Italy’s economy is one of the strongest in the EU. Despite this, the country does struggle with a high unemployment rate relative to the rest of Western Europe, as well as slow growth rates. There are also significant disparities between the northern and southern regions of the country.

As Italy still boasts a large economy, developed infrastructure, beautiful scenery and high quality of life, it’s little wonder that many expats are attracted to the idea of working in Italy.

Job market in Italy

Italian companies such as Ferrari and Prada are world renowned, and the country is well known for being a global fashion centre and manufacturer of automobiles. At the same time, this does not give a complete picture since different industries operate in different regions. Additionally, Italy has a relatively small number of international corporations, while small and medium enterprises create the most jobs.

Northern Italy is well developed, industrialised and responsible for most exports. Southern Italy, on the other hand, is economically much weaker, far more agricultural and struggles with much higher rates of unemployment. As a result, many new arrivals work in Italy’s northern regions and Rome, the Italian capital.

With a lack of natural resources throughout the country, the main driver of the Italian economy is its service sector. Tourism plays an especially significant role, with the wealth of cultural attractions in Italy drawing in millions of tourists every year.

The manufacturing sector also plays a crucial role in Italy’s economy, with the country’s biggest exports including cars, furniture, food processing and, unsurprisingly, fashion. While the agricultural sector makes a relatively small contribution to Italy’s GDP, Italy is one of the world’s largest producers of wine, olive oil and fruit, especially in the country’s south.

The industries that have traditionally been the most open to foreigners are tourism, finance, media and communication, and international business. That said, the current economic climate does make finding a job in Italy as a foreigner quite challenging.

Teaching English in Italy is an increasingly popular option for expats wanting to take up employment in the country. Given higher levels of competition for jobs, those with the relevant qualifications and experience are most likely to find work as teachers.

Finding a job in Italy

While it is changing with the younger generations, a large proportion of Italians don’t speak English. Italian continues to be the official language of business, and as a result, foreigners seeking employment in Italy will often be expected to be fluent in the local language. As a rule, Italian businesses are biased towards qualifications over experience. Those who are most likely to find employment in Italy will therefore have one or more degrees and will be able to speak Italian.

There are several avenues that foreigners searching for jobs in Italy can explore. National newspapers typically advertise vacancies for higher-level employees, while online job portals and recruiters are also viable options. Some expats look for short-term jobs first to get experience in the Italian workplace before trying to land a longer-term appointment.

While EU citizens have a right to work in the country, those from outside the EU will require a work permit for Italy.

Useful links

• For a comprehensive list of job openings across various sectors in Italy, Indeed Italy and Monster Italy are valuable resources for expats looking to enter the Italian job market.
• Networking is vital in Italy, and LinkedIn remains a crucial tool for expats to connect with industry professionals and explore job opportunities.
• For those interested in the vibrant Italian startup scene, Startup Jobs Italy offers a platform to find opportunities in emerging Italian companies.

Work culture in Italy

Business culture, like Italian society in general, respects age and seniority. New arrivals will notice this extends to the workplace, where hierarchical structures are the norm. Expats will find that it is always important to dress well, as appearances and first impressions are important to Italians.

Business hours in Italy are usually between 8am and 1pm and from 3pm to 7pm, depending on the business and the industry. Many businesses, especially in the retail sector, close on Monday mornings. While this is less the case at major firms in big cities, Italians traditionally take a two-hour lunch, contributing to the somewhat unorthodox working day.

Italy generally offers high standards of public healthcare, though this may vary in different regions of the country. On the other hand, private healthcare in Italy is highly regarded but can be prohibitively expensive without proper insurance.

Most Italians use public healthcare, while those who can afford it enjoy the best of both systems.

Health insurance in Italy

EU citizens can use their European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) to access state healthcare during a short-term visit. UK citizens can use their Global Health Insurance Card (GHIC), which replaced the EHIC for UK citizens post-Brexit.

Non-EU expats should have private health insurance valid for their expected time of stay or formally register for the SSN. Expats who have their residence status finalised and have an Italian identity card (carta d’identità) are then able to apply for an Italian health insurance card (tessera sanitaria).

To get an Italian health insurance card, an expat must go to their nearest local health authority (Azienda Sanità Locale) and apply for the card, which will require various documents. This usually includes the expat’s residence permit, tax number, official identification and proof of employment, among others. Expats wanting to claim benefits for their families will require a family status certificate (certificato di stato di famiglia), which includes the personal details of relatives.

After registering, applicants must choose a family doctor and a paediatrician, if applicable. They are then issued their Italian health insurance card, which must be presented to receive care under the SSN. These cards must be renewed every year.

If expats don't qualify for public healthcare under the SSN or EHIC, they will need private health insurance. Expats requiring chronic or specialist treatment should also consider private health insurance for peace of mind, choice of treatment centres and comfort.

Public healthcare in Italy

The national health service in Italy, Servizio Sanitario Nazionale (SSN), provides residents with free or low-cost healthcare that includes access to general practitioners (GPs), treatment at public hospitals, subsidised medicines, lab services, ambulance services and certain specialist care.

Although the SSN is a socialised system, regional governments are in charge of managing it on a provincial level, so the standard of treatment isn't uniform throughout the country. For instance, public hospitals in Italy’s northern and central regions are known to offer higher standards of care than those in the south. As a result, expats may prefer to be treated in a major city such as Milan in emergencies. 

Private healthcare in Italy

Private healthcare in Italy is championed by well-trained doctors and is on par with the finest in the world. There are several impressive specialist facilities in large urban centres, while university hospitals are also highly reputable.

Private healthcare allows expats to avoid the queues and complications of the public system. It also enables provisions for more comfort and personal choice regarding doctors and facilities. For these reasons, although public healthcare in Italy is free for expat residents and Italians, most foreigners and many Italians still opt to utilise private healthcare if they can afford to.

Private procedures vary in cost, although the Ministry of Health sets a minimum charge for all operations in this sector, which means it can get awfully expensive, and health insurance is a must. In many cases, employers are obligated to finance health insurance for their employees, but if not, expats should organise it themselves.

Pharmacies in Italy

Under the Italian healthcare system, medicines prescribed by one's GP are provided free of charge or at subsidised rates. Over-the-counter medicines, on the other hand, must be paid for in full. There are many pharmacies (farmacia) around Italy, including some 24-hour pharmacies, especially in the major cities.

Vaccinations for Italy

Italy has a well-established vaccination program for its citizens, and visitors are typically not required to have any specific vaccinations to enter the country. Nevertheless, for expats and long-term visitors, it's a good idea to ensure routine vaccinations, such as measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) and diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTaP), are up-to-date.

It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare provider about any specific vaccinations or health precautions before travelling. While Italy doesn't have many tropical diseases, it's best to be prepared, especially if coming from or going to areas with specific health risks.

Emergency services in Italy

For emergency medical services, expats can dial 118, but English-speaking operators might not be available. If expats don't speak enough Italian to communicate in an emergency, they can call 112 instead, an emergency number serving all of Europe.

The arrival of emergency services in life-threatening situations can vary and is, depending on congestion, reasonably fast in urban areas but much slower in rural areas.

Italy is a major destination for imports and exports, given its access to seaports. Expats can therefore ship their possessions by sea, road or air. Deciding which option is best depends on an expat’s needs regarding the quantity of goods, time frame, budget and country of origin.

Shipping to Italy

When moving to a foreign country, expats will need to make some important decisions regarding their belongings. Some belongings may be sentimental items, while others may be useful appliances that seem more convenient to ship over than to buy new ones. Expats should consider carefully whether shipping is worth the effort. Many accommodation options are semi- or fully-furnished in Italy, while household goods can easily be purchased in the country.

Hiring relocation companies in Italy

When choosing a company, many expats find that relocation companies, rather than removals companies, provide the most comprehensive services. Relocation companies can help not only ship possessions but also assist new arrivals in getting settled, finding accommodation, conducting school searches and finding opportunities for language classes, among other matters. For more on this, see the Expat Arrivals guide to relocation companies in Italy.

Hiring shipping and removals companies in Italy

To streamline the process of shipping to Italy, expats should draw up a detailed inventory of household items for a reputable company to provide an accurate quote based on the load size and distance. Shipment costs to Italy may be affected by size, weight and volume, and expats must check the regulations and restrictions with their shipping company.

It is advisable to get different quotes from companies accredited within the shipping or removal industry. Some companies offer a ‘groupage service’, where possessions are allocated space in other containers. This is a cheaper option, but it typically means waiting longer for goods to arrive.

Insuring goods in transit to Italy

Expats need to insure their items at the cost of around one to two percent of the total value of the goods. Expats may also consider using a different company for insurance than the one used for the process of shipping and transport.

Customs regulations in Italy

To avoid any problems, expats should research the current customs regulations pertaining to Italy before shipping their goods. They should also ensure that their shipping company of choice has border clearance and understands customs formalities in Italy. This will also help expats familiarise themselves with necessary procedures.

Expats will need to provide documentation to their chosen shipping company. This often includes a passport copy, residence visa, work permit, an inventory list translated into Italian, a fiscal number (Italian tax number) and a residency certificate, although additional documents may be required. 

Expats can ship their household goods to Italy with no import tariffs if they have owned them for over 12 months and if the goods are not for resale. Therefore, it’s ideal to be able to provide receipts for each item showing the date of purchase.

Restricted items include all consumable goods (including alcohol). New furniture and household items will be subject to duty taxes, and the import of all electronic equipment will require an Import Permit from the Italian Ministry of Posts and Communications and possibly a purchase receipt.

Shipping electronic goods to Italy

When shipping electronic goods and appliances, expats must consider the issue of international voltage standards, which vary. Standard electricity in Italy is at 230 volts, so appliances designed to work using different voltages will be incompatible and attempting to use them is potentially dangerous. Simply finding a plug adapter will not render the appliance compatible.

Still, shipping electronic goods is possible, but again, be sure that these are covered by insurance and that receipts can be provided.

Shipping pets to Italy

Expats can bring their furry friend (or friends) into Italy; however, specific regulations are required. Pets must be over three months old and must have a valid Veterinary Certificate providing details of the owner, as well as the animal and their vaccinations, including a rabies vaccine. If this is an animal’s first time being vaccinated for rabies, they must wait three weeks before entering Italy.

A microchip for identification is essential, and while being transported, they must be tagged with the owner’s details. Once an expat’s pet has arrived in the country, an Italian vet will issue an EU Pet Passport, which allows travel around Europe.

Expats should check that their shipping company takes pets, or they should hire a specialised pet transport company. It’s essential that expats find the most convenient means of transport so that their pets experience as little stress as possible.

Shipping vehicles to Italy

Getting around Italy is often most convenient when expats have their own car. Having a car gives expats the freedom to move freely and not be limited by public transport. That said, expats living in big Italian cities may not need nor want to drive.

Buying a car is an option, which may be best as these vehicles are likely to be suitable for Italian roads (i.e. small and convenient).

Still, rather than buy a new car, many people choose to drive their own car to Italy, especially if their home country is in Europe. Another option is to get a shipping company to import their vehicle to Italy.

Shipping companies can help take the weight off expats’ shoulders and the inconvenience of a potentially long drive. Many companies are flexible and can arrange to ship household goods and vehicles in the same storage container to save space and fees. Specialised frames for vehicles such as motorcycles can be custom-made.

If expats wish to keep their car in Italy for over half a year, it must be registered in Italy and de-registered in one’s home country. Expats must go to the Motorizzazione Civile office and the Pubblico Registro Automobilistico within six months of the vehicle's arrival. Required documentation is subject to change over time, so expats should seek advice from the vehicle registry offices themselves.

Expats may find it takes some time to adjust to the local culture after moving to Italy. Settling into a new country is often challenging, particularly when cultural differences are compounded by the difficulty of learning another language. Even seemingly simple transactions such as finding a house, doctor, dentist, school and bank can seem daunting and add to a new arrival’s sense of culture shock in Italy.

The initial phase of acclimatising to Italian culture might seem like navigating through a labyrinth, but once expats overcome the initial hurdles, the rich cultural tapestry of Italy often becomes a fulfilling experience. It's a journey of discovering the finesse of Italian cuisine, the warmth of its people, the historic saga encapsulated in its architecture and the lyrical melody of the Italian language. Each day unfolds new facets of Italian traditions, from the aroma of a freshly brewed espresso to the serene ambience of an afternoon riposo.

Language in Italy

Italian is the official language of the country and is spoken by most of the country’s population, and dialects can differ vastly between regions.

There are many language schools throughout the country which provide memorable and useful insights into Italian culture. Alternatively, expats can enjoy private lessons with a hired tutor in the comfort of their own home or hotel.

Italians are also known for being expressive communicators, often using gestures and body language to emphasise their points. Being able to interpret these non-verbal cues can provide deeper insight into conversations and the attitudes of the people you are interacting with. Moreover, reciprocating with some universally understood Italian gestures can also be a fun and engaging way to immerse in the local culture.

Dress in Italy

When one thinks of fashion, one thinks of Italy, and this connotation exists for good reason. Italy is home to several leading fashion houses. High fashion and professional dress are common in workplace settings. A person’s general body language speaks to style too, so expats should carry themselves with confidence and walk the walk. This is important among both men and women.

Meeting and greeting in Italy

Italians are more formal in addressing new acquaintances and colleagues than some expats might be used to. Someone using an informal greeting like 'ciao' (similar to 'hi' or 'bye' in English) to someone they have just met will often be interpreted as rudeness rather than friendliness. Ciao is reserved for use among friends, and a formality-neutral greeting with the same use case is 'salve' ('greetings').

When introduced to an Italian in a formal setting, a person would shake hands and say, 'Buongiorno' (good day) before 4pm or 'Buona sera' (good evening) after.  Once acquainted, kisses on the cheek are often exchanged in greetings and when saying goodbye.

Titles are used when addressing people, particularly of an older generation. In the case of professionals, a director would be referred to as direttore, a doctor is dottore while an architect would be called architetto, and so on. When addressing someone without knowing their title, a man can be referred to as signore and a woman as signora.

Religion in Italy

Most of the population of Italy is Roman Catholic and Christian, although the number of Italians who practise their religion is decreasing. Still, religion plays a major role in culture, business and how people live. Italy is a secular country, but given its ubiquitous churches and the influence of the Vatican City, religion is undeniably significant.

The essence of religion in Italy extends beyond the solemn halls of its churches into the daily lives of its people. The religious festivals, the sounding of church bells and the reverence towards religious figures all weave into the societal fabric. Expats will find that religious holidays and festivals are celebrated with fervour and tradition. Easter and Christmas are particularly significant, with unique regional observances.

Bureaucracy in Italy

While expats often complain about the bureaucratic inefficiency they encounter in the country, Italy has a strong bureaucratic tradition. Italians are aware of the problem, and public office is typically associated with inefficiency. Nevertheless, the paperwork is largely considered a necessary, if unpleasant, part of life. Expats should expect paperwork and bureaucratic procedures to take some time.

Time in Italy

Coupled with bureaucracy is Italian time: there is no rush. Italian time makes allowances for siestas, called riposo locally, which means that banks are generally only open in the mornings and shops are closed between 1pm and 3.30pm. During this time, many families take a nap and should not be disturbed by telephone calls.

Food in Italy

Food is indeed the way to the heart in Italy, far beyond pizza and pasta. A wide variety of soup, bread, meat and fish dishes are also commonly eaten. Food is a way of creating a warm, welcoming environment, maintaining family relations and friendships, and establishing new relationships too. Expats are unlikely to enter an Italian home without being offered something to eat or drink.

The culinary journey in Italy is akin to an exploration of regional identities. Each region prides itself on its unique dishes, ingredients and culinary techniques. From the hearty meals of Tuscany to the seafood delights of Sicily, the Italian cuisine is a palette of flavours waiting to be discovered. Expats will find that meal times are not just about satiating hunger but a cherished moment of family bonding, sharing and celebrating the day's events.

Regional diversity in Italy

Italy is a tapestry of regional cultures, each with its distinct traditions, dialects and culinary delights. The difference between regions can be quite pronounced, and understanding this regional diversity is crucial for expats aiming to assimilate well. It's not just about knowing Italian culture, but the particular customs and idiosyncrasies of the region they are living in. This regional pride is a cornerstone of Italian identity, and acknowledging it shows a deeper understanding and respect for the Italian culture.

The regional diversity extends to the way of life, dialects, folklore and local festivals that mark the calendar year. Expats delving into the local culture will find a treasure trove of regional traditions. The mask festival of Venice, the truffle fair in Alba, the historical re-enactments in various towns and the vibrant folk music and dances are testaments to Italy's regional richness. 

The experience of attending a local sagre (food festival), participating in a historical procession or simply enjoying the regional specialities offers a deeper appreciation of the Italian way of life, where the old and the new harmoniously coexist.

Doing business in Italy can be challenging. Despite its glamorous image and exciting investment opportunities, Italy has some deeply rooted structural problems that can negatively impact business dealings.

Factors affecting business – like corruption, political interference, organised crime, and unemployment – manifest differently across Italy, highlighting the economic disparities between the prosperous north and the less developed south. In addition to the country’s economic realities, expats will also have to navigate the complex practices of business etiquette and business culture in Italy.

Fast facts

Business hours

Business hours vary and are usually between 8am and 7pm with a two-hour lunch break, although this might not be the case with larger businesses in major cities.

Business language

Italian is the language of business in Italy. While many Italians do speak English, expats should not assume that this is the case.

Dress

Italians are known for being stylish. ‘La bella figura’ is a guiding philosophy for many Italians and involves always presenting one’s best – from appearance to interactions. Formal, classic dress is usually a safe bet, but expats should make an effort even in casual settings.

Gifts

Gifts are not necessarily expected, especially in the beginning stages of negotiations. It may be best to give a gift in return for receiving one first. Quality and presentation are essential, although gifts do not have to be lavish. Sharp objects, chrysanthemums, red roses and black packaging should be avoided. Common gifts include alcohol, desk accessories and books. Gifts are opened right away.

Greetings

A standard handshake is used when greeting, being introduced and leaving. Close associates and friends may greet each other with a kiss on both cheeks. Use formal titles when addressing associates – signore (Mr) or signora (Mrs) plus surname – until invited to do otherwise.

Gender equality

Women are under-represented in the higher levels of business in Italy, although there are notable exceptions to the rule. Expat businesswomen are usually treated with respect and courtesy and should not be surprised if they are complimented on their appearance.

Business culture in Italy

The general business culture in Italy is somewhat different from what many expats will be used to. Understanding Italian business culture and how Italian businesses interact with others is crucial for expats to adapt to their new environment and overcome common obstacles.

Hierarchy

The centrality of the family unit in Italian society profoundly influences the Italian business hierarchy and underscores the importance of relationships in business dealings in Italy. In practical terms, many companies in Italy are family-owned small to medium enterprises, and even some of its biggest corporations are also family owned.

The way this expresses itself in the business environment is that decisions are usually made from the top down by business owners or a small core of decision-makers who are often family.

Seniority is respected in Italian business, although the power of an individual manager often depends on their relationships with those above them. As a result, a lot of time is spent networking and maintaining business relationships in Italy.

Relationships

The family-orientated nature of business in Italy means that relationships are highly valued. Outsiders should expect to spend a fair amount of time networking and getting to know their associates. For this reason, a lot of time is spent getting acquainted at meetings, especially in the early stages of the business relationship.

Communication

The communication style in Italian business is highly expressive, with a preference for gesturing and emotional debate. These can border on the theatrical and are common in business interactions. Italians usually prefer face-to-face, verbal communication to impersonal, written exchanges.

Meetings

Conducting business meetings in Italy may involve flexible agendas and frequent interruptions, reflecting a unique aspect of Italian business meeting etiquette. It is not uncommon for decisions to be made before a meeting takes place, so they often serve the purpose of confirming decisions and informing those who are present. While the Italian meeting space might seem informal, expats should still take meetings seriously and be punctual.

Attitude to foreigners

Italians' generally positive attitude towards international businesspeople is shaped by the country's experience with tourists, which can affect one's experience working as an expat in Italy. On the other hand, the country has been dealing with waves of illegal immigrants from Africa, Asia and the Balkans, which has led some Italians to develop a negative attitude towards migrants from these areas. This usually has more to do with these new arrivals’ legal status than their national or cultural origins.

Dos and don’ts of business in Italy

• Do have a sense of humour, but avoid being too graphic
• Do talk about movies, art, travel and positive aspects of life in Italy
• Do dress well and display confidence – la bella figura is about more than looks alone
• Do stand when an older person enters the room and pay attention to children if there are any present
• Don’t talk about the mafia, politics or personal finances
• Don’t ask overly personal questions

Italian embassies

• Italian Embassy, Washington, DC, United States: +1 202 612 4400
• Italian Embassy, London, United Kingdom: +44 20 7312 2200
• Italian Embassy, Ottawa, Canada: +1 613 232 2401
• Italian Embassy, Canberra, Australia: +61 2 6185 8111
• Italian Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa: +27 12 423 0000
• Italian Embassy, Dublin, Ireland: +353 1 660 1744
• Italian Embassy, Wellington, New Zealand: +64 4 473 5339

Foreign embassies in Italy

• United States Embassy, Rome: +39 06 46741
• British Embassy, Rome: +39 06 4220 0001
• Embassy of Canada, Rome: +39 06 85444 1
• Australian Embassy, Rome: +39 06 8527 21
• South African Embassy, Rome: +39 06 852 541
• Embassy of Ireland, Rome: +39 06 5852 381
• New Zealand Embassy, Rome: +39 06 853 7501

*Different regions in Italy often appoint their patron saint's day as an extra public holiday. Expats should consult the provincial government in their area to find out exact dates.

Italy is a study in contrasts. Decades of Hollywood films have created an image of the country that's hard to shake. While Italy certainly is a sophisticated and beautiful place to live, not everything is as perfect as the silver screen may make things seem.

As with every country, there are pros and cons to living in Italy. Here are a few points to consider.

Lifestyle in Italy

Living well in Italy is all about perspective. Expats arriving with lofty expectations will likely be disappointed. By acknowledging that Italy has its faults like any other large, busy and heavily populated country, new arrivals will quickly learn to love Italy despite its challenges.

+ PRO: A buzzing nightlife

Italians tend to be incredibly social. Only torrential rain and snow can keep them indoors. Whether they're chatting to friends over a late dinner or going for a stroll down the main street, Italians don't tend to be homebodies.

This enthusiasm for after-dinner socialising is contagious and many expats soon find themselves, gelato in hand, admiring the shops and impromptu street concerts late into the night.

- CON: Limited English speakers

Very few Italians are fluent in English. Expats in big cities will naturally be better off as city dwellers are more accustomed to tourists, but in some towns, there can be no English speakers for miles.

Many expats find that people are abrupt when spoken to in English. This usually happens in the more popular cities such as Florence, Rome and Venice, where the jaded locals often view tourists as a nuisance.

+ PRO: Amazing surroundings

No matter where expats live in Italy, they'll be surrounded by an incredibly rich heritage and natural beauty. 

- CON: Dirty streets

While it isn't fair to expect centuries-old cities to be spotless, Italy does have a real problem with grime. The mess is a combination of age, overcrowding and an inefficient approach to proper rubbish collection.

Cost of living in Italy

The cost of living in Italy is on par with the rest of Europe. Although its economy isn't in the best shape, its prices haven't risen. Those not from Europe may find that prices are steeper than they're used to.

+ PRO: Cheap and tasty food

Italians have amazing supermarkets. Even the smallest supermarket in the smallest town has an incredible selection of fruit, vegetables, meat and cheese. Certain products are also significantly cheaper than they may be in an expat's home country. The quality of produce is also exceptional, with strict food laws preventing the excessive use of preservatives or colourings.

- CON: Expensive amenities

Italy has limited resources, so while products made in the country might be affordable, imported goods are much more expensive. Resources such as fuel, gas and electricity are also pricey. 

Education in Italy

Italian culture prioritises schooling, so even if expat children don't speak Italian, they're assured a good education.

+ PRO: Excellent and affordable

In Italy, children start learning to read and write at the age of three. Public education is free. Students are provided with a well-rounded education in the sciences, arts and history, as well as nutritious and varied school lunches. Most Italian cities also have reputable international schools, but in contrast to public schools, these can be expensive.

- CON: Difficult choices

Italian high schools are unique in that they provide specialised teaching, as opposed to teaching from a holistic curriculum. As most Italian high schools have their speciality, children attend the high school that teaches the subjects that most interest them. This choice can impact what university degree they can study for and presents a challenging decision for children as young as 14.

Accommodation in Italy

There’s a long-standing joke about Italians living at home until they're 40 because they don't want to do their own washing. While there's a grain of truth to this, their reluctance to leave the nest also stems from an understanding that good housing in Italy is hard to come by.

+ PRO: Well maintained

While the décor is often dated, it would be difficult to criticise the state of most of the apartments available to rent. Italians tend to be discerning buyers and they expect their apartments to be in good working order.

- CON: Expensive, small and old

The vast majority of Italy's apartment blocks were built in the 1960s and 1970s from the same grey concrete mould. Although these apartments are small and sparse on modern furnishings, they still go for a premium.

Working in Italy

Finding a job in Italy isn’t as easy as it once was, regardless of whether a new arrival is an EU citizen or not. 

- CON: High unemployment

Italy’s economy has seen better days. Every year, thousands of university students graduate with no job prospects. To be safe, expats should try to secure a job in Italy before they move away from home. Even the traditional expat hospitality jobs are in short supply now. 

- CON: A lot of paperwork needed

As a degree of bureaucracy permeates Italy, getting anything official done can be a confusing, frustrating and drawn-out process. To avoid this, many expats ensure that they always have a reputable bilingual lawyer on hand whenever they sign documents.

Transport in Italy

While it's easy to get around between the cities and towns of Italy, driving here can be dangerous. 

+ PRO: Good public transport

Although people love to complain about the state of Italian public transport, it is generally quite good. It doesn't have the punctuality of Switzerland's, say, but it's cheap, safe and reliable in the cities and connects the entire country from north to south. 

- CON: Dangerous roads

Italian driving culture can be aggressive and drivers often go over the speed limit. Many expats also find the road rules to be confusing and the roads are often congested.

Healthcare in Italy

The chances of finding employment might be slim, but Italian healthcare is excellent and affordable.  

+ PRO: Great healthcare

Healthcare in Italy is an unheralded success story. The country's public hospitals are extremely good, and expats can easily get access to doctors, specialists and dentists in even the most rural areas.

Eating in Italy

Rules (to be broken)

The best of local

Cuisine as a door to culture

Expats residing in Italy can enjoy seamless communication with their loved ones abroad, thanks to a plethora of modern and efficient channels at their disposal. With technological advancements, keeping in touch has never been so effortless and accessible, ensuring that distances shrink and familial bonds remain strong, regardless of miles.

Italians strongly emphasise family ties and social connections, a sentiment shared by expats living in Italy. Consequently, a robust and diverse communications infrastructure is not only desirable but essential, facilitating effortless interactions for both locals and expats with friends and family worldwide.

Internet in Italy

The Italian internet infrastructure has significantly improved, ensuring reliable connectivity that aligns more closely with its European counterparts. Expats can enjoy the luxury of unlimited internet usage as Italian internet service providers offer plans without data caps, allowing for uninterrupted streaming, browsing and video calls without the threat of throttling.

Renowned for their high-speed services, Vodafone Italy, EOLO, Telecom Italia, Fastweb, Wind, Tiscali and Linkem rank among the top internet providers. Each offers various plans catering to different needs, ensuring expats can find a service that suits their internet consumption habits.

The growth of internet cafés and the proliferation of WiFi hotspots enhance Italy's digital landscape. The Free Italia WiFi network simplifies internet access across the country, with just a simple registration needed for usage. Academia and transportation systems are not far behind, with universities offering free WiFi zones for students and the national railway service providing complimentary internet for those with Italian phone numbers during their commutes.

Discover more about internet services in Italy by visiting the official website of the Italian Communications Authority.

Mobile phones in Italy

The mobile phone sector in Italy is dominated by prominent operators such as TIM (Telecom Italia Mobile), Vodafone and Wind, all of which offer competitive services that cater to a wide range of preferences and requirements.

For expats coming from EU countries and other regions, utilising their existing mobile phones is often possible, especially with the prevalence of global network standards. However, network-locked devices will require unlocking before they can accept Italian SIM cards.

Acquiring an Italian SIM card mandates official documentation, typically a passport and proof of residence. Mobile phone providers offer consumers flexible options, including fixed-term contracts and pay-as-you-go plans. Conveniently, top-up vouchers for prepaid services are widely available across various outlets, including supermarkets, tobacconists, bars and ATMs, over the telephone or online.

Italian mobile service providers are renowned for their comprehensive packages, which often feature unlimited calls, substantial data allowances and messaging. Additionally, there are tailored packages for expats that offer cost-effective rates for international calls to stay connected with family and friends overseas.

For more detailed information on mobile phone services, visit the official websites of TIM, Vodafone Italy and Wind.

Postal services in Italy

Poste Italiane operates as the primary postal service provider in Italy, boasting a comprehensive network that ensures the delivery and receipt of mail domestically and internationally. While generally reliable, expats are advised to exercise caution when sending valuable items, opting for insured and trackable services whenever possible.

Expats should be aware that the efficiency of postal services can vary, with occasional delays in delivery times. Additionally, the Italian customs system is known for its unpredictability, potentially causing extended holds on international parcels. To circumvent long waits at post offices, many Italians utilise online services for bill payments and postal transactions.

Further information on the postal services and options available in Italy can be found by visiting Poste Italiane’s official website.

English-language media in Italy

The availability of English-language media in Italy caters to the expatriate community, with major British and American newspapers and magazines stocked at select newsstands and English bookstores in urban centres. Furthermore, expats have convenient access to Italian news in English online, though these publications are less commonly found in print.

For those interested in staying abreast of local and international news in English, several online portals and digital editions offer comprehensive coverage. Broadcast media also serves the expat community, with several English-language radio stations and television channels available via satellite and streaming services.

Expat families are often concerned about choosing a school in Italy that will best suit their children’s needs. The education system in Italy has a large state sector and a smaller, more specialised private sector.

Foreign parents should take some time to evaluate their priorities and those of their children before choosing the institution they will attend. Education in Italy is compulsory from the ages of six to 16. 

There are four levels of education in Italy:

• Scuola dell’infanzia (three to six years old)
• Scuola primaria (6 to 11 years old)
• Scuola secondaria di primo grado (11 to 14 years old)
• Scuola secondaria di secondo grado (14 to 19 years old)

Italians place a high value on secondary schooling as well as tertiary education.

Public schools in Italy

Expats will be happy to learn that state schools are free, even for foreigners living in Italy who aren’t formal permanent residents. This applies to primary schools and secondary schools, although enrolment taxes do become applicable after students reach the age of 16.

Most Italians send their children to state schools, and those that send their children elsewhere often do so because they prefer their child’s education to be rooted in alternative teaching methods or a religion (most commonly Catholicism).

Italian state schools operate according to a centralised system, which controls school curricula and final examinations. Despite attempts at uniformity, it is widely acknowledged that education in northern Italy is of a higher standard than in the south. Options and standards also vary in rural areas. Expats planning to live outside urban centres should consider this when choosing a school.

State-sponsored schools teach in Italian, which is often the deciding factor in whether expat parents take advantage of the public system. English is usually taught as a second language.

Still, expats planning to live in Italy for the long term should not overlook state schools, especially if their children are still fairly young. A lot of effort is made to integrate expat children using intensive Italian language classes, cultural activities and remedial classes. Language can also be a valuable asset, and learning Italian can open doors for future educational opportunities and career development. Younger children will generally pick up new languages faster.

There are specific schools based on the subjects that students opt to specialise in, as well as technical and professional schools where students learn technical skills for varied sectors such as agriculture or how to become a teacher. 

Useful links

• For comprehensive information on public education in Italy and the available schools across different regions, the Italian Ministry of Education's official website is an invaluable resource.

Private schools in Italy

Private schools in Italy are mostly either run by religious organisations or mandated by alternative teaching methods, such as Montessori education. The religious schools are primarily Catholic, but most encourage non-Catholic students to enrol as well.

For the most part, the standard of education does not vary much between state and private schools in Italy. The same curriculum is usually strictly adhered to. Some Italians consider private schools to be inferior to public schools.

Nonetheless, private schools do offer certain benefits that state schools do not. There tend to be more options than in state schools, with more emphasis on extra-curricular activities.

Useful links

• For information on Montessori education in Italy, the Association Montessori Internationale can provide valuable insights.
• To explore the various religious schools in Italy, including Catholic and other denominations, the Italian Association of Catholic Schools is a good starting point.

International schools in Italy

An international school in Italy is the obvious option for expat families planning to live in the country for a short time or those who would prefer their children to continue with the curriculum of their home country. It is also a way to ease the transition into life in Italy as children attending these schools will be around others with similar backgrounds and will undertake a familiar curriculum.

This can create a bit of a cultural bubble, with children not assimilating into Italian culture as a result. An ideal middle-ground solution for expats may be to enrol children in a school that combines the Italian curriculum with their home country’s curriculum, or a bilingual international school teaching in both the child’s native tongue and Italian.

High tuition fees are the norm for international schools, so if possible, expats should try to negotiate an educational allowance as part of their employment contract when relocating to Italy.

A wide array of international schools can be found in Rome, Naples and Milan, but many more are scattered all over Italy, with the highest concentration in urban centres. Curricula offered include American, British, French, Swiss, Japanese and German, among others.

There is stiff competition for the limited places available in prestigious international schools, so it’s always best to start applications as early as possible. Admission requirements vary from institution to institution. As such, parents are advised to contact the school directly for specific information. Still, previous school records are a standard requirement. In some cases, extra steps may be needed, such as the child attending a personal interview or taking admission tests.

Read more about International Schools in Rome.

Special-needs education in Italy

People with disabilities have the right to receive a full education in Italy. Inclusive education is implemented in Italy to avoid segregating children with special needs. This requires a comprehensive range of interventions to diagnose children’s needs and provide support in the form of specialised teachers, transport and adaptation of learning materials. Collaboration between the school, teachers and families is critical. 

Although few children with disabilities are in segregated settings, these children may not be entirely ‘included’ and may face micro-exclusions. One reason for this is that the level of care, although required to be uniform, varies across regions. Language barriers can also further complicate inclusive education and special needs learning.

Useful links

• To understand the policies and support systems in place for special-needs education in Italy, the European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education provides detailed reports and data.
• For resources and contact information of organisations dedicated to special education in Italy, LEDHA (League for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) is an essential contact point.

Tutors in Italy

Tutoring is common in Italy, especially among expat families. To help children integrate, parents can enlist the help of tutors at home or arrange private Italian lessons. This can still prove more cost-effective than paying the costly tuition typical of international schools and therefore provide an alternative for families. Online portals can help families locate a tutor to meet their specific educational needs, be it language or maths.

Useful links

• For families seeking online tutoring options, Superprof Italy offers a wide range of subjects and tutors available for in-person or remote lessons.
• Another useful platform to locate tutors for various educational needs in Italy is ProntoPro, where you can find professionals in different fields, including education.

Italy offers a vibrant tapestry of cultural heritage, renowned cuisine and picturesque landscapes. That said, like many countries, it is continuously evolving to enhance inclusivity and accessibility for all. 

This guide delves into the various facets of Italian society, examining how the country accommodates individuals with disabilities, the LGBTQ+ community and expatriates, as well as how it addresses gender equality, mental health and workplace diversity.

It also touches upon general safety in Italy and highlights key calendar initiatives that reflect the country's commitment to social issues.

Accessibility in Italy

Italy is one of the most accessible countries in Europe, and there are laws that guarantee the rights to independence and autonomy of people with disabilities. Despite significant progress, challenges persist due to social stigmas and a lack of infrastructure in certain areas.

While measures have been taken to improve school integration for students with disabilities, efforts are ongoing to overcome the remaining architectural and technological barriers in educational institutions.

Railways

Italy's railway system endeavours to accommodate passengers with disabilities through services like Sala Blu, which offers tailored assistance from departure to arrival. With prior arrangements, travellers can enjoy accessible platforms, dedicated seating, and assistance for boarding and alighting, ensuring a smoother travel experience across the country.

Further details on railway accessibility services can be found at Trenitalia's Sala Blu.

Buses

The bus network complements the accessible travel landscape with low-floor buses equipped with ramps, dedicated spaces for wheelchairs, and audible announcements for passengers with visual impairments. Additionally, tactile paving is often found at bus stops, improving navigation for those with visual disabilities. 

Cities like Rome, Milan, and Florence provide detailed information on accessible transport options on their public transport websites. For a comprehensive understanding of the available facilities and services, expats can visit the official public transportation websites such as ATAC Roma,  ATM Milano and  ATAF Firenze.

Airports

Major Italian airports provide tailored services to ensure that flying is accessible to all. From designated parking to assistance at check-in, security, and boarding, efforts are made to accommodate travellers' needs. Services are coordinated with airlines and should be arranged in advance to guarantee a smooth and comfortable experience. Italian airports are equipped with services and facilities to support passengers with limited mobility or other disabilities. 

For instance, Fiumicino Aeroporti di Roma and Malpensa Aeroporti di Milano provide comprehensive assistance services that passengers can request in advance. It is advisable for passengers to review these resources and arrange the necessary services before their travel.

Public areas

Accessibility in public venues like hotels and restaurants varies; while many have adapted facilities, the historic nature of Italian architecture can present challenges. When planning a visit, it's prudent to check the accessibility features of accommodations and local transport options, particularly in areas with cobblestoned streets and uneven terrain.

For an example of accessible tourism in Italy, refer to the Italian National Tourist Board's list of accessible beaches in Tuscany.

Further reading

www.rfi.it

LGBTQ+ in Italy

Italy is one of Western Europe’s most socially conservative countries, and although being gay is not a crime, it is still frowned upon by many people, and some gay people feel pressure to remain in the closet. The gay scene in Rome is centred on the Gay Street di Roma, an area behind the Colosseum that has been designated as a gay-friendly neighbourhood. Milan has Italy’s largest and most open gay scene, and the Porta Venezia neighbourhood is the centre of gay life in the city, and its metro station is even decorated with rainbow colours to highlight this.

Same-sex activity has been legal in Italy since 1890, and a civil union law was passed in 2016 that gave same-sex couples many of the same rights as married couples, though same-sex marriage remains impossible under Italian law for now. A recent poll showed that the majority of Italians are in favour of same-sex marriage (56 percent).

People have been allowed to change their gender legally since 1982, and Italy’s constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender identity.

The European Union LGBTI Survey found that 62 percent of LGBTQ+ people in Italy rarely or never declare their sexual orientation, higher than the EU average of 53 percent. It also found that 22 percent of Italian LGBTQ+ individuals perceive some discrimination at work, which is around the average within EU countries.

Further reading

www.arcigay.it  
www.edge-glbt.it

Gender equality in Italy

Gender equality in Italy has increased markedly in the last ten years, but the country still ranks below its Western European peers in the EIGE Gender Equality Index. There is a growing acceptance of gender equality, especially in the north of Italy, but in some sections of society, women are still expected to stay at home and care for the house and children rather than join the workforce and earn a salary. Only 67 percent of women work in Italy, compared to 79 percent of men.

Women in Italy excel in both secondary and tertiary education, and 60 percent of Italian university graduates are female. Despite the difficulties, there are plenty of opportunities in the workplace for women, and the majority who graduate from university go on to get good jobs.

Further reading

Interview with Juli-Anne, a Jamaican expat in Italy

Women in leadership in Italy

Women remain underrepresented in senior management roles, and although the gender pay gap has decreased in Italy, women are still paid 9 percent less per hour than men. 60 percent of the gap is attributed to men and women with similar skills in the same firms being assigned different tasks and being compensated differently, and the other 40 percent is related to the concentration of women's employment in low-paying firms and sectors. 

Female representation on the boards of Italy’s largest companies is just less than 40 percent, which puts Italy towards the top of the rankings among the G20 countries. 28 percent of senior managers in Italy are women.

Women occupy around a third of the seats in Parliament, which is a similar ratio to countries like the UK, Germany and The Netherlands.

Mental health awareness in Italy

There is a level of stigma in Italy and misunderstanding of mental disorders, which can prevent or delay people seeking help. Expats can be at greater risk of mental health issues, especially depression and anxiety, which can be exacerbated by stress and loneliness. 

International companies are becoming more aware of the impact of mental health issues, and many have adjusted their policies to provide better support. This includes ensuring that mental illness is well covered by the company’s chosen employee healthcare schemes, as well as promoting knowledge and decreasing stigma by holding in-house workshops. 

Expats who are registered with an Italian GP (medico di famiglia) can make an appointment to see them, and if necessary, they will refer patients to a suitable hospital or the local mental health centre (CSM, centro di salute mentale). Those who are not yet registered with an Italian GP can contact the local health authority (ASL, azienda sanitaria locale) to register. Once registered, the ASL will provide a list of state-enrolled doctors to select from. 

There are also plenty of excellent English-speaking private psychologists, psychiatrists and other mental health professionals that can be contacted directly.

Further reading

UK Government – List of English-speaking doctors in Italy
Doctors in Italy – Psychiatrists
De Sanctis Clinical Centre (CCDS)

Unconscious bias training in Italy

The concept of unconscious bias is an implicit set of often stereotyped ideas an individual carries about groups of people different to themselves. These ideas are not purposefully adopted but rather develop subtly over time, and people tend to hold unconscious biases about groups they never or rarely come into contact with. As a result, they’re often inaccurate and based on assumptions.

Unconscious bias can profoundly affect both personal and work conditions. In the workplace, unchecked bias undermines vital aspects of the company, with negative effects on employee performance, retention and recruitment. In a bid to create a better work environment, many companies are beginning to institute unconscious bias training. There are also a number of online resources that can be used to improve self-awareness regarding bias.

Further reading

Harvard – Implicit Bias  
Unconscious Bias Training

Diversification of the workforce in Italy

There are around 2.5 million foreign workers in Italy in total, and the number of non-EU residents in Italy has increased by 44 percent over the last ten years. The number of non-EU nationals working for companies in Italy is highest for men working in the northeast of the country at 15 percent. The promotion of ethnic diversity and inclusion in the workforce still faces many obstacles, principally because of the bureaucratic procedures for hiring foreigners in Italy.

Despite the socially conservative attitudes of many Italians, leading companies in Italy scored very highly in a recent Diversity Leaders table published by the Financial Times. The table assessed employees’ perceptions of inclusiveness or efforts to promote various aspects of diversity within their respective industries.

Safety in Italy

Italy is one of the safest countries in the world, but petty theft is common, and expats should avoid walking alone late at night, be street smart, and keep their valuables hidden. There are incidents of pickpocketing in busy or touristy areas and on public transport. There are low rates of violent crime, and incidents are much lower than in the US, for instance. 

While Italy is a safe place for single women, Italian men can be flirtatious, and it is not uncommon for women to hear 'Ciao bella'. It’s usually best to ignore the comment and walk on.

Calendar initiatives in Italy

4 February – World Cancer Day  
28 February – Rare Disease Day  
March – TB Awareness Month  
17 May – International Day Against Homophobia 
19 May – Global Accessibility Awareness Day  
June – Gay Pride events in Rome and Milan  
10 September – World Suicide Prevention Day  
October – Breast Cancer Awareness Month  
10 October –World Mental Health Day  
14 November – World Diabetes Day  
1 December – World AIDS Day

Citizens of the European Union (EU) don’t need a work permit to legally work in Italy since they have a right to work in EU member states. These expats must simply apply for an Italian residence card after arriving in the country so that they can be formally registered as residing in the country. Expats from outside the EU must apply for a residence permit, work permit and work visa for Italy.

Foreigners who intend to stay in Italy for more than three months must apply for a residence permit. These permits allow foreigners to stay in Italy under certain conditions depending on the category of the residence permit.

Work permits for Italy

Every Italian province has an office that the government describes as a one-stop shop for immigration. This is the Immigration Desk (or Sportello Unico per l'Immigrazione). These offices are responsible for the entire process of hiring foreign workers in Italy.

Before an application for a residence permit can be made, the expat’s Italian employer must first apply for clearance (nulla osta al lavoro) at their nearest immigration centre. This is because there is a quota of foreign workers who can be employed in Italy each year.

While the expat applicant will be required to submit certain documents, the employer takes responsibility for much of the application. Expats must still provide personal details and certain documents. Requirements can vary over time, but expats should not worry too much, as their company will inform them of what is necessary. Generally, a copy of one’s ID, proof of accommodation and future employment details are required.

Permit validity

Expats with a permit that is valid for a year or more are required to report to the Italian Ministry of the Interior (Ministero Dell’Interno), where they will agree to fulfil certain integration objectives, such as attending Italian language classes.

A working residence permit for seasonal work is generally valid for six months and can be extended by an additional three months. Permits for self-employment, employment under a local employer and family joining visas are valid for a maximum of two years.

Work permits for Italy are position-specific, and any change to the employee’s position must be reported to immigration. If an expat loses their job in Italy, their residence permit will not automatically be revoked. Instead, it is possible to register as being unemployed and stay for as long as the permit allows.

Useful links

• EU Citizens Work Permits – Your Europe
• Residence Permit Application – Visa for Italy

Work visas for Italy

After the employer receives clearance to hire a foreign worker, expats can apply for their work visa. Often, expats can only apply for their work visa from outside the country. Therefore, the expat employee must apply for an Italian work visa at their local Italian diplomatic mission.

Once the employee is cleared to work in Italy, the expat will be issued an entry visa at their local Italian consulate, which contains a tax code that is necessary for other bureaucratic and administrative processes.

Useful links

• One-Stop Shop for Immigration (Sportello Unico) - Ministry of Interior (Italy)

Self-employment visas for Italy

To obtain this type of visa, expats will need a residence permit and a work permit for self-employment. The application for residence permits works the same. However, for a work permit, expats must contact the Italian Chamber of Commerce to apply. The immigration office then decides if the expat fits the quota and is eligible for the work permit.

Useful links

• Visa for Self-Employment – Visa for Italy

* Visa and work permit requirements are subject to change at short notice, and expats should consult their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Italy, with its diverse climates, is divided into five distinct regions: the northeast, northwest, centre, south and the islands. In the northern mountainous regions of the Alps, villages and cities often experience long, cold winters with heavy snowfall along with rain and hail. Morning lows in winter are often well below freezing, sometimes plunging to as low as -22°F (-30°C). Summers are mild, with 81°F (27°C) being the average high in July, the region's hottest month. Even during this period, there may be snowfall.

Venturing further south, metropolitan areas like Milan and Venice encounter extreme weather variations. Severe wet and foggy winters with close to freezing average temperatures of around 36°F (2°C) and hot and humid summers with a few short bursts of cold spells and hailstorms. Summer temperatures can soar to 90°F (32°C).

Locations like Naples further south experience a moderate Mediterranean climate, with scorching, dry summers and gentle winters. The warmest month in this region is August, which can bring blistering temperatures of up to 108°F (42°C). Winter lows, on the other hand, are usually around a manageable 48°F (9°C).

Spring and autumn, though fleeting, usher in the most pleasant weather conditions in Italy, marking a mild respite between the extremes.

The requirements and process to get a visa for Italy will vary depending on the applicant’s country of origin and their reason for visiting Italy.

Citizens of the European Union (EU), the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and those from a designated list of countries drawn up by the Italian government are afforded visa-free entry into Italy for varying periods. This list includes Canada, Japan and New Zealand, among other countries.

EU and EFTA citizens only need a passport valid for three months after their departure date to pass the border. No additional tourist visa or business visa is required. Citizens of the European Union (EU) may also legally work in Italy without a work permit. All they would need to do is apply for a residence card to navigate bureaucratic channels and tap into certain parts of local life, like opening a bank account.

Citizens of countries not appearing on the visa-free list must apply for a Schengen visa to enter Italy for tourism or business purposes.

Useful links

• Visa for Italy - Official Italian Visa Portal
• Your Europe – Travel documents for non-EU nationals

Schengen visas for Italy

There are several types of visas for Italy. The main types are the Uniform Schengen Visa (USV), the Limited Territorial Validity (LTV) visa and National Visas (NV).

The Uniform Schengen Visa (USV), or type C, is a short-term visa that is valid for up to 90 days and allows for travel to Italy and other Schengen states.

The LTV, however, limits travel to the specified Schengen country (in this case, Italy). Expats with the LTV are only able to travel within Italy or any other Schengen states that are specifically mentioned in terms of the visa application and agreement.

The National Visa (NV), or type D, is a long-term entry visa that allows the holder to stay in Italy for specific purposes, such as to study, work or permanently reside in the country. The type D visa may allow for travel to other Schengen countries.

Type C and D visas are split into several different categories, each of which has its own requirements. Prominent among these are the visas for business, subordinate work, independent work, working holiday and study. Visas can also be obtained for purposes of religion, culture, sports, or medical requirements or where a spouse is an Italian citizen.

Schengen visas allow individuals access to other EU member states and member states of the EFTA.

Non-EU citizens who want to work in Italy will need to apply for a work permit.

Useful links

• EU Citizens – Polizia di Stato
• Foreign Nationals – Polizia di Stato
• Entry and Residence in Italy – Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Short-term stays in Italy

Tourism and visits

In some cases, a short-term visa is preferred, especially if expats are travelling for tourism, to visit family or friends in Italy or to initially familiarise themselves with the environment. Generally, a detailed itinerary and proof of financial means to support the trip will be required. However, for specifics on required documents, expats should contact their nearest Italian embassy.

Business

For those who are travelling for business-related reasons, such as having meetings or for training or recruiting purposes, a business visa is needed. This involves providing more specific information about the company expats are working for.

Residence permits for Italy

If staying in Italy for more than 90 days, expats will need to apply for a residence permit. Expats will need to provide a legitimate reason for their stay, and this will determine the length of the permit’s validity. For instance, a residence permit can be granted for seasonal work, study purposes, self-employment, open-ended employment or family reunification, valid for up to two years.

Expats will have to apply to renew their residence permits at least 90, 60 or 30 days before the expiry date, depending on the length for which the permit was granted. Only after living in Italy for five years with a valid residence permit can one apply for permanent residence.

Regardless of whether expats apply for a residence permit before or after they have arrived (the ability to do so depends on their nationality), they will have to report to their local immigration centre within eight days of arriving in Italy. The residence permit is issued at the new arrival’s local police station. This requires filling out an application form specifying the type of permit required, and proof of identification, fingerprints and photos must be presented. 

Different types of permits may have different requirements. The residence permit is in the form of an electronic smartcard to guard against fraud. The duration of a working residence permit for Italy is valid for as long as the applicant’s entry visa. Residence permit holders have access to government services and benefits.

Many aspects of Italian life require having a residence permit, including opening a bank account, so applying for this as soon as possible is both necessary and useful.

*Visa requirements can change at short notice, and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details

Road networks are extensive and well-maintained in Italy, as is the public transport system. Given the efficient and modern train and bus systems, expats can reach most of Italy by public transport. Despite this, travelling by car is still a popular option among Italians, even though owning a car in a large city can be expensive and driving can be stressful. Options for getting around in Italy are broad.

Public transport in Italy

The Italian public transport system is well-connected and varied. Expats can choose to travel by road, rail, air or water to locations all over the country.

Trains

Trains are the most efficient and cost-effective way to travel around Italy. The rail system in Italy is extensive, with options ranging from high-speed trains to slower regional services, ensuring that most destinations can be reached by train.

High-speed rail routes, such as those operated by Trenitalia's Frecciarossa (red) trains, connect many of Italy’s major cities, such as Rome, Florence, Milan and Bologna, with speeds up to 186 miles per hour (300 km per hour). Frecciargento (silver) and Frecciabianca (white) trains offer high-speed services as well, with top speeds of 155 miles per hour (250 km per hour) and 124 miles per hour (200 km per hour), respectively.

In addition to these high-speed options, Trenitalia's intercity trains play a crucial role in connecting both major and minor cities across Italy. These trains offer a balance of speed and affordability, travelling at up to 100 to 125 miles per hour (160 to 200 km per hour), with first- and second-class cars and more than 85 daily connections reaching over 200 stations nationwide. While reservations are required and included with ticket purchases, rail pass holders can board without a reservation. Be that as it may, it is highly recommended to reserve a seat for a guaranteed place, particularly during peak travel times.

Regular and regional trains are indeed slower but provide a cost-effective option, ideal for short trips within cities or travelling between smaller towns. For those seeking the charm of undiscovered Italy, the intercity lines are a great way to explore the country's picturesque regions. Daytime and overnight trains cater to various schedules and destinations, including international routes to neighbouring countries.

Single tickets and rail passes offer flexibility and affordability for both frequent and occasional travellers. They can be purchased at train stations, through official vending machines or online, where reservations are automatically included with ticket purchases.

For more detailed information on schedules and fares and to purchase tickets, visit Trenitalia’s official website.

Buses

In Italy, intercity buses provide an indispensable service linking cities and towns, particularly for those keen to explore a region in depth or travel economically. Diverse regional bus companies, rather than a nationalised network, offer these connections, with services tailored to the intricacies and demands of local transport needs.

Travelling by bus in Italy can be slower than other forms of transport yet remains a viable choice for budget-conscious travellers or those wishing to take scenic routes. In urban areas, the challenge is often navigating through traffic and the narrow streets of historic city centres, which can introduce delays.

When it comes to purchasing tickets, a variety of points of sale are available, including local bars, tobacconists and newsstands, as well as ticket machines at stations. Increasingly, companies are providing online sales, addressing the digital needs of modern travellers. Cities frequently offer 24-hour tickets, which are perfect for tourists looking to maximise their travel flexibility. It is essential to validate tickets once on the bus to avoid the possibility of fines.

Some of the most frequented bus companies, such as Flixbus and Megabus, extend their reach beyond regional confines. They are part of a larger European network favoured for its efficiency and affordability. Prospective travellers should conduct thorough research to ascertain the best bus options available for their itinerary, considering that online resources may be limited or in Italian only.

For more detailed information on routes, schedules and ticket purchases, visit the official websites of popular bus services like Flixbus and Megabus.

Metro

Metro networks provide an efficient and rapid transit system in seven of Italy's cities, including the bustling centres of Rome, Milan and Naples. Milan's network, in particular, stands out as the most extensive, boasting four lines and over 100 stations. Utilised by locals and visitors alike, the metro offers an economical, comfortable and reliable means to traverse Italy's urban landscapes. Tickets are readily available from automated machines or booths at metro stations.

Trams

Trams offer a scenic and convenient way to travel above ground in Italy's major cities, such as Rome, Milan, Naples, Turin and Florence. Their routes are an integral part of the city's overall transport network, which operates in concert with digital navigation tools like Google Maps, ensuring efficient travel without the delays commonly associated with traffic congestion. Diverse ticket options cater to both short-term and long-term visitors, including single-use, daily and monthly passes.

Ferries

For connecting to Italy's myriad islands, such as the scenic Sardinia, the historic Sicily and the picturesque Elba, Aeolian and Pontine archipelagos, ferries are the transport mode of choice. They set sail from Italy to a range of coastal countries, including routes from Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania and Greece in the Adriatic and Ionian Seas, as well as from Spain, Tunisia, Malta and Morocco. Regular ferry services ensure that island-hopping is both pleasurable and convenient, with additional local bus services providing the final link to more remote locales. Renowned for their high standards, ferry operators like Travelmar – Traghetti Salerno are well-regarded by travellers, contributing to a seamless sea journey.

For timetables, ticket purchases, or more details on ferry services, visit the official website of Travelmar – Traghetti Salerno.

Taxis in Italy

Metered taxis are an integral part of the transport landscape in Italian cities and are particularly well suited for brief, local trips. It's standard practice for expats and tourists alike to ensure the meter is activated to avoid unexpected charges. If the driver refuses or claims that the meter is broken, it is essential to negotiate a flat fare before getting into the taxi.

In Italy, the thrill of the journey is sometimes in the drive itself, as taxi drivers have a penchant for speed, treating passengers to an energetic and swift ride.

Taxis can be found at official taxi ranks, providing a layer of assurance and predictability. It’s advisable that expats either catch a taxi only at these designated areas or order a taxi via phone from a reputable company. For added convenience, there are reputable taxi apps such as FreeNow and itTaxi, which streamline the process of hailing a cab.

Italian drivers are known for favouring speed over safety, and taxi drivers are no exception. So passengers should be prepared for a hair-raising drive with little regard for speed limits or rules of the road.

Visit FreeNow or itTaxi for more information or to book a taxi in Italy.

Rideshares

For those looking for alternative travel options, rideshare applications present an innovative solution. While traditional services like Uber are restricted, with only premium offerings in place due to local regulations, apps like BlaBlaCar and Scooterino offer unique travel experiences for city commuting and longer journeys. BlaBlaCar facilitates carpooling for intercity travel, encouraging a communal and eco-friendly approach, whereas Scooterino specialises in nimble scooter rides, perfect for navigating through bustling city traffic.

For information on shared rides or to book a journey, visit BlaBlaCar or Scooterino.

Driving in Italy

Driving in Italy can be stressful as the Italian driving culture may be more aggressive than expats may be used to. Lack of parking is also a concern, especially within city centres. For this reason, as well as petrol expenses, most expats use public transport within the cities and use a car for country excursions or intercity trips.

Those looking for a faster way to get around while saving on petrol should consider driving a motorcycle or Vespa. These are popular modes of transport in Italy, especially in the summer months.

In the event of a breakdown or emergency, expats can call 116 from one of the emergency telephones situated every two kilometres along the highway. This will contact the Automobile Club d’Italia (ACI), Italy’s breakdown service. Expats need not be a member and can pay per incident.

Expats can ship their cars to Italy, but foreign vehicles must be adjusted to meet Italian requirements. The costs may be dependent on the vehicle’s characteristics as well as the shipping company.

Tolls

Fast, well-maintained highways span the country’s landscape, but many operate on a toll system, which could become expensive if commuting every day. When on a toll road, motorists will pass through an Alt Stazione (toll booth), where they collect a ticket. At the next exit, drivers submit the ticket at another Alt Stazione and pay the appropriate toll charge.

Payment methods include cash, credit cards and prepaid cards such as Telepass. Telepass is an electronic tolling system. It allows drivers to pass through toll points without stopping, either paying a flat rate or a rate dependent on distance.

Licences

Expats can drive in Italy, although those with non-EU driving licences must apply for an International Driver’s Permit (IDP). This permit is not a licence, merely a translation. Expats may be able to apply for this permit before leaving by checking their respective embassy websites. 

EU licence holders can continue to drive on their licence for up to two years, or until the original licence expires (whichever comes first). IDP holders can drive for up to one year in Italy. To keep driving, expats will need to convert their licence to an Italian licence. Italy has reciprocity agreements with certain countries allowing a direct driver's licence swap. Those from a country without such an agreement will need to take a driving test to become a licenced driver in Italy.

Cycling in Italy

Italy embraces cycling culture with both arms, offering bike enthusiasts a variety of urban and rural landscapes to traverse. Cities boast increasingly comprehensive networks of dedicated lanes and paths, while the countryside offers scenic routes rich with cultural landmarks. Many urban centres have embraced bike-sharing schemes, which have become a staple for both locals and tourists seeking a flexible and environmentally friendly mode of transport.

For those inclined to pedal their way through Italy, it's wise to remain vigilant, particularly when sharing roads with cars. Italian drivers are known for their dynamic driving style, which can be surprising to cyclists who are used to more predictable traffic patterns. Always wear appropriate safety gear and have good situational awareness to ensure a safe and enjoyable cycling experience.

Walking in Italy

Walking is not only the most economical mode of travel in Italy but also one of the most rewarding. The country's rich tapestry of history, art and natural beauty unfolds best at a pedestrian's pace, whether it's the cobbled streets of ancient city centres or the gentle countryside trails. Italy's robust safety record adds to the appeal, making it conducive for explorers to wander freely and soak in the sights, sounds, and aromas of Italian life.

Moreover, cities and small towns are often well-suited for pedestrians, with many pedestrian zones, particularly in historical areas where vehicular traffic is restricted. Wandering on foot also provides an unparalleled opportunity to discover hidden gems, from tucked-away trattorias to artisan workshops that are not always visible when travelling by other means.

Air travel in Italy

Air travel remains a swift and popular option for covering Italy's longer distances, connecting the boot from the Alpine north to the Mediterranean south. Major airports in cities like Rome, Milan, Naples and Venice cater to a vast array of domestic and international flights, making them hubs for travellers looking to maximise their time in this historically rich country.

The air network is bolstered by a mix of traditional and low-cost carriers, offering a range of options to suit various budgets and preferences. With the efficiency and frequency of flights, island destinations like Sicily and Sardinia are just a short trip away from the mainland, ensuring that even the most remote Italian charms are within easy reach.

For flight schedules, bookings, and travel advisories, passengers should check with the airlines directly or visit the official website of Aeroporti di Roma for the capital's airports at Aeroporti di Roma.

From Ancient Rome to the Renaissance, 'the boot' at the bottom of Europe has had a vast influence on European art, culture and politics that continues to resonate.

Offering residents an attractive lifestyle with an emphasis on family, scenic beauty and world-famous food and wine, Italy lures expats with its passion for la dolce vita – the sweet life.

Living in Italy as an expat

Italians are fiercely proud of their country and show strong regional alliances. Italy is also a nation with deep Roman Catholic roots that are entrenched in everyday culture and customs. This is most obvious in the central role that the traditional family has in Italian society.

That said, an expat's experience in Italy can vary markedly depending on their location. Those living in cities in the north of the country, such as Milan and Turin, will find that things are fairly fast-paced, with business being a priority. The further south one moves, the lifestyle becomes more relaxed and typically Mediterranean, with locals taking longer lunch breaks and enjoying the passeggiata (a long, leisurely evening stroll). Regardless of regional differences, one thing new arrivals are sure to find is that just about every occasion in Italy is a reason to celebrate with good food, wine and family and friends.

The focus on family also extends into doing business in Italy. A substantial portion of Italian businesses are family-owned, from major corporations to the smaller enterprises that make up much of the local economy. Italy's main industries include tourism, fashion, agriculture and manufacturing. Many expats working in Italy take up jobs in tourism; there are also a number of expats employed in the finance and media industries. 

There is a well-established public transport network, so getting around in Italy is fairly straightforward, although things may not run as smoothly as in other European countries. Those who have the desire to explore the rest of the continent will find that Italy is connected to many of its neighbouring countries via excellent train links as well as well-priced flights. 

Cost of living in Italy

Although Italy offers a high quality of life, it also has an equally high cost of living. This is especially true in major centres like Rome or Milan, where accommodation is expensive. Fortunately, expats can save on medical costs as the public healthcare system is both excellent and highly affordable.

Expat families and children 

Italy is exceptionally well suited to families, and there is plenty for young and old alike to get up to in their free time. Italy is home to the globe's largest number of UNESCO World Heritage sites, not to mention plenty of museums, family-friendly eateries, parks, forests and lakes for families to enjoy.

The public education system is also good, but as the language of instruction is Italian, some expats choose to send their children to international schools instead, which charge expensive tuition but offer a high quality of education.

Climate in Italy

Northern Italy experiences long, cold winters with heavy snowfall along with rain and hail. Summers are mild, with 81°F (27°C) being the average high in July, the region's hottest month. A bit further south, cities such as Milan and Venice experience wet and foggy winters with close-to-freezing average temperatures and hot and humid summers. Locations like Naples further south experience a moderate Mediterranean climate, with extremely hot, dry summers and mild winters. 

With so much on offer, the impression Italy leaves on expats is often one that lasts a lifetime.

Fast facts

Population: About 60 million

Capital city: Rome (also largest city)

Neighbouring countries: Italy's famous boot-like shape is formed by a long Mediterranean coastline. France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia border the northern part of the country.

Geography: About 40 percent of Italy is mountainous, with the most notable mountains being the Alps in the north and the Apennine Mountains along the peninsula. Non-mountainous areas of Italy are usually flat plains.

Political system: Unitary parliamentary republic

Major religion: Roman Catholicism

Main languages: Italian is the official language, though certain regions have a high prevalence of German and French speakers. English is spoken mainly in tourist centres and large cities.

Money: The currency in Italy is the Euro (EUR), which is divided into 100 cents. ATMs can be found easily, even in small towns. All foreigners can open a bank account in Italy, but accounts for residents have extra perks like lower interest fees.

Tipping: Tipping is not necessary in restaurants as a service fee is usually added, but for good service, diners should round up the bill by a few euros.

Time: GMT+1 (GMT+2 from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September).

Electricity: 230V, 50Hz. Plug points can vary, but the 'Type C' rounded two-pin plug is most common.

Internet domain: .it

International dialling code: +39

Emergency contacts: Dial 112 to be connected to the EU emergency line. Expats can reach Italian police directly on 113, the ambulance on 118, and the fire brigade on 115.

Transport and driving: Driving is on the right-hand side of the road. Expat drivers may find Italian driving culture aggressive, and parking is limited in the cities.

Expats considering a move to Italy will naturally have many concerns about life in this culturally rich country.

From safety concerns to the weather, here are answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about expat life in Italy.

What is the incidence of crime in Italy?

Due to mafia-themed film masterpieces like The Godfather, there is a misconception about a high crime rate in Italy, but in reality, most crime in Italy is confined to bag-snatching and pickpocketing. While organised crime exists, it's unlikely to impact the day-to-day life of expats in Italy.

What is the population mix of Italy?

Ethnic Italians constitute 95 percent of the population, with Romanians being the most significant ethnic minority. In recent years, there's been a notable increase in immigration from Eastern European EU countries and from countries in southeastern Europe and North Africa. The population density of Italy ranks among the highest in Europe. Italian culture influences many aspects of life, and expats may experience elements of culture shock in Italy.

How is the economy of Italy performing?

Over the past 15 years, Italy's economic growth has been sluggish compared to other EU nations, yet it remains one of the largest economies globally. As a G8 member, Italy's economy hinges on importing industrial raw materials. Despite the slow growth, expats can find opportunities for work in sectors like tourism, finance, media, communication and teaching English as a foreign language.

What are the healthcare facilities in Italy like?

Italy prides itself on a robust healthcare system, ranking among the top nations globally for healthcare services. The national health service, Servizio Sanitario Nazionale (SSN), encompasses both public and private healthcare options. Once registered with the SSN, expats in Italy are eligible for public healthcare, though some may prefer private healthcare for expedited services and additional amenities. It's wise for expats to obtain an international health insurance plan to comprehensively cover any healthcare necessities.

How is the education system structured?

Italy offers a blend of public, private and international schools. The education system is divided into three stages: primary, lower secondary and upper secondary education. International schools are a popular choice among expats, providing curricula from the UK, US, or the International Baccalaureate program. While public schools are free, private and international schools charge tuition fees. It's beneficial for expats to research and choose a school that best meets the educational needs of their children.

What is the cost of living?

The cost of living in Italy can vary significantly between the bustling urban centres and the serene countryside. Cities like Rome and Milan are known for their higher living costs, encompassing housing, transport, schooling and day-to-day expenses. In contrast, smaller towns and rural areas offer a more cost-effective lifestyle. It's prudent for expats to budget accordingly, keeping in mind the various expenses they'll encounter in their chosen locale.

What is the climate like?

Italy’s climate varies from region to region, with Mediterranean conditions experienced on the coast and continental weather and temperatures in the interior. Higher elevated areas close to the Alps and Apennines encounter particularly frigid conditions. Rainfall occurs mainly during the autumn and winter seasons, with the wettest parts in the north of the country. Temperatures tend to fluctuate year-round between 11°C and 30°C (51°F to 86°F). The hottest month is July. The coldest is January, when the average daily minimum and maximum can range from 4°C to 6°C (39°F to 42°F).

How do I find housing in Italy?

Finding a suitable abode is a prime concern for expats relocating to Italy. The property market offers a range of options, from city apartments to countryside villas. Online portals, local newspapers and real estate agencies can be invaluable resources in the housing search. It’s advisable to engage a local estate agent familiar with the area to navigate the housing market effectively. Additionally, visiting Italy to explore different regions and housing options can provide a practical perspective before making a decision.

How can I buy a car in Italy?

Though public transport in Italy is extensive, it has its faults. So, often, expats choose to buy a car. Anyone can buy a car in Italy as long as they have a residence permit. They must then find the car they want, whether new or second-hand. Once they have decided, they must go to the ACI Public Registry Office to register the transaction and put the car in their name. Car insurance is a must, so factor this in when thinking about costs. It’s also important to consider the feasibility of owning a car, especially in big cities like Rome.

Is proficiency in Italian necessary?

While it's possible to live in Italy without speaking Italian, gaining a basic proficiency can significantly enhance the expat experience. Italians appreciate when foreigners try to speak their language, and it can also open doors both socially and professionally. Many expats take Italian language courses before or after relocating to facilitate a smoother integration into the local culture and community.

Modern banking traces its origins to the Renaissance in Italy. In fact, the world's oldest functioning bank still does business today and has been open since 1472.

The Italian banking sector is modern and efficient. With a bit of research, patience and perhaps translation, expats should have no problem navigating the systems of banking and taxation in Italy.

Money in Italy

The official currency of Italy is the Euro (EUR), as in other member states of the European Union. One euro is divided into 100 cents, also known as centesimi.

•    Notes: EUR 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 
•    Coins: EUR 1 and 2, as well as 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents

In Italy, large figures are separated into thousands with a full stop rather than a comma.

Banking in Italy

The major banks are in and around big cities, with local branches dispersed throughout the country. The better-known banks in Italy are the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, Intesa Sanpaolo, Unicredit and Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena. International banks such as Deutsche Bank and Citibank also operate in the country.

Banking hours are generally between 8am and 1.30pm from Monday to Friday, depending on the bank. Some banks are open for another hour in the afternoon. When possible, expats are advised to do banking business on weekday mornings.

Italian banks are notorious for having high interest-rate charges, so expats are advised to shop around before signing any contracts or taking out any loans.

Opening a bank account

Expats can open a bank account in Italy regardless of citizenship or residence status. Non-resident accounts (conto corrente non residenti) are popular with expats since they usually pay interest and are not subject to local interest taxes. Often, this type of account allows for use in both euros and foreign currency.

If expats plan to live in Italy for an extended period, they may prefer to use a resident account. There are several types of resident bank accounts, including current, joint, savings and deposit accounts. 

Choosing which bank to use can depend on its usability, if it provides services in one’s home language, and its fees.

The best way for expats to open a bank account is to go to a bank in person, as banks don't usually allow individuals to open accounts online. Instead, they may need to physically go to the branch with their passport and codice fiscale (tax code). Proof of an Italian address may also be required. Applicants will have to provide personal information and fill out application forms. These are generally in Italian, so it may be a good idea to bring a fluent friend along.

Different banks will have different procedures, and some will be more familiar with working with foreign clientele than others. As a result, expats are advised to compare the packages and requirements on offer at different banks.

ATMs and credit cards 

ATMs in Italy are known to locals as bancomats. They are widely available in cities and towns. They are user-friendly, as expats can choose their preferred language at the beginning of the transaction. ATMs often have a daily withdrawal limit, and expats can check this with their bank.

As is the case in many other countries, larger stores usually accept debit and credit cards in Italy. This can often be confirmed by credit card logos displayed on windows and at till points. The most common card companies in Italy are CartaSi, Visa and MasterCard. Diners Club and American Express are also available in certain areas.

Expats should be aware that international accounts often have hefty transaction fees, especially when drawing money from a credit card. They can check these international charges with their bank before leaving.

Card cloning occasionally occurs in Italy, so expats should be vigilant when paying with credit cards or drawing money from an ATM.

Taxes in Italy

Taxes in Italy are collected by the Italian Agency of Revenue (Agenzia delle Entrate), which has offices at national, regional and provincial levels.

Expats working in Italy will require a tax number. This is needed for most paperwork, such as opening a bank account, signing official contracts and starting a new job. To get one, an expat would need to take their passport or ID document to a provincial tax office (ufficio imposte) and fill out an official form to apply for one.

It is possible to apply for the tax number in one’s country of origin through the Italian embassy.

Income tax in Italy is progressive, which means that the more an expat earns, the more tax they may be subject to. Expats who are subject to taxation in Italy will have to pay direct tax to the central agency of revenue as well as regional and local taxes.

Foreign residents who live in Italy for more than 183 days a year are only required to pay tax on income they earn in the country. Permanent residents are expected to pay tax on income derived locally as well as internationally. Italy has, however, entered into double-taxation avoidance agreements with several countries to ensure that foreign citizens are not taxed on their income twice.

Given the complexity of dealing with tax, especially in a different language, expats should consider seeking professional advice to navigate the taxation system in Italy.