and socioeconomic issues are common in India and often affect service delivery and transport. In recent years, several issues have sparked significant protests, including ethnic violence, farmers’ rights, student protests and civil rights protests. Large gatherings are especially common in India’s northeastern regions, where ethnic tensions are high.

Violence at such gatherings has been known to happen. Indian security forces frequently respond with heavy-handed tactics, including the use of tear gas and physical barriers. There is growing discourse among Indians about the balance between maintaining public order and respecting the right to protest.

We advise expats to steer clear of all protest actions and abide by any state and national regulations imposed.

If you are interested in shipping household goods to India, you will find an abundance of service providers offering both piecemeal delivery and complete relocation company packages from anywhere in the world. You can generally choose sea freight or airfreight, or both. The cost of shipping is determined by the volume and method of delivery of the goods, as well as how far they will need to be transported.

Sea freight will, in most cases, prove to be more cost-effective, especially if you are moving a large volume of goods. Airfreight is delivered much quicker but costs more. Typically, it’s best to divide shipments: Send the essentials ahead of time via airfreight, and send goods that are not immediate necessities via sea freight.

You should also keep in mind that furniture can be bought relatively cheaply in India, and many accommodation options come either fully or partially furnished, so it may not even be necessary to ship furniture at all.

Hiring an international removal company

International removal companies familiar with Indian transport and customs rules are best able to handle cross-continental relocation. These companies will survey everything that needs to be shipped and issue a quote based on the shipment size. It’s worthwhile to get several quotes for comparison before deciding which company to go with.

On the day of the move, the company will pack everything, take inventory, disassemble basic furniture, and deal with all customs formalities. Expect quotes to include delivery and unpacking services, as well as debris removal and basic furniture reassembling at the destination.

You should take out shipping insurance with a company not involved in the removal to ensure adequate protection and coverage of your goods.

Useful links

• Indian Customs Notifications

Duty-free shipping to India

If you are planning on becoming a formal resident of India, you may be able to import your used personal and household goods duty-free. This rule has specific exceptions, so you should consult the Indian government’s baggage rules before finalising your shipment. Goods must have been owned and used for at least six months before importation. Additionally, Indian citizens returning after residing abroad for at least one year can bring used personal effects duty-free.

Most relocation packages offer allowances for sea and airfreight. It’s best to take full advantage of any airfreight allowance for essentials needed immediately. Keep in mind that sea freight, while slower, is often more cost-effective for larger shipments.

E-commerce has grown significantly in India. When buying goods from outside the country, be aware of potential shipping and delivery costs. Always check all related fees, whether you’re bringing in old items or purchasing new ones online from abroad.

Useful links

• Make in India

Shipping pets to India

Shipping pets to India requires careful preparation. The rules vary according to your home country, but a vet’s certificate and proof of certain vaccinations, such as rabies, are standard requirements. Pets must have an ISO-compliant microchip, with the microchip number included in the health certificate.

You may need a specific permit along with your visa to import your pets. You must also provide authorities your information as the pet parent.  Additionally, you should prioritise finding pet-friendly accommodation. Consult a pet relocation company, as animal import regulations can be complex.

Recent changes require that pets be vaccinated against rabies at least 30 days before travel, but not more than 12 months before entry. Depending on their health status and vaccination records, pets may also be subject to quarantine upon arrival. This is usually at home, unless they display signs of illness. You are only allowed to bring two pets per family. 

Pet-friendly accommodation in major Indian cities like Mumbai, Bangalore and Delhi has improved significantly, with many hotels and rental properties now offering pet-friendly policies.

Transport and driving in India can be an adventure and a challenge. In such a vast country, finding the most efficient modes of travel will be important for you to make the most of your time. Navigating India’s varied transport systems is essential to making the most of your experience here.

From modern metro systems in several cities, such as Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Gurgaon and Kolkata, to old-fashioned rickshaws, transport in India is extremely varied, and the choices can be overwhelming. If you want to interact with the locals, you will enjoy using public transport, while if you want to get across the country fast, you can take advantage of affordable domestic flights.

Public transport in India

Using public transport in India is often challenging at first. It can be crowded, uncomfortable and somewhat dangerous at times. But if you are patient, you will discover that using buses and trains in India is cost-effective, allows you to see more of the country, and gives you insight into local everyday life.

Trains

One of the best ways to see the country is travelling by train. The train network in India, provided by the state-run organisation, Indian Railways, is extensive, prices are reasonable, and they’re a comfortable choice for travelling long distances. It’s possible to hire a private sleeper compartment on some rail services and, where available, travelling in an air-conditioned compartment is worth the extra expense.

India’s rail network comprises countrywide routes and commuter rail transport in metropolitan regions, including suburban rail systems, metros and trams. The latter has faded out across India, although the city of Kolkata still operates a tram system.

Train travel can become difficult during major festival periods, so booking tickets in advance is a good idea. You can either book tickets at ticketing agents or buy them at stations. Special trains and additional services are introduced during festivals like Diwali and Eid to manage the rush.

Buses

Buses in India are often the cheapest way to get around. Both public and private buses operate in India, and although public buses are often cheaper, private ones offer greater comfort and air conditioning. Major cities are also introducing electric buses, improving comfort and reducing pollution.

Tickets for private buses are typically available from the bus company's booth at a bus station, while tickets for public buses can be bought onboard.

While many people prefer trains for long-distance journeys, the country’s colourful buses offer quite a saving. They are also sometimes the only way to reach some of the country’s more isolated areas. Major cities are also served by a Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS), which offers a speedier and more efficient way of getting around locally and commuting. Cities like Ahmedabad and Pune are expanding their BRTS systems, making them even more efficient.

If you decide to travel by bus, you should be aware of several factors. Language barriers may seem like a challenge. Signage is rarely in English, especially in smaller towns, but people are friendly and generally willing to help. Road accidents are another consideration, as these are a constant risk. Luggage is usually stored on the roof of long-distance buses or in compartments under the bus, so you should ensure your bags are locked and secured.

Metro

Modern underground train networks can be found in major cities, including Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru and Kolkata. Metro systems are continually constructed, expanded and maintained nationwide to improve connectivity. Travelling by metro is a fast and efficient way to get around these cities and allows you to avoid traffic congestion.

Navigating the metro in Indian cities need not be overly intimidating for a new arrival, as routes can be easily tracked and followed with apps such as Google Maps.

Useful links

• Indian Railways

Rickshaws in India

Auto rickshaws, or tuk-tuks, are three-wheeled vehicles that you’ll find across Indian towns and cities. They are generally cheaper than taxis, but while most have meters, drivers rarely use them. You should negotiate with the driver and agree on a fare before you start your journey.

Women travelling solo in India who are concerned about their safety on the roads can look for pink rickshaws. These are an alternative to auto rickshaws, used by female passengers, and equipped with panic buttons and GPS tracking systems. This initiative enhances the safety of female commuters, especially during late hours.

Cycle rickshaws are three-wheeled bicycles with a support bench for passengers at the back and a canopy for shelter. They’re more common in smaller towns than cities, and have been banned in certain cities for causing congestion. In Delhi, cycle rickshaws must be registered and adhere to specific fare rates. These rickshaws aren’t the most efficient mode of transport, but they certainly provide a novel way of getting around.

Taxis in India

Taxis are easy to find in large cities throughout India. You can usually hail them from the roadside, find them at taxi stands, or call them in advance. Some cities, including Bengaluru, Chennai, and Hyderabad, do not allow taxis to be hailed on the street. Taxis in India must have a meter, and you should ensure it’s working at the start of your journey.

Ride-hailing services, including Uber and local equivalents like Ola Cabs, are also available. Recently, Zify, a ride-sharing app focusing on shared rides, has gained popularity among commuters.

Taxi services for women are also becoming more established, particularly in large cities. For example, SheTaxi and Women on Wheels in Mumbai and Delhi ensure that women drivers drive female passengers. These services provide a safer travel experience, which has received positive feedback for focusing on women's safety and comfort.

Share taxis are similar to normal taxis but carry several passengers travelling in the same direction. Fares are charged according to the number of passengers and the distance they’re travelling. Besides being cheap, they’re a good option during city rush hours because they limit waiting time.

Useful links

• Uber India
• Ola Cabs India
• Zify India
• SheTaxi
• Women on Wheels

Driving in India

Unless you’re used to navigating chaotic streets with erratic drivers, you should think twice before getting behind the steering wheel. Road standards in India vary. National highways are well maintained in certain areas, but city roads can be narrow, potholed and poorly signposted.  Recent statistics indicate a rise in traffic violations and accidents, and the government is focusing on improving awareness campaigns and enforcing stricter penalties for violations.

If you want to use a car in India, consider hiring a local driver. This removes the stress of finding your way around and dealing with the chaos of Indian streets.

Driving licences in India

 Some foreign driving licences will allow you to drive in India for up to 12 months. To avoid legal issues, it's advisable to carry an International Driving Permit (IDP) along with your national licence.

Useful links

• Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
• National Highways Authority of India

Walking and cycling in India

Walking and cycling in India can be an enriching way to experience the local culture and environment. Major cities are increasingly prioritising pedestrian infrastructure to improve walkability and safety.

In Delhi, several streets, such as Janpath, have been converted into pedestrian-only zones, transforming them into vibrant public spaces free from vehicular traffic. Gwalior is following suit with plans to pedestrianise Maharajbada, a historical and cultural hub, by replacing asphalt with stones, installing benches and restricting vehicular access. Mumbai has also made strides, implementing kerb extensions, protected intersections, and automatic walk signals to reduce pedestrian delays and enhance safety.

For cyclists, many cities are promoting cycling through dedicated infrastructure and initiatives. Bengaluru has organised workshops for urban local bodies and city administrations on planning and implementing cycle-friendly infrastructure, drawing inspiration from global best practices like in the Netherlands. Delhi has established a network of cycle tracks and bike rental services to encourage cycling as a sustainable mode of transport. Pune has implemented smart traffic signals prioritising cyclists, increasing cycling rates and reducing travel times.

Air travel in India

If you need to travel quickly between major destinations, flying is the most convenient option. Numerous domestic airlines operate in India, and flight prices are competitive due to increased competition in the market.

New airlines frequently enter the Indian market, but they often cease operations due to financial difficulties. To avoid refund issues, use established airlines such as Air India, GoAir, IndiGo, or SpiceJet.

The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) has implemented regulations to protect passenger rights, ensuring fair refund and cancellation policies. Airlines must provide refunds for cancelled flights and allow free changes or cancellations within 24 hours of booking. You should book as far as possible to get the best prices on domestic flights in India.

Useful links

• Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)
• Air India
• GoAir
• SpiceJet

India's vast terrain provides various climatic conditions, ranging from snowfall in high mountainous regions to humid tropical coastal areas. Understanding the weather in India can help you plan your travels or relocation more effectively.

Two climatic subtypes prevail across India: a tropical climate bringing both wet and dry periods, and a tropical monsoon climate, particularly in the south, which has high humidity. The southern regions experience their mildest temperatures between January and September, while the months from March to August are more bearable in the northeast. 

The deserts of Rajasthan (west of Jodhpur) and the northwestern Indian Himalayan region are at their best during the monsoon season (July to September). The mountainous regions of Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir should be visited over the summer months (May to September).

If you relocate to India, you will experience pleasant and warm weather from October to March when it is cool and dry. Depending on your location, however, the weather can be scorchingly hot during the summer months. It’s wise to make sure your accommodation has adequate air conditioning.

Indian embassies

• Embassy of India, Washington, DC, United States: +1 202 939 7000
• High Commission of India, London, United Kingdom: +44 207 836 9147
• High Commission of India, Ottawa, Canada: +1 613 744 3751
• High Commission of India, Canberra, Australia: +61 2 6225 4900
• High Commission of India, Pretoria, South Africa: +27 12 342 5392-5
• Embassy of India, Dublin, Ireland: +353 1 260 4806
• High Commission of India, Wellington, New Zealand: +64 4 473 6390

Foreign embassies in India

• United States Embassy, New Delhi: +91 11 2419 8000
• British High Commission, New Delhi: +91 11 2419 2100
• High Commission of Canada, New Delhi: +91 11 4178 2000
• Australian High Commission, New Delhi: +91 11 4139 9900
• South African High Commission, New Delhi: +91 11 2614 9411
• Embassy of Ireland, New Delhi: +91 11 4940 3200
• New Zealand High Commission, New Delhi: +91 11 4688 3170

Ancient civilisations and early empires

• 2500 BCE: The earliest civilisation in India, known as the Indus Valley Civilisation, flourishes in the western part of the Indian subcontinent. This civilisation is renowned for its advanced urban planning, with cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro featuring grid-pattern layouts, sophisticated drainage systems and standardised weights and measures. Key structures include the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro and extensive craft production in pottery, metallurgy and seal-making.
• 1500 BCE: The Aryans migrate to India, bringing with them their language and cultural practices. They establish several small kingdoms in the northern part of the subcontinent, introducing the Sanskrit language, Vedic literature and the early foundations of the caste system. Their society shifts from urban centres to rural, agrarian communities, centred on fire rituals and sacrifices as documented in the Vedas and Upanishads.
• 321 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya establishes the Maurya Empire, which is known for its strong central government and extensive road network. Under Emperor Ashoka, the empire became famous for spreading Buddhism across the subcontinent through dhamma policies and the erection of rock edicts and pillars.
• 4th century CE: India is ruled by a series of dynasties, including the Gupta Empire, which is celebrated for its thriving arts, science, and philosophy. This period, often called the Golden Age of India, sees advances in mathematics, astronomy and metallurgy, the development of classical Sanskrit literature and the creation of renowned artworks like the Ajanta and Ellora cave paintings.

Medieval India

• 7th century: Islam is introduced to India by Arab traders, leading to significant cultural exchanges and the establishment of Muslim communities, particularly in coastal regions. This period sees the integration of Persian and Arabic influences in language, literature and architecture, along with the development of Sufi mystical traditions.
• 1526: The Mughal Empire is founded in 1526 by Babur, a Central Asian ruler who conquered parts of northern India after defeating Ibrahim Lodi at the Battle of Panipat. Babur, a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan, overcame initial challenges through military prowess, strategic alliances and effective use of artillery. The Mughals were Muslim rulers who governed a predominantly Hindu population.
• 1556–1605: The empire reaches its height under the reign of Emperor Akbar, who is celebrated for his policies of religious tolerance and promotion of arts and culture. Akbar abolished the jizya tax on non-Muslims, introduced the concept of ‘Sulh-i-Kul’ (peace with all) and encouraged interfaith dialogues at the Ibadat Khana (House of Worship). The Mughal Empire is known for its grand architecture, including the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort and Humayun’s Tomb. The Mughals also introduced new technologies and industries to India, including paper-making, textiles and ceramics.
• 1608: The British East India Company arrives in India, establishing trading posts in several coastal cities, marking the beginning of British commercial and political interests in the region.
• 1658–1707: Under Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire expands to its greatest territorial extent. His strict implementation of Sharia law, reimposition of the jizya tax and destruction of Hindu temples alienated non-Muslim subjects, leading to widespread rebellions. Aurangzeb’s military campaigns and religious policies strained the empire’s resources, contributing to its decline. The rise of regional powers such as the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats, and Rajputs further weakened the Mughal authority.

Colonial period

• 1857: The Mughal Empire era officially ends as the British East India Company takes control of India in the mid-19th century, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
• 1858: The British Empire takes control of India after the Sepoy Mutiny, also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857. This was a significant uprising by Indian soldiers in the British East India Company’s army against the company’s rule, fuelled by various grievances, including religious insensitivity and harsh policies. In the aftermath of the rebellion, the British Crown takes direct control of India, making it a British colony.
• 1858–1947: During the British Raj, the British Crown appoints British administrators and a Governor-General or Viceroy to rule India. They maintain power through a policy of divide and rule, exploiting divisions between various communities, particularly along religious lines. This strategy fosters communal tension and weakens Indian unity, laying the groundwork for future conflicts.
• 1857: Indian nationalist movements begin to emerge, with leaders like Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru advocating for independence from British rule. These movements gain momentum over the years, employing strategies ranging from moderate reforms to radical boycotts and civil disobedience.
• 1885–1920: The British respond to Indian nationalist movements with repression and occasional violence, exemplified by the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919. British troops, under General Dyer, fire on an unarmed crowd in Amritsar, killing hundreds and wounding thousands. This atrocity galvanises Indian nationalist sentiment and international condemnation.
• 1939–1945: During World War II, Indian soldiers fight on behalf of the British Empire, but the war also heightens Indian nationalist sentiment and demands for self-rule. The economic strain of the war and the failure of the Cripps Mission to secure Indian cooperation further fuel the independence movement.

Independence and republic

• 1947: The British government passes the Indian Independence Act, which grants independence to India and Pakistan, ending the British Raj. The act, partitioning India and Pakistan, results in massive violence, displacement and demographic changes as millions migrate across the newly drawn borders. This leads to enduring communal tensions and a legacy of geopolitical rivalry between India and Pakistan.
• 1947: With India released from the British, Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first Prime Minister of the newly independent nation.
• 1950: India adopts its constitution, becomes a republic and builds a path towards democratic socialism. Significant challenges, including religious tensions, widespread poverty and economic instability, mark the early years.
• 1951: India launches its first Five-Year Plan focusing on agricultural development and infrastructure projects like the Bhakra, Hirakud and Damodar Valley dams. This plan achieves notable success, with the economy growing and agricultural production increasing.
• 1962: The Sino-Indian War breaks out over border disputes along the McMahon Line and Aksai Chin regions. India suffers a significant military defeat, prompting a reassessment of its defence strategy.
• 1971: The Indo-Pakistani War begins amid the Bangladesh Liberation War. India’s military intervention leads to the defeat of Pakistani forces and the creation of Bangladesh as an independent country. This war results in a humanitarian crisis with millions of refugees.
• 1974: India’s first nuclear test, code-named ‘Smiling Buddha’, is conducted, resulting in international sanctions and global condemnation. This test establishes India as a nuclear power.
• 1984: Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards, leading to widespread anti-Sikh riots and significant political instability. Her son, Rajiv Gandhi, succeeds her as Prime Minister.

Modern India

• 1991: India implements economic liberalisation policies, leading to significant changes in foreign investment and economic growth. These policies include deregulation, trade liberalisation and privatisation. Note that there has been a more mixed approach in recent years, with increased protectionist policies.
• 1990–2008: India faces several major terrorist attacks, including the 1993 Mumbai bombings, the 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament and the 2008 Mumbai attacks.
• 2008–2014: India continues to make significant strides in space technology, information technology and renewable energy. Key achievements include the Mars Orbiter Mission and substantial solar and wind energy investments. Despite progress, the country faces ongoing challenges like poverty, unemployment and environmental degradation.
• 2010: India becomes a founding member of BRICS, marking its significant role in this international group focused on economic cooperation and development.
• 2014: Narendra Modi becomes Prime Minister of India. His government focuses on economic growth, infrastructure development, and improving India’s international standing through initiatives like Make in India and the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST).
• 2019: Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party wins a landslide victory in the general elections, securing a second term in office. The government continues its focus on economic reforms and infrastructure development.
• 2020–2021: India faces a severe crisis with record-breaking rates of Covid-19 infections, leading to more than half a million deaths and a devastating economic impact.
• 2023: India hosts the G20 Summit in New Delhi, marking a significant milestone in its global leadership role. The summit achieves the historic inclusion of the African Union as a permanent member of the G20, reflecting India’s growing influence in international affairs.
• 2023: India’s Chandrayaan-3 successfully lands on the lunar south pole, enhancing India’s status as a key player in space exploration and contributing valuable scientific data to the global community.

*India has three main compulsory national holidays: Republic Day, Independence Day, and Mahatma Gandhi's Birthday. There are also several other gazetted holidays that are mandatory for government offices and many private organizations. Each state has additional holidays reflecting local cultures and religions. To find out more, consult government sources.

Modern India is a hugely diverse country – a subcontinent home to over 100 languages and every major religion in the world. Exploring India's rich cultural tapestry and modern advancements is a unique experience. From bustling cities to serene rural landscapes, India is a land of contrasts and continuous change. As you navigate through its myriad experiences, understanding the nuances of accessibility, inclusivity, and safety becomes crucial.

Whether you are concerned about accessibility in urban areas, seeking information on LGBTQ+ rights, or interested in the strides India is making towards gender equality and mental health awareness, this comprehensive overview has got you covered. Stay informed and make the most of your time in this incredible country.

Accessibility in India

India has some of the world’s largest cities and most remote regions with almost no people. Accessibility varies massively, with substantial improvements being made in many urban centres. Much of the country is more accessible than you might imagine.

Accessibility at New Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai airports is good, and significant improvements have been made, particularly in developing new terminals with ramps, tactile paths, and dedicated assistance services for passengers with disabilities. Upgrades to existing facilities, such as improved signage, accessible restrooms, and designated waiting areas, have also been implemented. Most airlines and ground handling agents require at least 48 hours to be able to assist with accessibility related requests. Overall, things are noticeably improving at all transport hubs in terms of mobility.

Hailing an accessible taxi on the street is difficult, but airport transfers and getting around most cities are easy using one of the many ride-hailing apps, including Ola Cabs and Uber, which feature accessible cars and minibuses. The availability of accessible taxis remains limited, with approximately 5 percent of the taxi fleets in Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai being accessible. Cars caught from taxi ranks have regulated, metered fares, so prices are predictable and transparent. Several operators offer female-only services: driven by women for women.

Buses run by state and private operators are everywhere, but demand at peak times substantially outstrips supply, so it’s rarely a convenient, accessible option. Almost all bus stations have been upgraded to suit wheelchair users, with many now equipped with ramps and lifts. However, only 6 percent of buses are ‘fully accessible’, and 29 percent are ‘partially accessible’. Enhanced signage and real-time information displays are being installed to assist passengers with disabilities.

Rail services in India are constantly expanding, and currently, 17 cities have metro or rapid transit rail systems, mostly overground services, with more under construction. Rail services vary, but are comparable to most countries. The Delhi Metro, for instance, continues to enhance its accessibility features, including more lifts and escalators, tactile pathways, wheelchair-accessible gates, dedicated elevators, and trained staff members available at major stations to assist passengers with disabilities. New metro lines, such as the Bengaluru Metro expansion and Mumbai Metro Line 5, are being designed with accessibility features like elevators and tactile guidance systems for visually impaired passengers.

Most of the car hire business in India is aimed at tourists who hire a car and driver. For international visitors seeking self-drive options, choose companies with accessible vehicles and book in advance to ensure a smooth travel experience. The car hire industry has seen developments to improve accessibility, including partnerships with NGOs to provide specialised vehicles for travellers with disabilities and new online platforms focusing exclusively on accessible vehicle rentals.

Useful resources

• National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People (NCPEDP)
• Sarthak Educational Trust
• Enable India
• Vidyasagar

LGBTQ+ in India

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender rights in India have rapidly evolved in recent years. Colonial-era laws that directly discriminated against homosexual and transgender identities have been repealed, and India’s constitution prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. However, you may still experience social and legal difficulties.

Same-sex relationships are legal in India following the landmark Supreme Court ruling in 2018 that decriminalised homosexuality. However, same-sex marriage remains unrecognised at the national level. The Supreme Court has recently declined to legalise same-sex marriage, stating that such matters should be addressed by Parliament rather than the judiciary, so the battle continues.

Indians are becoming more accepting of same-sex relationships. According to a 2024 Ipsos survey, around 66 percent of urban Indians believe same-sex couples should have the same rights to adopt children as heterosexual couples, and 44 percent support legal recognition of same-sex marriages. Despite this growing acceptance, societal attitudes still vary widely, with many individuals facing discrimination and stigma in their daily lives.

Several initiatives and organisations are actively working to support LGBTQ+ rights in India. Advocacy groups such as the Naz Foundation and Orinam continue to push for legal recognition, social acceptance and mental health support for the LGBTQ+ community. The Supreme Court has suggested the establishment of a government panel to consider granting rights and benefits to same-sex couples, indicating a potential shift towards legal recognition, albeit indirectly.

Useful resources

• Naz Foundation
• Orinam
• Humsafar Trust
• Sahodaran

Gender equality in India

Although India’s constitution guarantees the right to equality and freedom from sexual discrimination, the government maintains some reservations about interfering in the personal affairs of any community without its initiative and consent.

Most Indians support gender equality, but historical gender norms still hold sway for many people – both men and women. These norms are partly rooted in tradition, where men were the principal breadwinners in the household and sons were given a higher value than daughters.

Gender equality in India remains a critical issue. Women earn approximately 65 percent of what men earn for similar work. Women account for about 14 percent of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament), highlighting underrepresentation in political spaces. That said, surveys indicate that 60 percent of urban Indians believe in equal rights for women in the workplace, and 40 percent support initiatives promoting women’s leadership roles in various sectors.

Recently, the Indian government has introduced several policies promoting gender equality. These include the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao campaign to promote the education and empowerment of girls, and the Women’s Reservation Bill, proposed legislation to reserve a certain percentage of seats for women in legislative bodies, which is currently under discussion.

Be cautious about travelling alone, especially at night, and dress modestly to avoid unwanted attention. Although studies of attitudes among female expats generally indicate that they feel safe in India’s modern cities, gender-based crime is widely reported. 

Useful resources

• UN Women India
• Sakhi for Girls

Women in leadership in India

Women have played a pivotal role in the growth and development of India, from running the household to running the country. According to public policy consulting firm, The Quantum Hub, women’s representation in leadership roles across various sectors in India shows both progress and stagnation. Women comprise 27 percent of the total workforce, an increase from 24 percent in 2016. However, the percentage of women in senior leadership positions has slightly declined to 18 percent, down from 19 percent in 2023.

The data reveals a significant drop in female representation as women progress from entry-level positions (29 percent) to managerial roles (19 percent) and further down to C-suite positions (15 percent). Sector-specific representation varies, with education at 30 percent, government administration at 29 percent, healthcare at 23 percent, technology and financial services at 19 percent, and construction, oil, gas, and mining at 11 percent.

In 2023, India passed a landmark gender quota law that mandates one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament) and state legislative assemblies be reserved for women. This legislation aims to enhance women’s political representation, which currently stands at 14 percent in the Lok Sabha. In the corporate sector, various regulations have required certain companies to include at least one woman on their boards. That said, the implementation has been slow, with only 20 percent of India's Fortune 500 meeting this requirement.

Useful resources

• The Quantum Hub
• FICCI Ladies Organisation (FLO)

Mental health awareness in India

Mental health awareness campaigns in India have produced positive outcomes, targeting awareness and addressing the stigma around mental illness – but resources and professional practitioners are limited. Many don’t seek support due to limited finances, but in major cities, excellent quality support, including counselling, is available to those who can afford it. More well-being work is now being delivered nationally, internationally and online, which has widened access to services significantly.

Notable campaigns include #NotAshamed by The Live Love Laugh Foundation, which encourages open conversations about mental health through personal narratives, and Investing in Hope, featuring discussions with mental health experts. Access to mental health services has improved, with increased facilities and telehealth services in urban areas. In rural areas, initiatives aimed at training local health workers to provide basic mental health support are being implemented, although challenges remain in reaching remote populations.

Expats can be at risk of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety, exacerbated by the stress and loneliness of moving away from home. Most international companies are now more aware of the impact of mental health issues, and many have adjusted their policies to provide better support. These support measures include ensuring that mental illness is well covered by the company’s chosen employee healthcare schemes, promoting knowledge, and decreasing stigma by holding in-house workshops. Many companies are introducing Employee Assistance Programmes (EAPs) and offering additional paid leave specifically for mental health, encouraging employees to prioritise their well-being.

Useful resources

• The Live Love Laugh Foundation
• Vandrevala Foundation
• Mindroot Mental Health Foundation

Unconscious bias training in India

Unconscious bias is an implicit set of often stereotyped ideas you carry about certain groups of people different from yourself. These ideas are not purposefully adopted but rather develop subtly over time, and you'll tend to hold unconscious biases about groups you never or rarely come into contact with. As a result, the images you might hold of such groups tend to be inaccurate and based on assumptions.

Unconscious bias can profoundly affect both personal and work conditions. In the workplace, unchecked bias undermines vital aspects of the company, negatively impacting employee performance, retention, and recruitment. In a bid to create a better work environment, many companies are beginning to institute unconscious bias training to promote tolerance and understanding.

Unconscious bias training (UBT) has become increasingly prevalent among Indian companies. Key trends include integrating UBT into onboarding processes, making training mandatory in sectors with a history of bias-related issues, focusing on intersectionality, and leveraging technology for flexible learning options. These efforts aim to raise awareness and promote behavioural change, though the long-term impact requires continuous reinforcement.

Diversification of the workforce in India

India’s workforce is as diverse as its population, comprising people from different cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Workforce diversification in India is gaining traction, and companies are recognising the business benefits of a diverse workforce, including improved innovation and decision-making. 

Many organisations are actively working to close the gender gap and promote cultural and linguistic inclusion. Efforts include cultural sensitivity training, language training, and addressing socioeconomic factors that could influence team dynamics and performance.

Increased awareness of these factors is helping to create more inclusive workplaces where diverse perspectives are valued and leveraged for better outcomes.

Safety in India

India is a relatively safe country for international workers, but petty crime and assault are persistent problems. Daily life experiences may include aggressive begging, pickpocketing and small-scale scams such as overcharging. Recent statistics indicate that petty crime rates, including theft and harassment, have slightly increased in urban areas, impacting international workers and travellers. 

Petty crimes have risen by approximately 12 percent in major cities like Delhi and Mumbai, with many incidents targeting expats due to their perceived vulnerability. Assault cases, including verbal harassment, have also increased, prompting concerns among international workers about their safety.

Several new measures and initiatives have been implemented in response to rising safety concerns. Authorities have increased police patrols in areas with high concentrations of international workers and tourists. Safety awareness campaigns are being launched to educate expatriates about safety practices, and new helplines have been established for international workers to report incidents and seek assistance.

Calendar initiatives in India

4 January – World Braille Day 
4 February – World Cancer Day 
8 March – International Women’s Day 
7 April – World Health Day 
1 May – International Labour Day 
18 May – Global Accessibility Awareness Day 
8 September – World Literacy Day 
10 September – World Suicide Prevention Day 
10 October –World Mental Health Day 
14 November – World Diabetes Day 
18 November – End Child Sex Abuse Day 
25 November – International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women 
1 December – World AIDS Day 
3 December – International Day of People with Disabilities

You shouldn't have much trouble keeping in touch with family and friends while you're in India, especially if you live in cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru. Internet, telephone, mobile phone and postal services are available, and service standards are generally good.

Internet in India

Internet in India has come a long way. With an internet penetration rate of more than 52 percent, over 950 million people are connected. While speeds might lag behind some large global economies, broadband usage is growing. Even a relatively small percentage of high-speed internet users translates to millions of people.

You have plenty of options when it comes to internet service providers. Reliable names like Reliance Jio, Airtel, and BSNL offer extensive coverage and competitive pricing. Packages vary, often increasing with download speeds and data usage. Unlimited data plans and bundled services with OTT platforms are popular in urban areas.

Free WiFi hotspots are increasingly available, especially in big cities, thanks to initiatives like PM-WANI, making internet access convenient when you're out and about. Speeds can vary, though, so don't always expect lightning-fast connections.

Useful links

• Reliance Jio
• Airtel
• BSNL
• PM-WANI

Mobile phones in India

Mobile phones are the lifeblood of communication in India, offering affordable packages and extensive coverage, even in remote areas. Operators like Airtel, Vodafone Idea, Reliance Jio and BSNL dominate the market. Jio leads in 4G availability, while Airtel and Vodafone Idea boast faster internet speeds.

India is famous for having some of the lowest mobile data rates in the world, making internet costs a smaller part of your overall cost of living. Payment plans range from pre-paid to post-paid, including family plans and unlimited data packages.

Navigating these packages can be tricky. Using comparison websites and apps to find the best deal based on your usage is wise. Local recommendations can also be invaluable.

Postal service in India

The postal service in India, primarily represented by India Post, remains reliable for your mailing needs. Regular post typically takes three to seven days for delivery between major cities or neighbouring states, and up to a week for the rest of the country. You can opt for registered post or speed post for quicker service, usually within two to three days domestically. India Post has also started delivering medication, adding a valuable service for residents and expats alike.

Recent developments include the introduction of the Franchisee Scheme, allowing individuals and businesses to operate post office outlets and the Click N Book service, which lets you book speed post and registered letters online. India Post's Smart & Digital Parcel Delivery System (ANVIT Sewa) offers 24/7 parcel collection and delivery with OTP-based verification, enhancing convenience.

While India Post is trusted, private courier companies like Blue Dart, and DTDC are also popular. They offer competitive rates and reliable services, with options for same-day delivery in metros and next-day delivery to most towns.

Useful links

• India Post
• Blue Dart
• Delhivery
• DTDC

English media in India

English media in India is widely accessible. Indian newspapers are printed in all major languages, including English. The Times of India is published nationally and available online, making it a convenient choice. The Hindu is popular in the south, while Hindustan Times boasts a large readership in the north. These newspapers provide comprehensive coverage of national and international news.

In major cities, you'll also find a variety of foreign newspapers, ensuring you stay updated with global events. This availability of diverse media helps expats stay connected with news from both India and abroad.

Useful links

• The Times of India
• The Hindu
• Hindustan Times
• BBC News India

You can add the search for accommodation in India to the list of adventures you’ll have upon relocating. From modern apartment complexes and quaint bungalows to large villas suitable for families, there is usually a home to suit every taste and budget.

Accommodation options vary greatly between areas, but if you are moving to one of the major cities, you can expect more competition in the housing market than in more remote locations. Unless you plan on relocating to India for the long term, it's likely that you'd rather rent rather than buy property.

In general, rental prices in India have been rising, adding to the cost of living, but affordability depends on your budget and neighbourhood. Still, many people find rental prices reasonable, especially compared to other major destinations.

Types of accommodation in India

Unfurnished, semi-furnished and fully furnished properties can be found across the country; the more limited the furnishings, the lower the rental price. The types of property depend very much on the location. Most people move to one of India’s bustling cities where apartments are most common, while larger houses can be found more towards the outskirts.

When looking for accommodation in India, you will likely come across the BHK acronym: bedroom, hall and kitchen. For instance, a ‘three BHK’ means a three-bedroom property with a hall and a kitchen. Among the main types of accommodation available in India are apartments, independent floors, houses and gated complexes.

• Apartments are one of the most popular types of property in India. They can be found in low-rise and high-rise blocks, and they range from basic studio flats to luxury penthouses.
• In India, you can actually rent an entire floor rather than a unit in an apartment block. Independent floors are popularly found in low-rise buildings. They are sometimes shared among large families, renting several floors and living together in the building but on separate storeys.
• The standards and prices of houses vary widely from area to area and city to city. Bungalows and charming one-storey cottages are popular among families, while those with a taste for luxury can look for large villas with a garden and swimming pool. If you want to escape city life’s hustle and bustle, you can also find several farmhouse options.
• A fair share of the gated communities in and around India’s cities are popular among wealthier people. Housing complexes typically offer condominium-style accommodation with shared access to amenities like clubhouses, swimming pools and green spaces. High-end gated communities also offer gyms and sports facilities.

Furnished vs unfurnished

Furnished properties in India come fully equipped with furniture, appliances and kitchenware, allowing you to move in immediately. This option is ideal for short-term stays or corporate housing. Landlords typically maintain the entire property and its furnishings. These rentals often include utilities like internet and cable.

Semi-furnished properties may include basic furniture and appliances, balancing cost and convenience. Unfurnished rentals, while cheaper, require you to provide your own furniture and appliances.

Short lets

Short-term leases offer flexibility, allowing you to move more frequently. They are perfect for temporary stays, job assignments or internships. Short lets are a good way to avoid long-term commitments if you are unsure about your future plans. They also give you an opportunity to explore different neighbourhoods before deciding where to settle long-term.

Finding accommodation in India

The demand for good quality, reasonably priced accommodation often outweighs the supply, so finding a rental in India can be challenging. The good news is that employers often help their employees find a place to stay, sometimes lining up a few options for their expat employees to choose from.

But many new arrivals aren’t so lucky and must find a home independently. Online property listings and real estate portals are a good starting point. These platforms offer comprehensive listings with photos, details and contact options for owners or agents.

Social media pages and groups have also become effective for finding rentals. Facebook groups, Instagram accounts, and Twitter hashtags like #RentalsinIndia are frequently used to post and discover rental ads. Be cautious and verify listings and owners when dealing with private parties on social media.

Many people hire a local real estate agent or enlist the services of a relocation company. In this position, you must be explicit about your specifications and price range. Estate agents can also help draw up rental agreements and register long-term leases.

Useful links

• 99acres
• Housing.com
• MagicBricks
• NoBroker
• CommonFloor

Renting accommodation in India

Renting accommodation in India involves several steps to ensure you find the right place and meet all the legal requirements.

Making an application

The typical process for renting accommodation in India involves:

• Shortlisting properties based on location, budget and requirements
• Visiting the property to assess its condition and meet the owner or agent
• Submitting copies of documents like ID proof, income proof and photos
• Paying a refundable security deposit
• Signing a rental agreement with the owner
• Paying rent monthly

Leases

The law requires that a lease be drawn up and signed by both landlord and tenant. Informal leases based only on a verbal agreement are not legal. Prospective tenants should review their rental and lease contracts with a fine-tooth comb. Leases should cover all stipulations and clauses impacting the tenant and landlord, such as the duration of the lease, deposits, monthly rent, utilities, rental increments and notice periods.

11-month lease agreements are common in India and are useful for expats. Shorter-term rental agreements may also be possible.

Longer-term leases are also available; those valid for longer than 11 months must be formally registered with the relevant authorities, including registration costs and stamp duty charges.

Deposits

Until recently, there was no legislation governing deposit amounts, so landlords often asked for 6 to 10 months’ worth of rent as a deposit. Nowadays, deposits for residential properties can legally only be made at a maximum of two months’ rent. Deposits are fully refundable at the end of the tenancy if no damages are incurred, and landlords must provide an itemised account for deposit deductions.

Termination of the lease

You or your landlord must give notice if either party wishes to terminate the lease early. Notice must be given at least three months in advance. Some agreements may have a lock-in period of three to six months, where the tenant cannot terminate the lease without penalty. Landlords must provide at least one month’s notice if they want to increase rent or decide not to renew the lease.

Utilities in India

When renting in India, you will typically have to cover the costs of utilities, including electricity, water and maintenance charges. Ensure these details are clearly outlined in your lease agreement to avoid surprises. India’s utilities landscape varies widely depending on the region, and it’s important to understand how to manage these services effectively.

Electricity

India’s electricity supply is managed by both government and private companies, called distribution companies (Discoms). Major Discoms include BRPL and BYPL in Delhi, Tata Power and Adani Electricity in Mumbai, BESCOM in Bengaluru, TANGEDCO in Chennai, and TSSPDCL in Hyderabad.

The standard voltage is 230V with a frequency of 50Hz. Plugs are typically types C (Europlug: two round pins) and D and M (old British plugs with a three round pins in a triangle). Payment methods include online payments through official Discom websites and apps, bank transfers and in-person payments at designated centres. Newer technologies, such as QR code payments and UPI transactions, are also gaining traction.

To connect to a new electricity supplier, submit an application on the Discom’s website or visit their office, provide the necessary documents (proof of identity and address), and the supplier will arrange for installation. Changes in tariffs and regulations, such as the Model Electricity Act, aim to improve transparency and consumer rights.

Gas

Both piped natural gas (PNG) and bottled liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are widely used in India. In urban areas, piped gas from suppliers like Indraprastha Gas Limited and Mahanagar Gas Limited is preferred for its convenience and safety. In rural areas, bottled gas supplied by Indian Oil Corporation, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited remains common.

Payments for gas services can be made online, via bank transfers or in person. To connect to a gas supply, contact the supplier, submit the required application and documents and schedule an installation. Recent regulations have enhanced safety standards, including regular inspections and consumer awareness programmes.

Water

Water safety in India varies, with many residents in major cities relying on alternatives due to contamination. In Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Bengaluru, water from the tap may require additional purification, with many households using RO systems or buying bottled water.

Main water suppliers include the Delhi Jal Board in Delhi, Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation in Mumbai, Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board in Chennai and Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board in Bengaluru. Payments are typically made online, via bank transfer or in person. Connecting to a new water supply involves submitting an application, paying connection fees and having a water meter installed.

Bins and recycling

Waste disposal and recycling in India are evolving, with a focus on segregation and recycling. Major cities mandate segregation into wet, dry and hazardous waste. For example, Delhi has waste-to-energy plants, Mumbai promotes composting and recycling, and Bengaluru enforces decentralised composting.

Residents must register for waste collection services with their local municipal body. The Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 mandate segregation and proper disposal, with fines for non-compliance. Initiatives like the Swachh Bharat Mission also aim to improve waste management practices nationwide.

Internet

Internet accessibility in India has improved significantly, with options like fibre broadband, ADSL, WiFi and 5G. Major providers include Reliance Jio, Airtel, BSNL and Vi (Vodafone Idea). Payment methods are generally online, through bank transfers or in person at service centres.

To connect to a new internet service provider, research available ISPs, submit an application, provide documentation and schedule an installation.

For more about the internet and telecommunications, read Keeping in Touch in India.

Useful links

• Indraprastha Gas Limited (IGL)
• Mahanagar Gas Limited (MGL)
• Gujarat Gas
• Indian Oil Corporation (IOC)
• Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL)
• Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)

India's strong emphasis on education is one of the driving forces behind its emerging economy, though standards at public schools vary dramatically.

Private schools are popular in India, and most families who can afford to send their children to these institutions. As an expat parent, you'll likely opt for a private international school, but with hundreds to choose from throughout the country, the decision can be a tough one. The curricula, learning environments, and teaching philosophies at these institutions vary, so you'll need to select a school that aligns with your budget and expectations.

If you have younger children or differently abled children, you have additional factors to consider, but there is a broad scope of education options in large cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Gurgaon, and Bengaluru. We recommend that you start planning for schools and admissions as early as possible.

Public schools in India

Public schools in India are managed at central, state, and local levels, with various school boards such as the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) setting the curriculum. Exams are mainly conducted in Grades 10 and 12, and there are also opportunities for vocational education.

While private schools often provide a mix of the Indian curriculum with an international one, wholly public schools in India are unlikely to meet your standards as an expat.

If your children are aged 6 to 14, they have the right to free public education in India. However, the lack of funding lowers the quality of facilities and education. Class sizes frequently exceed international norms, facilities may be mediocre at best, and administrative and budgetary issues are common. Additionally, while many public schools in India teach in English, not all do, which creates a language barrier that your children may struggle to overcome.

Useful links

• CBSE Schools in India
• CISCE Schools in India

Private schools in India

Indian private schools have a good reputation, but the emphasis on results and rote learning can be challenging for your children as expat students. Students are incredibly competitive and are pushed to perform by their families and society in general. Your children may be unaccustomed to this pressure, and as a result, many expat children feel frustrated and insecure in local schools. That said, many students rise to the occasion and benefit greatly from learning in a multicultural environment.

Local private schools are also a great option if you plan on living in India long-term. Additional benefits to private schools in India are that your children will get an opportunity to integrate into their local community and make friends with local children while receiving a high standard of education.

International schools in India

International schools in India are ideal if you want your children to continue with their home-country curriculum. These schools also maintain their home country's primary teaching language and tend to employ familiar methods of instruction. American and British international schools are well represented across India, while several schools representing countries such as France and Germany have opened in larger cities.

You should note that international schools are among the most expensive. If you are hired to work in India on a lucrative employment package, ensure a sizeable allowance for school fees is included.

Another consideration is the shortage of seats at international schools throughout India. It's best to start the admissions process early. Often consisting of entrance exams and interviews, the admissions process is highly competitive, and waiting lists at popular schools are long.

Useful links

• International Schools in Gurgaon
• International Schools in Mumbai
• International Schools in Bengaluru
• International Schools in Delhi
• International Schools in Pune

Nurseries in India

Large cities in India provide a host of playgroups, daycares, and nurseries. Some international schools have kindergartens attached, and these meet high standards of care.

One of the main factors determining which nursery to select will be its location. Pre-primary schools are limited in number in rural villages, while in major cities, you can find many well-established and reputable nurseries. But, due to heavy traffic and transport issues, we recommend choosing an area near your home or workplace.

Homeschooling in India

Despite confusion over the compulsory schooling age and the feasibility of homeschooling in India, the homeschooling community is growing. The flexibility and personalisation of education offered by homeschooling are significant draws for parents. Online support and resources for homeschooling are widely available, so be sure to explore various curricula. International schools may also provide distance-learning opportunities or act as an exam centre where your homeschooled children can write their exams.

Useful links

• Swashikshan Indian Association of Homeschoolers
• National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS)

Special-needs education in India

If you are a parent of a child with learning challenges, you must do your research when looking for the right schooling option. Policies on special-needs education in India have seen significant improvements in recent years.

International schools in India often adopt best practices for inclusive education. These include individualised education plans (IEPs), professional development for teachers on inclusive practices, collaborative learning environments, and parental involvement in the educational process.

Useful links

• Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016)
• National Education Policy (NEP) 2020

Tutors in India

Education is highly valued in India, and there are many opportunities for additional tuition for your children alongside their mainstream schooling or homeschooling education. You can also find tutors for your educational needs as an adult.

Several tutoring platforms have gained popularity in India, including Vedantu, Byju's, UrbanPro and TeacherOn. The demand for online tutoring has significantly increased, particularly following the pandemic, which accelerated the adoption of digital learning solutions. Many parents now prefer online tutoring due to its convenience and flexibility. However, in-person tutoring remains popular for its personal touch and immediate feedback, especially for younger students or those requiring more hands-on assistance.

Useful links

• Vedantu
• Byju's
• UrbanPro
• TeacherOn

Welcome to our comprehensive guide to doing business in India. Traders had been doing business in India long before the East India Company emerged on the subcontinent in the early 1600s. Today, multinational corporations flock to the country to augment their business processes and IT services and to search for growth in the country's burgeoning market.

Growth has slowed in recent years, but businesses continue to invest, and the Indian economy's future remains bright. Like any emerging market, doing business in India comes with its share of risks and challenges.

If you are working in India, you should know how business is conducted in the country and how to conduct yourself in the workplace.

Fast facts

Business hours

Typical business hours in India vary significantly across different industries. The standard workweek usually consists of Monday to Friday, 9am to 6pm, but many don't leave the office until their supervisor does. It's normal in some Indian workplaces to work on Saturdays, too. Working hours can be flexible, with some companies adopting remote work and adjustable schedules.

Business language

English remains the main language of business in India. However, Hindi and other regional languages are increasingly used for marketing and customer engagement.

Dress

Traditionally conservative, business attire in India is evolving, with a noticeable shift towards smart casual and business casual styles. Suits are expected at an executive level, while mid-level managers can opt for smart casual dress. Regional variations exist, with metropolitan areas favouring more formal attire than southern cities, where lighter fabrics are common due to the climate.

Gifts

Gifts are appropriate, but need not be too expensive. Give and accept gifts with the right hand or both hands, and don't open them in front of the giver. Items like sweets, dried fruits or branded merchandise are popular. Invitations to a business associate’s home for dinner are common, reflecting traditional Indian hospitality.

Appropriate greetings

Greet business associates by shaking hands, usually with a light grip. Never use the left hand – it's considered unclean. Men should wait for female associates to initiate a greeting. If a female colleague doesn't initiate a greeting, a nod will suffice. Post-Covid-19, non-contact greetings such as the traditional Namaste are common, with palms pressed together and a slight head bow.

Business cards

Business cards are commonly exchanged in greetings, given with the right hand. Digital business cards are becoming popular, especially among tech-savvy professionals. Traditional cards may be printed in English on one side and Hindi on the other.

Gender equality

Although women have held parliamentary positions as president and prime minister, women's political representation and participation remain low. Women are underrepresented in the workplace, but international businesswomen are typically treated equally. Recent initiatives aim to improve gender equality, with companies adopting diversity and inclusion programmes.

Business culture in India

Business culture in India is diverse, yet there are some key factors to consider, especially regarding communication, networking and building relationships.

Personal relationships

In Indian business, trust is more often established through personal relationships than through legal contracts or a company’s reputation. Establishing a strong business relationship without forming a personal one can be difficult. Sharing information about your family, speaking about personal hobbies and interests, and spending time outside the office with Indian associates will build the trust needed to sustain the relationship when business negotiations heat up.

Recently, personal relationship-building practices have evolved to incorporate more modern elements while maintaining traditional values. Virtual interactions via video calls and messaging apps have become more common, allowing for more frequent communication and relationship-building, even with remote teams. While the overlap between professional and personal spheres continues, there is a growing awareness of maintaining appropriate boundaries.

Communication style

The desire to maintain harmony is a hallmark of communication in India. Locals generally prefer to indirectly communicate bad news, especially with clients and superiors. Subtle disagreement and ambiguous language are common. For instance, Indians might express disagreement through body language or silence rather than openly contradicting others. Phrases like 'maybe' or 'I'll do my best' can be used to politely express uncertainty or refuse requests.

If you are unfamiliar with indirect communication, you may fail to read between the lines, which can cause misunderstandings. People in India rarely express a negative response by directly saying 'no'. Responses like, 'yes, but it will be a bit difficult' or 'that may be possible – what do you think?' are more common and could mean the same as a 'no'.

To navigate this, pay attention to context, including body language and tone. Asking open-ended questions about a proposal's potential problems and actively listening for subtle clues can go a long way toward avoiding miscommunication. Building strong personal relationships and establishing trust can also foster more direct communication over time.

Hierarchy

Most Indian businesses maintain a top-down hierarchy, and locals are often good at negotiating power in business relationships. Status is highly valued in Indian society, and people in positions of power are typically given greater leeway than the average citizen. In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on clear communication of roles, responsibilities, and decision-making processes within organisations. Some companies, particularly in the tech industry, have adopted flatter organisational structures with fewer hierarchical layers.

If you need something done, partner with the highest possible level of an organisation and anticipate delays from both internal and external politics. Respect the decision-making process within the organisation and ensure that key stakeholders are kept informed and involved. Establishing credibility by showcasing your knowledge and expertise can help you gain the trust and respect of senior executives.

Adapting versus planning

As is the case in many emerging markets, business objectives in India are often accomplished by adaptation and improvisation rather than by implementing carefully constructed plans. While you may prefer to develop contingencies for every foreseeable scenario, locals frequently place greater emphasis on reacting well to emerging circumstances. For instance, during the Covid lockdown, many Indian companies quickly transitioned to remote work arrangements, showcasing their agility and adaptability.

Dos and don’ts of business in India

• Do show respect to authority figures and use appropriate titles like 'Mr', 'Miss', 'Sir' or 'Madam' if unsure how to address Indian counterparts.
• Do be polite and composed at all times to prove sincere objectives. Allow time for small talk to build rapport and establish a friendly atmosphere.
• Do be punctual; being late is seen as disrespectful. Plan ahead for transport and traffic to arrive on time. Factor in potential delays and inform your Indian counterparts if you need to reschedule or change plans.
• Don't be overly aggressive in business negotiations. While Indians are generally tough negotiators, outward displays of aggressiveness will cause them to lose their respect. Focus on building relationships, be patient and persistent, and be prepared to compromise.
• Don't refuse food or drink offered during business meetings, as this may offend your hosts. When dining with Indians, it is best to assume they are vegetarian and that they don't drink or smoke unless they indicate otherwise. Use your right hand when eating or passing dishes, and avoid excessive alcohol consumption.

Getting a visa for India isn’t too difficult, and the time to process the visas is relatively short. If you plan on visiting or moving to India, it's best to start by identifying the right visa for your situation and organising the necessary documents, certificates, and photographs for the application. It's wise to start this as early as possible to avoid any last-minute issues.

Visa regulations for India can change, so it's crucial to consult the Bureau of Immigration website and contact the nearest embassy for the most up-to-date information.

How to apply for a visa to India

There are several ways to apply for a visa to enter India, including e-visas, visas on arrival, and through an embassy. Most nationalities can apply online for an e-visa, but for a full list of eligible countries, visit the government's IndianVisaOnline website.

If you are a citizen from Nepal or Bhutan, you do not need a visa to enter India unless you are arriving from China. Nationals from the Maldives also enjoy certain exemptions. Some foreign nationals, including those from Japan, South Korea, and the UAE, may be eligible for a visa on arrival. If you do not meet the eligibility criteria, you must apply through an Indian embassy.

Useful links

• IndianVisaOnline website
• Bureau of Immigration
• Ministry of External Affairs, India

General visa requirements for India

When applying online, you must submit your e-visa application at least four days before your intended arrival date in India. The application process is quick if you have all the necessary documents, and it can be completed in about 15 minutes. All documents must be in English or translated into English.

Visa fees vary depending on your country of citizenship, the type of visa, and the duration of stay, and they are non-refundable. For the most current fee structure, it’s best to check the official visa application website.

Travellers from certain countries need yellow fever and polio vaccinations and must carry a certified card proving this. If you're on a short-term visa, you must have sufficient funds to support yourself during your stay and have a return or onward journey ticket. Your passport should be valid for at least six months.

If you plan to stay in India for more than 180 days, you must register with the appropriate Foreigner Regional Registration Offices (FRRO) as per visa instructions. Although e-visas typically don't allow extensions, you can renew other visa types and residential permits before expiration. Overstaying your visa can result in heavy fines and punishments.

Useful links

• e-Visa Application
• FRRO Registration

Tourist visas for India

Indian tourist visas are for visiting friends or family or exploring the country's rich cultural heritage. India offers several types of tourist visas with varying validities:

• e-Tourist Visa (30 days): Valid for 30 days from the date of first arrival in India, allowing double entries.
• e-Tourist Visa (1 year): Valid for 365 days from the date of grant with multiple entries, but the maximum stay during any calendar year cannot exceed 180 days.
• e-Tourist Visa (5 years): Valid for five years from the date of grant with multiple entries, also with a maximum stay of 180 days in a calendar year.

Most foreign nationals will apply for their visa in their home country before they leave – this can be done at a local application centre or via the online e-visa system. Nationals of Japan, South Korea, and the UAE can now obtain a visa on arrival in India for tourism purposes, allowing for a stay of up to 60 days with double entries. It's crucial to determine which category you belong to well ahead of time.

For tourist visas, the continuous stay limits are as follows:

• General Tourist Visa: Maximum stay of 90 days for most countries.
• USA, UK, Canada and Japan: Maximum stay of 180 days per visit.

Ensure you do not exceed these limits to avoid penalties or complications with future visa applications.

Student visas for India

If you are attending short-term study courses, you can apply for a student visa. Student visas are valid for the duration of your course or up to five years, though they may be extended. You must provide proof of admission to an Indian institution along with proof of financial means to support your stay. A recommendation letter from the institution may also be required.

To extend your student visa, visit the nearest FRRO and submit an extension application form along with required documents such as your existing visa, passport, proof of enrolment, and other necessary documents. To ensure timely processing, it's best to apply for an extension at least 60 days before your visa expiration date.

Medical visas for India

India is a significant destination for medical tourism, as the largely privatised healthcare system offers a high standard of services and relatively low costs. Medical visas are typically valid for up to six months, with the possibility of extension based on the recommendation of the treating hospital. Medical attendant visas for those accompanying the patient also have similar validity periods and entry allowances.

To apply for a medical visa, you must provide a recommendation letter from a recognised medical institution in India. This letter is crucial for demonstrating the need for medical treatment in India. Recent policies have focused on streamlining the visa process for medical tourists, including simplifying application procedures and maintaining a focus on providing high-quality medical care to international patients.

Useful links

• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India

Work visas for India

You can apply for an employment, business, or conference visa to work in India legally – no separate work permit will be needed.

Employment visas

If you are working in India for an organisation or company registered in the country, you will require an employment visa. You are eligible for employment visas if you are relocating with a guaranteed offer of employment or via an intra-company transfer. To be eligible, you must be a highly skilled or qualified professional, not taking a routine job for which qualified Indians are available. You must also have a salary exceeding USD 25,000 per year, except for some exceptions like ethnic cooks, language teachers (other than English), translators and embassy staff.

Employment visas for India are usually valid for one year or the term of the employment contract, although in certain cases, they may be granted for two, three or five years. It is possible to renew an employment visa from within India.

Business visas

Business visas are available for entrepreneurs or investors who want to conduct business in India. You must be able to prove that you are in good financial standing and that you have expertise in your field of business. The visa requirements include a valid passport, photographs, a completed visa application form, and supporting documents such as an invitation letter from the host organisation in India.

Business visas are valid for one year with multiple entries, but continuous stays during each visit must not exceed 180 days. If you exceed this, you must register with the FRRO within two weeks after the 180 days.

Conference visas

If you travel to India for a conference, seminar, or workshop (whether hosted by a public or private entity), you will require a conference visa, which is single-entry and entitles you to stay up to 30 days.

Useful links

• Bureau of Immigration

*Visa regulations are subject to change at short notice, and you should contact your respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Working in India, especially in large cities, has become increasingly popular as the country has emerged as one of the world’s leading economies. As the world’s most populous country, India has a market that is also one of the largest in terms of spending power.

As an expat working in India, you will generally feel welcome in the Indian workplace, but adapting to local business culture is crucial. Many companies send their international employees for cross-cultural training to smooth the transition.

Job market in India

Where you choose to base yourself in India will largely shape the job market you will encounter. Delhi, as the country’s capital city, boasts a diverse economy and cosmopolitan environment, while Bengaluru is nicknamed India’s Silicon Valley, and Mumbai is a commercial, entertainment, and fashion hub.

Competition for jobs in India is fierce, perhaps more so now than ever. Although Indian universities produce large numbers of qualified graduates, the supply cannot keep pace with the rapid growth in certain sectors of the economy, and graduates’ level of experience is often limited. Companies search for candidates with appropriate and extensive experience, often found in the pool of skilled international applicants.

India is home to one of the world’s fastest-growing IT industries and is now one of the major exporters of software services. Engineering is another rapidly growing sector, including computer science, infrastructure, manufacturing, petroleum, and steel.

Other major employers for those moving to India include the banking, textiles, and tourism industries. If you have skills and experience in marketing and sales, you will find job opportunities aplenty as companies look to tap into the potential of the Indian market. English-speaking educators can find teaching positions at international schools, but these posts are highly sought after.

Large multinational companies typically outsource professional jobs to India for its lower labour costs. Outsourcing has been received controversially in some Western countries, but it means that numerous international companies have an Indian presence, creating potential opportunities for experienced senior professionals and younger professionals.

As Indian companies look to expand globally, they seek foreigners who are willing to start their careers in India and help the business grow elsewhere. As a jobseeker, keep in mind that, given the competition for employment in India, landing a job immediately isn’t a given.

Finding a job in India

If you are working in India as an expat, you probably relocated through an intra-company transfer, as large foreign multinationals have a strong presence in the country. This is why networking is so important for finding work in India.

For those without any connection in India, job opportunities can be explored using online job portals and social networking sites such as LinkedIn. Online resources provide a good overview of the job market and are usually available in English. Companies may also advertise positions on their websites, so it is worth checking individual company sites.

Recruitment agencies can also assist you in your search for employment, but we suggest ensuring that the recruitment agency is reputable; many recruiters in India charge huge sums of money without any results. It’s best to go with recommendations from industry colleagues and avoid making payments upfront. Relocation companies can also steer you in the right direction.

Once you have secured a contract, you must apply for the appropriate work permit and employment visa.

Useful links

• LinkedIn
• Naukri.com
• Monster India
• TimesJobs

Work culture in India

A major adjustment to India’s work culture is the typical business hours: you may start work later in the morning than in other countries and finish later, too. Working hours are often from 9am or 10am to 6pm, Mondays through Fridays and, for some companies, Saturdays too – plus overtime. Of course, this varies across regions and companies, and you may opt to start work earlier. These hours can impact a healthy work-life balance, so we suggest finding a routine that best suits your lifestyle.

Work culture varies significantly across different cities in India. Metropolitan areas like Bangalore and Mumbai tend to have a more dynamic and fast-paced work environment than smaller cities, which may offer a more traditional approach to business practices.

Recently, there has been a notable shift towards flexible work arrangements, including remote and hybrid models, which have become more mainstream in response to employee preferences. There is a growing emphasis on achieving work-life balance, particularly for expats. Companies are increasingly offering wellness programmes and flexible working hours to enhance employee satisfaction.

The quality of healthcare in India varies, but if you live in major cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Gurgaon and Bengaluru, you shouldn't struggle to find highly-qualified and experienced English-speaking medical practitioners at private hospitals. Healthcare facilities in rural areas are more limited.

Most people try to use private healthcare in India, seeing that state funding for public healthcare is shockingly low. Private healthcare doesn't come cheap, so it's definitely recommended that you take out private health insurance to cover your medical bills.

Public healthcare in India

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare oversees India's public health policies and government family planning programmes at a national level. Each state is responsible for providing health services to its residents, and as such, standards vary across the country.

Public hospitals in India often employ well-trained English-speaking doctors, but a lack of equipment, funding, and staff seriously strains the government sector. Government-led and public-private partnerships have collectively worked on initiatives to improve the availability and quality of healthcare in urban and rural areas in India.

Unfortunately, India’s public hospitals remain overcrowded, waiting lists for treatment are long, and conditions aren't always hygienic. Public healthcare facilities in rural areas are even more limited.

Access to state hospitals and healthcare is free and subsidised for Indian citizens below the poverty line. If you are working in India, you will usually opt for private healthcare.

Useful links

• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• WHO India
• India Health Portal

Private healthcare in India

Private hospitals in India are of much better standards and preferred by most people. They are also preferred by Indian locals, some of whom pay for these services out of pocket.

Private hospitals can be used in non-emergencies for most medical needs, including regular check-ups and consultations. While there are many private facilities in cities such as Bengaluru, Delhi, Gurgaon and Mumbai, you should research to find out which of your local healthcare providers best suits your needs.

Across India, private practitioners offer various medical services, including scientifically supported mainstream medicine and traditional and alternative treatments, including Ayurveda and homoeopathy.

Health insurance in India

If you are moving to India, ensure that you have adequate health insurance coverage. As an employed expat, your employer may provide international health insurance for you, but some policies will only cover treatment at certain hospitals. You should investigate the terms of your policy and ensure you understand what it covers. If there are limitations to the coverage offered, consider paying extra for a more comprehensive policy.

Indian hospitals may not recognise some international insurance providers. In these cases, you will have to pay cash out of pocket. If this does happen, keeping all the necessary paperwork is essential if you want to be reimbursed by your insurer.

Pharmacies in India

Pharmacies are common in major Indian cities. They're attached to most private medical facilities or in major shopping precincts. Most types of medication will be readily available, and the costs are generally low.

Note that when travelling to more rural areas, you must ensure you have a supply of necessary medication because pharmacies may not be as well stocked in such places.

Useful links

• Netmeds
• PharmEasy
• Apollo Pharmacy

Health hazards in India

If you are new to India, you need to be especially careful regarding water and food hygiene – having an upset stomach is a common complaint of newcomers. Tap water in India is not usually safe, so it's best to use boiled or bottled water for drinking and brushing your teeth. Ice cubes should be avoided. It's also a good idea to be wary of eating meat at street vendors and restaurants – at the very least, ensure your meal is hot and properly cooked.

Mosquito-borne diseases like malaria are present throughout much of the country. You should take precautions against mosquito bites by using a repellent and covering up at dusk. It is also advisable to seek medical advice about prophylaxis before moving to India.

India is also subject to natural disasters. Floods and landslides are common during monsoon season, typically June to October, and there are safety hazards linked to earthquakes in the northern mountainous regions, as well as cyclones and tropical storms off the east coast. It's important to stay updated on the latest news in India and call for help in emergencies.

Useful links

• CDC in India

Vaccinations for India

If you plan to move to India, ensure you are up-to-date on your vaccinations. Recommended vaccines include Hepatitis A and B, Typhoid, Tetanus, Japanese Encephalitis, Rabies, MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) and Influenza. It's best to consult your healthcare provider at least four to six weeks before departure to discuss your specific health needs and vaccination history.

Ongoing vaccination campaigns against diseases like Covid-19 remain essential. The Indian government has also been promoting vaccines for diseases such as Dengue and Chikungunya, which are prevalent in certain regions, although these vaccines are still in varying stages of availability and recommendation.

Emergency services in India

While most private hospitals in India provide ambulance services at an additional fee, calling an ambulance is not always the best way to get to the hospital. Traffic congestion is a major problem in Indian cities, and motorists often ignore ambulance sirens. Some residents report that private transport is frequently the fastest way to get to the hospital, although ambulances can provide vital support en route to the hospital.

There has been a notable increase in investment in ambulance services, leading to better-equipped vehicles and trained personnel. The use of technology, such as GPS tracking and mobile apps for booking ambulances, has improved response times and service reliability.

In emergencies, using ride-sharing apps or personal vehicles can sometimes be faster than waiting for an ambulance. Training community members to provide basic first aid and transport patients can also be beneficial in areas with limited ambulance access.

To call an ambulance in an emergency, dial 102. The national emergency number is 112.

With its unmatched diversity and contrasting character that can both be enthralling and mystifying, India's culture may take some adaptation for you. The country's humid climate, muddled traffic blocks and a hodgepodge of overexcited hawkers and guides are a lot to handle initially.

But the country also welcomes all new arrivals with considerable warmth, and those who leave often miss the sights and smells more than anything else.

Meeting and greeting in India

Greeting customs in India are deeply rooted in cultural traditions. Common practices include Namaste, where palms are pressed together with a slight bow, signifying respect. Handshakes are common in urban areas, especially among men, but may not always be appropriate, particularly with women. Using appropriate titles, like Ji for respect, when addressing elders or those in authority is customary.

Greeting customs can vary significantly across regions. In North India, Namaste is widely used. In South India, touching the feet of elders as a sign of respect is prevalent. A simple smile and nod may suffice in Northeast India. Newcomers should avoid common mistakes such as using first names prematurely and neglecting cultural sensitivities. Observing local customs and showing respect can help build positive first impressions and relationships.

Bureaucracy in India

Getting things done in India may take longer than you may be used to. Processes often seem inefficient and time-consuming. You may find you receive conflicting information depending on whom you talk to. It is best to exercise patience and persistence, as getting angry won't solve the problem.

Networking, building relationships with locals, and having contacts within the right institutions can expedite processes.

Women in India

As a woman in India, you may find that patriarchal attitudes can be all too common. That said, this is far less apparent in larger, more cosmopolitan cities such as Bengaluru, Delhi, and Mumbai.

Still, you may find yourself the target of unwanted attention, particularly when visiting crowded places, local markets or smaller towns. In such situations, it's best to dress more conservatively and not show too much skin. You are also burdened with additional safety considerations, and we advise against travelling alone at night.

Read more about Women in Leadership and Gender Equality in India.

Religion in India

India is the world's most populated country, with over 1.4 billion people, and it's fair to say that its population is as diverse as it is large. This multi-ethnic country is host to many religions. The large majority practise Hinduism, though Islam and Christianity are also prominent. The Indian subcontinent is said to be the place of four major religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism.

This can be an eye-opening experience and an opportunity to learn about various cultures and religious traditions. Major religious festivals make for a colourful and warm experience, and different regions celebrate varying public holidays. While this could make adjusting to your new home overwhelming, being open-minded can help you benefit from the ease of making friends and settling in. We encourage you to be respectful of people and the diversity of religions.

Languages in India

India's official and main languages are Hindi and English, and language barriers are unlikely to be a problem in your work environment or large cities. That said, the further from a large urban area you venture, the more likely you will encounter diverse ethnic groups speaking different languages and dialects, with major differences noticed in the north compared to the south.

When moving to India, it is worth learning at least a few key phrases of an area's predominant language. This can help you when going about your day or inquiring about public transport routes, as well as learning more about the local culture in India.

LGBTQ+ in India

LGBTQ+ rights in India have evolved significantly, especially with the decriminalisation of homosexuality in 2018. However, societal attitudes towards LGBTQ+ individuals vary widely. Urban areas tend to be more accepting, with vibrant LGBTQ+ communities and events like Pride parades, while rural areas often hold more conservative views, leading to stigma and discrimination.

Newcomers can find support through community organisations and social media platforms that offer resources and connect individuals with local groups and events. Personal stories of LGBTQ+ individuals navigating life in India reveal resilience and courage, highlighting the ongoing struggle for acceptance and the importance of community support in overcoming societal barriers.

Read more about LGBTQ+ in India.

Inequality in India

The wealth gap in India is massive – slums sit cheek-by-jowl with wealthy areas. Poverty is a reality in India, and you will be confronted with it daily. The primary causes include limited access to education, high unemployment, inadequate healthcare, social inequality and economic policies. Regional disparities are also significant, with states like Bihar experiencing high poverty rates, while states like Kerala fare much better due to better education and healthcare systems.

Government initiatives like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana aim to alleviate poverty. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) also play a crucial role, focusing on education, healthcare and sustainable livelihoods. You can volunteer or support these efforts through various NGOs, community service projects or fundraising activities.