Healthcare in Japan is both accessible and compulsory for expats who have a resident's visa or a work permit. Expats will likely fall under one of two public schemes – one for salaried workers and one for the remaining population. In addition, expats can also obtain private health insurance in Japan. It's mandatory for expats with a visa exceeding three months (90 days) to be registered on a public insurance scheme.

Health insurance in Japan

Most expats will fall under one of two major healthcare schemes in Japan – Employees' Health Insurance (Shakai Kenko Hoken) or National Health Insurance (Kokumin Kenko Hoken). In these two schemes, healthcare expenses are covered by up to 70 percent. There is also the Advanced Elderly Medical Service System (Choju Iryo Seido) for those over the age of 75, which funds up to 90 percent of medical expenses.

Under the Employees' Health Insurance programme, it's compulsory for companies to provide their employees and their families with medical insurance and healthcare in the event of injury, sickness, death or childbirth. The National Health Insurance scheme covers those other than salaried people and workers, like those who are self-employed or unemployed.

Expats will need to register at their local municipal office or city hall to start receiving healthcare in Japan. A Health Insurance Certificate will then be issued and delivered. This document is needed when using public hospital facilities for anything from consultation to surgery.

It may be worthwhile for expats to take out additional private health insurance to take care of any remaining costs not covered by the public schemes.

Public healthcare in Japan

Japan's public healthcare system is renowned for its high quality and is accessible to all residents, including expats. It is an integral part of the nation's commitment to ensuring a solid standard of practice in healthcare. Many doctors in the public healthcare system have studied overseas, bringing a wealth of international knowledge and experience to their practice.

That said, not all doctors in the public system might be proficient in English. In urban areas like Tokyo, medical services often have provisions to direct expats to English-speaking doctors. In other cities, it might be helpful to bring a Japanese-speaking friend or colleague for translation if needed.

It's also important to note that doctors in Japan typically see many patients each day, which may lead to shorter individual consultation times than what expats from Western countries might be used to. Additionally, Japanese doctors traditionally adopt a more paternalistic approach, making decisions on the patient's behalf. This can be an uncomfortable adjustment for Western expats, who may opt for private healthcare, at least as they settle into life in Japan.

Private healthcare in Japan

Private healthcare in Japan is another option for expats, offering benefits like shorter waiting times, a wider choice of doctors, and additional amenities. That said, these benefits come at a higher cost.

The language proficiency of doctors in the private sector can also vary, but English-speaking doctors are generally more common, particularly in private hospitals catering to the international community. The patient-doctor dynamic may also be more familiar to Western expats, with an increasing emphasis on shared decision-making.

When choosing a healthcare provider, whether public or private, expats need to consider factors such as cultural understanding and language proficiency for clear and effective communication.

Vaccinations for Japan

While Japan doesn't require any specific vaccinations for entry, the following are generally recommended for travel to Japan, especially for long-term stays:

• Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
• Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis
• Varicella (Chickenpox)
• Polio
• Influenza
• Hepatitis A and B
• Japanese Encephalitis (if planning to stay in rural areas for an extended period)

Before travelling, expats should consult with their healthcare provider to discuss necessary vaccinations based on their specific health conditions and itinerary.

Medicines and pharmacies in Japan

Pharmacies can readily be found on all major streets or in shopping malls in Japanese cities. They tend to be well-stocked and are open from 9am to 6pm. Pharmacists are usually highly knowledgeable. However, not all pharmacists speak good English, so expats may struggle if they have lots of questions. Most medicines in Japan are subsidised by Japanese health insurance, making the price significantly lower.

Expats moving to Japan should note that there is a clear difference between pharmacies and drugstores. Drugstores only sell certain over-the-counter medicines and a variety of healthcare goods. Drugstores also stay open much longer than pharmacies, with most drugstores closing at 8pm.

The medicines and products available at drugstores in Japan are not covered by Japanese health insurance. In contrast, pharmacies in Japan only deal with prescription medicines and sell no other merchandise.

Health hazards in Japan

While Japan has no major endemic diseases to worry about, expats should be aware that the country is in a region known for frequent natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis. These can indirectly impact health and safety, particularly in the immediate aftermath, through disruptions in infrastructure, access to healthcare and other essential services.

It is recommended that expats familiarise themselves with emergency preparedness measures for such events, including securing an emergency kit and understanding evacuation protocols. Air pollution is arguably the region's most significant endemic health issue. This is particularly bad during the winter months. Those with respiratory issues or asthma may feel their symptoms heightened when moving to Japan.

Emergency services in Japan

In the event of a medical emergency in Japan, expats can call an ambulance on 119.

Outside Tokyo, the operator answering an emergency call may not have a good command of English. Therefore, expats will benefit from learning a few basic Japanese phrases to use in an emergency. The response times of the Japanese ambulance services are fairly good, especially in urban locations.

As an island nation, the former Empire of Japan depended on imported goods and products to drive its burgeoning industry. As a result, the country cultivated a thriving shipping sector that still provides a fair few easy and efficient options for shipping goods to Japan.

Except for high-end luxury service apartments, most accommodation is unfurnished. For this reason, many employers include a shipping allowance in expat contracts. Don't be afraid to broach this topic when negotiating a contract, as shipping costs can quickly escalate if one is not careful.

Shipping household items to Japan

Generally speaking, household items are duty-free and tax-free, provided they aren't new. If shipping items to Japan, expats should make an inventory of the goods they will be sending across and bring at least two copies in their carry-on luggage.

Expats also have the option of buying furniture in Japan. There are plenty of stores dealing in interior decor and household furnishings. If not opposed to second-hand goods, new arrivals can benefit from large-scale 'sayonara sales' held by expats leaving the country, where it's possible to find nearly new items for far less than one would typically pay for them new. Look for listings on supermarket notice boards, Facebook or classified websites.

Another alternative to shipping to Japan or buying in Japan is the option to lease home furnishings.

Shipping pets to Japan

Shipping pets to Japan can be a complex process given the country's strict animal import regulations. That said, with careful planning and a clear understanding of the necessary procedures, it is entirely possible to transport one's beloved pet to this island nation.

Firstly, it's essential to ascertain the specific requirements based on the type of pet one is planning to ship. Quarantine periods, vaccinations, microchipping and paperwork all vary depending on the species. It's also recommended to engage a professional pet relocation service that will be well-versed in the intricacies of the Japanese animal import regulations.

It's also worth bearing in mind that not all accommodation in Japan is pet-friendly. Be sure to check if pets are allowed before signing any rental agreement.

Remember, while the process may seem daunting, countless pet owners have successfully relocated their pets to Japan. Do thorough research, ask for help when needed, and don't forget to consider your pet's comfort throughout the journey.

Useful links

• Japan Animal Quarantine Service – Official guidelines and regulations
• Professional Pet Relocation Services – Directory of international pet shipping services

Accommodation in Japan is expensive and follows a distinct trend: the larger the city, the fiercer the competition and the smaller the living quarters. Finding appropriate accommodation in Japan can therefore be a bit of a challenge for newly arrived expats.

Types of accommodation in Japan

Apartments are common in Japanese cities and are where the majority of expats living in Japan reside. Older buildings with small apartments are known as apato. The buildings are usually not higher than two storeys and are made of wood or light steel, so the walls tend to be thin.

Newer buildings with larger apartments are called manshon. These typically have more than two storeys and are made of more sturdy materials, such as concrete. These often come with amenities like security systems, elevators and car parking.

A popular option with expats in Japan is shared accommodation in large houses, sometimes called gaikokujin housing for its popularity with foreigners. The setup at these houses varies from house to house. Usually, they are inhabited by young expats looking to save money over the course of a short-term stay or while searching for something more permanent. In some shared-housing setups, the rooms are mini flatlets with their own bathrooms, while in most others, residents will have their own room but will share a kitchen, bathroom and living areas with the other inhabitants.

Furnished or unfurnished

Most rental properties in Japan are unfurnished and tenants should note that unfurnished apartments often don't even include appliances such as washing machines or fridges. Furnished accommodation is usually more suitable for foreign residents, as it reduces the initial outlay, and saves time. Furnished property is normally more expensive to rent, and there is limited availability.

Short lets and serviced apartments

Since rental contracts in Japan are usually signed for two years and demand high fees, short-term lets are a choice alternative for expats who are only in the country for a few months. Short-term rentals in Japan are typically furnished. There's a wide market catering to expats with options ranging from shared houses to high-end serviced apartments.

Finding accommodation in Japan

Finding accommodation in Japan can be a challenge for expats. Japan is a small, densely populated country. This has made the housing market competitive. Expats should do proper research before they arrive in the country. Knowing which city one will live in and which neighbourhoods or areas are appealing will make the search less overwhelming. Expats can use online property portals to get a feel for the housing market and set up a budget.

We recommend that expats looking for accommodation in Japan go through a real-estate agent. Many landlords are reluctant to rent to foreigners, so it's best to go this route rather than attempting to rent directly from a landlord. Agents also have the advantage of understanding the local language and knowing the local areas.

There are some companies and services specialising in helping foreigners find rental housing in Japan. These services are generally English-friendly and could be particularly helpful for those with language barriers.

Available accommodation is also usually advertised in the local media. If viewing an apartment, it's a good idea to take a trusted friend or colleague along who can speak Japanese, as most landlords are unlikely to speak English.

Useful links

• For a wide range of rental options catering for expats, check out GaijinPot Apartments.
• For serviced and furnished apartments, consider Oakhouse.
• For properties throughout Japan, visit Real Estate Japan.

Renting accommodation in Japan

Most expats will research properties online and contact some local estate agents in Japan who will set up some viewings. Once a suitable property has been found and an agreement has been made with the landlord, the estate agent will draw up the contract. Deposits and fees must be paid before the start of the tenancy.

To rent accommodation in Japan, expats will require a guarantor, usually an employer. This person needs to vouch for the expat and take liability for any outstanding rent or fees.

Leases

A typical lease in Japan is signed for one or two years. A renewal fee may apply at the time of an agreement renewal. Rental contracts are usually prepared in Japanese. Depending on the landlord, an English translation may be available, but expats should ask a Japanese friend or colleague to review the contract with them.

When it comes to pets, it's essential to bear in mind that many landlords in Japan don't permit them on their properties. Those who do often request an additional 'pet deposit' as part of the contract. This deposit covers potential damage caused by the pet and is usually non-refundable. For expats planning to bring a pet to Japan, make sure to clarify the pet policy with the estate agent or landlord early on in your search for accommodation. Ask for the arrangement to be noted in the rental contract.

References

While not always mandatory, having references can greatly facilitate the rental process in Japan. This could be a reference from a previous landlord or an employer. It helps expats to reassure their potential new landlord that they are reliable and can maintain a rental property. A positive reference can sometimes make a difference in competitive housing markets like Tokyo or Osaka.

It's also worth noting that landlords may perform background checks, typically checking the prospective tenant's employment status, financial situation and sometimes even personal character. This helps them gauge the reliability of potential tenants and is a fairly standard procedure.

Deposits and costs

The upfront costs for renting in Japan are incredibly high. Expats may need the equivalent of six months' rent to get set up with an apartment. It's standard practice to pay a non-refundable real-estate agent fee equal to one month's rent. Although it's becoming less prevalent and not all landlords require it, expats may also be expected to provide the landlord with a gift referred to as reikin or key money. This is non-refundable and typically equivalent to one to two months' rent, although it can be up to six months.

A security deposit (shikikin) is the equivalent of two or three months' rent. Expats should look out for mention of a renewal fee (kōshinryō), which is typically equivalent to one month's rent and payable every two years.

Terminating the lease

Should the tenant wish to terminate their lease before the agreed end date, it's customary to provide at least one month's notice, though the exact notice period may vary depending on the contract. Early termination often incurs a penalty fee, which is typically equivalent to one or two months' rent. This can vary, and it's important to check the contract's terms.

Just as in other countries, it's critical for the tenant to put their notice in writing. Additionally, upon leaving, the property must be cleaned and returned to the condition it was in at the start of the lease, taking into account normal wear and tear.

Utilities in Japan

As tenants in Japan, expats will typically find themselves responsible for the cost of utilities. These include electricity, gas, water and waste collection. The costs can vary greatly depending on location, type of accommodation, and personal consumption habits. However, there are instances where utilities might be included in the rental cost, so it's always worth it for expats to check the rental contract for clarification.

Electricity

Electricity in Japan is supplied by regional monopolies, with Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) being the most well-known. Expats will need to sign a contract with an electricity company and this can be done online, in person or by phone. They will need to select an amperage, which will affect the cost of their monthly payments. Japan uses Type A and B electrical outlets, so expats might need to invest in suitable adaptors for their devices.

Gas

Similarly, gas providers vary by region, with Tokyo Gas and Osaka Gas among the main providers. The gas supply in Japan primarily consists of either piped city gas or propane gas. Apartments will be fitted for one type, and this cannot be changed.

Water

Water services in Japan are usually handled by municipal governments. Expats can expect to receive a bill for their water usage every two months. As with gas, some apartments might include water costs within the rental fee, so they should be sure to clarify this with their landlord or rental agency.

Waste disposal

Waste disposal in Japan is heavily regulated and varies by city – and even by ward within a city. Waste is typically separated into burnable, non-burnable and recyclable items. Each category has a specific collection day, and it's important to follow these guidelines to avoid penalties. Large items often require a disposal fee and a special collection arrangement.

Internet and telephone

Internet and phone services are additional utilities to consider, with many providers available. Providers like NTT, KDDI and SoftBank offer a range of packages to cater for individual needs. For more about internet and phone services, read Keeping in Touch in Japan.

Useful links

• Electricity providers will depend on region. In Tokyo, the provider is TEPCO.
• For gas services in Tokyo, consider Tokyo Gas, or in Osaka, Osaka Gas.

Japan is one of the safest countries in the world. While one should always use common sense and be aware, walking around is quite safe, even at night. Nevertheless, it's always important to take standard precautions in crowds and nightspots and to avoid areas where one may be isolated and feel unsafe.

There is a highly developed sense of moral duty and correct behaviour instilled in children from a young age in Japan, which means that people generally take care of each other.

Crime in Japan

As with any other major tourist destination, pickpocketing in crowded spaces targeting tourists and foreigners occasionally occurs, particularly in Tokyo. Expats should take care of their passports and other valuables in airports and public transport areas.

In particular, certain red-light and entertainment districts in Tokyo are often targeted by thieves. Popular expat nightlife spots in Tokyo like Roppongi, as well as Shinjuku, Shibuya and Ikebukuro, have been flagged as high-risk for credit card fraud, assault and theft, as well as drink-spiking. Expats should be aware of their surroundings, take care of their possessions and not leave drinks unattended in these areas. 

Earthquakes in Japan

Japan is located in the most seismically active area in the world, and there's a real and ever-present danger of earthquakes and tsunamis, as well as typhoons. Minor tremors occur regularly, and occasional large quakes – such as the massive March 2011 quake that resulted in extensive damage and loss of life – do occur.

It's imperative to be prepared by maintaining awareness of local government disaster plans. It's also advisable to establish contact with one's embassy upon arrival in Japan. As Japan is one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world, the early warning systems that have been put in place are very reliable and have helped prevent further damage.

Emergency response in Japan

• Police: 110

• Ambulance and fire: 119

Japanese embassies

• Japanese Embassy, Washington DC, United States: +1 202 238 6700

• Japanese Embassy, London, United Kingdom: +44 20 7465 6500

• Japanese Embassy, Ottawa, Canada: +1 613 241 8541

• Japanese Embassy, Canberra, Australia: +61 2 6273 3244

• Japanese Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa: +27 12 452 1500

• Japanese Embassy, Dublin, Ireland: +353 1 202 8300

• Japanese Embassy, Wellington, New Zealand: +64 4 473 1540

Foreign embassies in Japan

• United States Embassy, Tokyo: +81 3 3224 5000

• British Embassy, Tokyo: +81 3 5211 1100

• Canadian Embassy, Tokyo: +81 3 5412 6200

• Australian Embassy, Tokyo: +81 3 5232 4111

• South African Embassy, Tokyo: +81 3 3265 3366

• Irish Embassy, Tokyo: +81 3 3263 0695

• New Zealand Embassy, Tokyo: +81 3 3467 2271

Expats might find that the degree of culture shock in Japan can be extreme. In addition to the language barrier, which increases the further from Tokyo one goes, Japanese society has developed a very fixed code of acceptable conduct, especially in the realm of business. Foreigners, or gaijin, very seldom fit into this code without making a considerable effort.

But the Japanese are also very hospitable and friendly towards foreigners, whom they regard as honoured visitors to their country. If wanting to fit in and become part of Japanese society, the onus will be on expats to learn the language, customs and traditions. 

Language barrier in Japan

Learning Japanese can be challenging if expats want to go beyond the basics of conversation. Besides the difficulty of learning to read and write Japanese characters, there are highly intricate systems of formal language that even native Japanese speakers find complex and challenging to master.

In general, the Japanese are quite forgiving of language mistakes made by foreigners, but it's advisable to be overly polite, humble and cautious, particularly within the context of business interactions.

Non-verbal communication in Japan

As the Japanese value maintaining harmony, they are not the most vocal people. Facial expression, tone of voice and posture are often used to demonstrate one's feelings on an issue. Frowning while someone is speaking can be interpreted as a sign of disagreement. Expats may find that the Japanese maintain an impassive expression when speaking. 

While making eye contact is essential, one should avoid staring into another person's eyes for an extended amount of time. This is particularly essential when in the presence of someone senior in terms of either age or status. 

Work ethic in Japan

The Japanese work ethic is something that foreigners typically struggle to get to grips with. The workplace in Japan is competitive, and people are willing to go the extra mile to stand out from the competition. 

A workweek of 70 to 80 hours isn't unheard of, and the Japanese are very reluctant to take sick days. Overtime is seen as standard, and it's normal to stay late at the office, even if there isn't any work to be done.

Punctuality is highly valued, and the Japanese rarely arrive at meetings or appointments even a minute late. It's considered rude and disrespectful to arrive late or unprepared.

Saving face in Japan

The concept of saving face is crucial in Japanese society. The Japanese try to avoid confrontation or causing a person any form of embarrassment by putting them on the spot. If expats encounter a personal problem with someone, they should address the issue with the individual privately.

Similarly, rejecting an invitation or request in Japan is considered rude. Instead of directly saying no, one should rather say they will consider the invitation or propose an alternative.

Despite its small size, Japan has a variable climate. Tokyo has a climate similar to New York City. Summers (June, July and August) are hot and humid, while winters are freezing and snowy. Tokyo's weather is best in springtime and autumn, as both seasons offer a respite from the extreme conditions they precede and follow.

The weather in Osaka is more temperate. Winters are pretty mild, with highs above 50°F (10°C). Snowfall is rare and usually light. On the other hand, summers can be hot, moist and rainy. Temperatures can get as high as 95°F (35°C) with very high humidity. Rainfall is also abundant in Osaka.

Sapporo has a humid continental climate – hot and wet summers and chilly, snowy winters. Sapporo is a former Winter Olympic Games city and can get up to 72 inches (1,829mm) of snow in January alone. Skiing is, therefore, a popular activity in the area.
 

It's widely acknowledged that Japan's public transport system is one of the world's best. Clean, efficient and far-reaching, the integrated network of public transport throughout the country makes it easy to get wherever one might need to go. Though tickets are fairly pricey, travellers can relax knowing that timetables are strictly followed and delays are rare.

Accommodation in Japan

- CON: High prices, small spaces

With such a tightly packed population, space comes at a premium, particularly in major cities like Tokyo. Japanese accommodation is universally small and expensive, so expats moving here will have to get used to paying more for less.

Cost of living in Japan

+ PRO: Affordable aspects of Japan expenses

While Japan is generally expensive, there are aspects of living that can be quite affordable, such as public healthcare, certain foods and some utilities.

- CON: Japan is hard on the wallet

It's no secret that Japan is an expensive place to live, with Tokyo frequently claiming the top spot in worldwide cost of living surveys. The quality of life is second to none, but it's vital for expats to ensure that they will be paid enough to comfortably shoulder these expenses.

Keeping in touch in Japan

+ PRO: Outstanding communications infrastructure

Almost everyone has a smartphone, and keeping in touch is easy. The internet enters most homes via super high-speed fibre optic. Even after the earthquake of March 2011, the networks were still up and running. Nothing ever seems to break.

- CON: Time zone

For the typical expat from Europe or America, the time zone difference to Japan is about as hard as it can be. Eight hours between London or California and 11 hours to New York can make work schedules problematic. Skype sessions with family back home should be planned instead of spontaneous chats.

Culture shock in Japan

- CON: Language difficulties

The language barrier in Japan is an unfortunate reality and can be a significant obstacle for newly arrived expats. Both speaking and reading Japanese are notoriously hard to master. English has few similarities with the language, and native English speakers often struggle to find a jumping-off point. Not being able to speak the local language can lead to feelings of isolation, but simply putting in the effort to try to communicate in Japanese will earn favour with the locals.

Lifestyle in Japan

+ PRO: Some of the world's best food

Eating out in Japan is a dream come true. Tokyo is famously home to more Michelin-star restaurants than Paris. While sushi lovers will be right at home in Japan, there's much to explore in Japanese cuisine. It has a myriad of different dishes to offer at a range of prices from budget to bank breaking.

Kobe beef is literally melt-in-the-mouth, whereas tonkatsu (a breaded, deep-fried pork cutlet) will be familiar but satisfying. Teppanyaki (a style of Japanese cuisine cooked on an iron griddle, usually in front of customers) will set diners back a small fortune but is well worth it. Another top choice is the equally delicious but much cheaper yakiniku (grilled meat).

+ PRO: Seemingly endless entertainment options

A country at the forefront of worldwide music and entertainment trends, Japan is brimming with things to see and do, especially in the capital. From Tokyo Disneyland to anime-and-manga districts such as Akihabara, it's hard to get bored in Tokyo. Themed restaurants and cafés can be found in abundance, with plenty to choose from.

*If a public holiday falls on a Sunday, the following Monday becomes a holiday. 

Accessibility in Japan

Japan has made considerable strides in improving accessibility for individuals with disabilities, and the government and corporations continue to apply technology and innovative design to make things as accessible as possible. Naturally, cities and large urban centres are more open to wheelchair users and prepared for visually impaired people than rural locations. In commercial districts, sidewalks are smooth with cut curbs, while small roads have a pedestrian lane indicated by white lines instead of raised paving.

The world's first tactile sidewalk tiles, Tenji blocks, were invented in Japan more than 50 years ago. Long lines show directions, and circles indicate caution. Tenji means 'Braille', which you'll find everywhere – though it's unique to Japan and different to English Braille, it can be learned.

Trains

All train stations have ramps, elevators and stairlifts, except for a few on the outskirts of cities. Every ticket gate has at least one mobility-accessible lane. Ticket machines are accessible at wheelchair level (in English via touchscreens), and staff are on hand to assist and even take passengers with additional travel needs directly to their train.

Taxis and vans

Many modern taxis (called JapanTaxi) are modelled on London's famous 'black cab' shape and size. They have ramps and seat one manual wheelchair user plus a companion. Standard taxis will stow a foldable wheelchair in their boot. For electric wheelchair users, there are vans and minibuses which must be booked in advance.

Buses

Buses to and from airports are not wheelchair accessible, but standard city buses have ramps and a dedicated space with safety belts. On the downside, the ramp must be set up by the bus driver, potentially making it less convenient for people with mobility issues than train travel.

LGBTQ+ in Japan

Homosexuality has been legal in Japan since 1880 under the Napoleonic code. LGBTQ+ rights are relatively progressive by Asian standards, though some provisions lack full legal status – noticeably, the government doesn't recognise same-sex marriage at the national level. Some municipalities and prefectures now issue 'partnership certificates' recognising same-sex relationships. While this benefits same-sex couples, it doesn't give the relationship legal status equal to heterosexual marriage.

Historically, Japanese culture has shown a lower degree of hostility towards the gay community compared to some other cultures, and survey data suggests that a majority of Japanese citizens are accepting of homosexuality. Discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity is banned in certain cities.

Useful links

www.lgbtyouthjapan.jimdo.com
www.stonewalljapan.org

Gender equality in Japan

Japan continues to work towards achieving greater gender equality, although it still faces challenges in this area. It falls behind most industrialised nations, including its Asian neighbours, in gender equality. The country is 116th out of 146 countries ranked by the World Economic Forum's 2022 Global Gender Gap Report.

Women earn under half of what their male counterparts earn and have limited decision-making authority in business or politics. Policies such as 'Womenomics' and various phases of the Basic Plan for Gender Equality are delivering progress. However, these are derived from economic strategy rather than driven by societal impacts and the need to improve women's holistic well-being, from safety and security to health, dignity and self-fulfilment. That said, pressure from within and from global corporations outside Japan is helping to promote greater equality against historic cultural barriers – with ambitious targets set for the next ten years.

Women in leadership in Japan

Japan has the lowest percentage of women in managerial positions of any OECD country – just 8 percent – even though women represent 49 percent of the working population. The underlying reasons are multifaceted, extending beyond mere discrimination or patriarchy. They include deep-rooted societal norms, the imbalance of care responsibilities often shouldered by women, and a work culture that traditionally values long hours, which can conflict with family responsibilities.

Mental health in Japan

Like in any society, individuals in Japan can experience problems with emotional well-being through concerns about work, family, finances or the future, while neglect or abuse may also negatively affect one's mental health.

Psychiatric support for mental health is widely available in Japan, and 70 percent of the cost is covered by national health insurance. Although less affordable and not financially supported, counselling is also popular in Japan.

Unconscious bias in Japan

Bias around gender, age and ethnicity inhibits effective hiring, limits development, and lowers staff morale. Efforts are underway by both the government and academic institutions in Japan to address and reduce unconscious bias, with a focus on fostering an environment of fairness and impartiality. The aim is to create a society where diverse views and backgrounds are seen as a catalyst for innovation and progress.

Diversification of the workforce in Japan

Japan, where 98 percent of the population is ethnically Japanese, is known for its homogeneity. However, it is also a welcoming country for visitors and overseas professionals. It's worth noting that the Japanese government has started initiatives to attract more foreign workers to address labour shortages due to the country's rapidly ageing population. While instances of xenophobia or discrimination are infrequent, they can occur, particularly targeting migrant workers from countries like China and Korea. People of colour are well received in urban Japan, and African American (burakku) culture is celebrated in Japanese youth culture.

Safety in Japan

Japan is renowned as one of the safest countries in the world. To maintain this status, the government has implemented measures such as increasing police numbers and expanding the use of security cameras. In Japan, children can often be seen walking home or exploring shopping malls without adult supervision, and it's not uncommon for people to leave their bags unattended while visiting bathrooms.

As in any country, crime does exist, and individuals should always take common sense precautions for their safety. Additionally, there is concern that crimes against women may be under-reported, suggesting the need for continued vigilance and preventative efforts. As a protective measure, several train companies have introduced women-only cars, particularly during peak times.

Calendar initiatives in Japan

4 January – World Braille Day
4 February – World Cancer Day
8 March – International Women's Day
April – Tokyo Rainbow Pride
7 April – World Health Day
1 May – International Labour Day
18 May – Global Accessibility Awareness Day
July – Rainbow Reel Tokyo
8 September – World Literacy Day
10 September – World Suicide Prevention Day
10 October – World Mental Health Day
14 November – World Diabetes Day
18 November – End Child Sex Abuse Day
25 November – International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women
1 December – World AIDS Day
3 December – International Day of People with Disabilities

With high-tech infrastructure across the country, expats should have no trouble keeping in touch in Japan. The island nation is known for its advanced technology, so finding ways to communicate with loved ones back home is easy and affordable. It's worth noting that some services require a Japanese bank account or credit card to set up, and some may also require a residency card.

Internet in Japan

A number of different internet service providers exist across Japan, all offering different services and high-speed internet. Prices vary by type of service, term of contract and current promotions. Some providers have better English-language support than others, with Sakura Fiber Internet being a frequently recommended option for expats. Major providers include NTT Docomo and Asahi Net.

WiFi hotspots can also be found throughout Japan (and can be especially useful while waiting for internet access at home). These are plentiful in major city centres, operating from various locations such as coffee shops, hotels and subway stations.

Mobile phones in Japan

Japan is a leader in mobile phone technology, and with cheaper VoIP and mobile options becoming more popular, landline telephones are slowly being phased out. Softbank, NTT Docomo and AU are the three main mobile providers. Both contract and prepaid options are available with prices and plans varying by company, phone, plan, contract and current promotions.

Postal services in Japan

Japan Post is the country's national postage service and, like much in the country, it's efficient and reliable. International and local shipping costs are reasonable. Various commercial courier services are also available, including FedEx and DHL.

Print media in Japan

Japan has a rich culture of print media, with numerous newspapers and magazines available both locally and nationally. It boasts some of the highest newspaper circulations in the world. For English-speaking expats, The Japan Times and The Japan News offer comprehensive news coverage in English. Magazines catering to a variety of interests, from fashion to technology, are also widely available. Bookshops and convenience stores typically stock a wide array of print media.

Education options for expat families in Japan are plentiful – particularly in large cities such as Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya. The suitability of these options may largely depend on factors such as the length of the expats' stay in Japan, their children's age, and their location.

Useful links

• MEXT is the official Japanese government agency responsible for education, culture, sports, science and technology.

Public schools in Japan

In Japan, the Ministry of Education determines the national curriculum for public schools, although schools and teachers choose how to present the material. General subjects are taught in Japanese, though some public schools offer international tracks for expat students.

Assignment to public elementary and junior high schools is generally based on location, with the specifics varying by city. Merit-based admissions tend to be more common in large cities. Public high schools in Japan require entrance examinations and competition can be intense, but with ample preparation and resources, students can successfully navigate this process. Numerous preparatory schools and tutoring options exist to help students prepare for these exams, and many families find these resources invaluable.

The environment in public elementary schools is more relaxed, as one might expect from primary education. However, junior high and high school can quickly become overwhelming and stressful to students, potentially more so for foreign children who have not grown up in the system and are unfamiliar with the language.

Private schools in Japan

Private schools in Japan offer an alternative to the public system, with some schools enjoying a high level of esteem. Admissions to these schools can be competitive. Like their public counterparts, private schools adhere to the national curriculum as determined by the Ministry of Education but often have more flexibility in how they present the material. Some private schools offer international tracks, presenting a valuable option for international students.

Choosing a private elementary school is an option for parents who prefer this type of education for their children. Unlike public schools, which are generally assigned based on location, parents can select from various private schools. In certain cities, some private junior high schools operate based on an admissions system rather than location assignment.

Entrance examinations are a standard part of gaining admission to private high schools. The competitive nature of these exams can create a tense environment, but many preparatory schools and tutoring services are available to help students succeed. Private schools, similar to public ones, can become challenging for students as they progress, particularly for those not immersed in the system or the language from a young age.

International schools in Japan

International schools are one of the most popular options for expat families in Japan. The accreditation systems and curricula of these institutions vary depending on the type of school and its country of origin. Most will teach in English, but some schools cater specifically to French, German, Portuguese, Chinese and Korean expats, as well as some other nationalities.

Many schools use an American-based curriculum, while some utilise the British or Canadian system. Some schools also incorporate a religious curriculum (typically Christian-based), but not all do.

Admission requirements for international schools vary significantly among different institutions. For instance, some schools may require proof of proficiency in English if it isn't the child's first language. Tuition and costs also vary. Aside from basic tuition, there may be additional costs for uniforms, extracurriculars, field trips, bus services and even technology and building maintenance fees.

While tuition fees at international schools can be high, it's important to note that many schools offer various forms of financial aid, including scholarships and payment plans. Parents are encouraged to contact the schools directly to discuss these options and make an informed decision that best suits their family's financial situation.

Read more

• Best international schools in Tokyo
• Best international schools in Osaka

Homeschooling in Japan

Homeschooling is another common option among expats in Japan. There are no specific legal provisions in favour of homeschooling, so it can be something of a grey area, but it's by no means an unsupported choice. There are active homeschooling communities and resources available in Japan for parents to plug into that can provide assistance and guidance.

Elementary and junior high school are compulsory in Japan, whereas high school is optional, so parents must request permission from their 'enrolled' school to homeschool their children. The 'enrolled school' is typically the school assigned based on the expat's address, but schools for the middle grades subscribe to different appointments according to the specific city or district.

In principle, schools generally understand the situation and agreeing to the expat's request makes their job easier, particularly if the school does not have English support.

Special-needs education in Japan

Japan's approach to special-needs education is inclusive and varied. For students within the public school system, support can range from accommodations within a general education classroom, pull-out sessions in special resource rooms, to more specialised classrooms depending on the child's needs. Services such as speech therapy, occupational therapy and psychological services are typically available, although the availability can vary by location.

Children with severe disabilities may find dedicated special-needs schools more beneficial. These institutions, which are run by local governments, cater to students from kindergarten through senior high school. The curriculum in these schools is the same as in public schools, but they also have added activities that teach daily living skills.

Various international schools also offer support for specific conditions or disabilities, though usually at an additional fee. There are also schools following the Waldorf-Steiner and Montessori methods. These have a more flexible approach to education and are known to cater to individual student needs.

Tutors in Japan

Given the competitive nature of schooling in Japan, it's not uncommon for students to have multiple tutors, each specialising in a different school subject. Especially for expat children, having a tutor in Japan may be helpful. A tutor can assist a child in maintaining their mother tongue or helping them study Japanese. If a child is attending a school with a new curriculum, a tutor is an excellent way of catching up with what they are behind on.

Tutoring is popular in Japan, which has led to many tutoring companies popping up across the country. Although expats may be spoilt for choice, they should thoroughly research all options before choosing a tutor. Schools will also often recommend trustworthy tutors.

Useful links

• Amazing Talker is a language tutoring site with online and in-person options.
• Preply is a well-known tutoring company with tutors available for various subjects and ages.

If you are a temporary visitor to Japan, you may need a visitor visa for stays of up to 90 days. Citizens from countries such as the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, as well as EU nationals, are exempt from this requirement.

If you plan to stay in Japan for longer than three months or engage in paid work, you must apply for a long-term visa. Sightseeing and tourist activities are allowed on a tourist visa in Japan, but engaging in employment is illegal.

Temporary visas for Japan

If you are not from a visa-exempt country and would like to visit Japan for tourism purposes, attend conferences, or conduct research, you will need to apply for a temporary visa for Japan. The validity of a Japanese temporary visa (usually 14, 15, 30, 60, or 90 days) depends on your nationality, the purpose of your visit, and reciprocal arrangements between Japan and your country. You can apply for a temporary visa at a Japanese embassy or consulate before arriving in the country.

You will need to complete an application form and submit proof of return flights. If you are travelling to Japan on business, additional documents, such as a letter from your company stating the nature of your visit, may be required. Citizens of countries such as Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand, the UAE, and Qatar may have different visa validity periods, so it is important to check the specific requirements for your nationality.

eVISAs

Japan has introduced an electronic visa (eVISA) system to make the application process more convenient. As of November 2024, residents of countries including Australia, Brazil, Canada, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Taiwan, the UK, and the USA can apply online. The eVISA system allows you to complete the process electronically without visiting a Japanese embassy or consulate in person.

Although the specific duration may depend on your nationality, the eVISA system is designed for short-term tourism and typically allows a stay of up to 90 days. For instance, Chinese nationals residing in China may receive an eVISA with a stay of 15 or 30 days.

Useful links

• See the complete list of visa-exempt countries for short stays
• Learn more about Japan’s visa system

Long-term visas for Japan

If you are planning to live and work in Japan for an extended period, you must apply for a long-term visa. There are different requirements depending on your purpose in the country. Long-term visas should be applied for before entry into Japan. Work permits for Japan fall under this category.

If you wish to study, live, or work in Japan, you are usually required to obtain a Certificate of Eligibility before applying for a long-term visa at a Japanese embassy. Your sponsor in Japan, such as your employer or school, will apply for the certificate on your behalf, verifying that you meet the requirements for a visa. This certificate is typically valid for three months, so you need to obtain your visa and arrive in Japan before it expires.

Due to complex documentation requirements, securing a Certificate of Eligibility (CoE) can be challenging. You will need to provide proof of financial stability, detailed personal information, and documents relating to your purpose of stay. The process can take one to three months, and any delays might affect your travel plans. Having a reliable sponsor in Japan, such as an employer or educational institution, is essential since they submit the application on your behalf. Even minor discrepancies in the paperwork can lead to rejection, so it’s important to be thorough.

You don’t need to change your visa status if you change employers while in Japan as long as you still work in the same visa category. For example, English teachers, copywriters, and translators all fall under the Specialist in Humanities category. You can renew your visa from within Japan on an annual basis at the local Immigration Office. The renewal process has recently been streamlined, with some visa categories now eligible for online renewal, and extended validity periods introduced to ease the burden of frequent renewals.

Useful links

• Learn about the requirements for long-term visas

Getting a residence card for Japan

If you arrive in Japan on a long-term visa or intend to work there, you must get a residence card (known as a Zairyu Card). You can do this on arrival at any of Japan’s main airports. If you arrive at a non-designated port of entry, you will need to register your address with the local municipal office within 14 days of moving in, and your residence card will be delivered by mail to your registered address. The exact delivery time can vary but generally takes around 10 days.

If you lose your residence card, report it to the nearest police station immediately to obtain a Lost Property Report Certificate. Then, within 14 days, apply for a new card at your local Regional Immigration Services Bureau. If your card is lost while abroad, report it to the local authorities and apply for a replacement once back in Japan.

The residence card is valid for one to five years, depending on the type of visa you hold. It may or may not automatically allow multiple re-entries into the country, depending on the specific conditions of your visa. Having a residence card in Japan allows you to register for essential services, such as opening a bank account, getting a mobile phone contract, obtaining a driving licence, or registering for the National Health Insurance benefits. Services like bank accounts or mobile phone contracts may require additional proof, such as employment details or a guarantor, especially for international residents.

Useful links

• More information on residence cards (Zairyu Cards)
• Find your local Immigration Information Centre

Permanent residency in Japan

If you are applying for permanent residency in Japan, you can do so through a points-based system, which is usually utilised by Highly Skilled Foreign Professionals, or you can apply based on your length of residency and other factors. Points are awarded based on factors such as your profession, work experience, academic qualifications, age, achievements, salary, and knowledge of the Japanese language.

Japan’s points-based system evaluates applicants on categories like academic background, professional experience, income, age, and achievements. A minimum of 70 points is required to qualify, with higher degrees and specialised skills contributing significantly to the score.

In addition to the points-based system, you can also apply for permanent residency based on your length of stay and integration into Japanese society. Typically, applicants who have lived in Japan for ten years or more may be eligible, although shorter periods may apply for highly skilled professionals.

Useful links

• Understand the requirements for permanent residency

Visa and work permit requirements are subject to change at short notice, so you are advised to contact your nearest Japanese embassy or consulate for the latest information.

Transport in Japan is generally fast, efficient and reliable (albeit crowded during rush hour). Expats living in large cities have easy access to every form of transport – making owning and driving a car unnecessary and, given high levels of traffic congestion, inconvenient. Moreover, expats needing to travel long distances will find that trains connect the country fairly well, and buses travel over extensive networks.

Smaller cities and towns typically have more infrequent or less accessible options. Expats considering living in one of these locations may have a more challenging time getting around and may want to consider buying a car.

Useful links

• See Japan's official travel guide for more information on travel in Japan.

Public transport in Japan

Expats will not be disappointed by the availability and the excellent standard of public transport in Japan. The country has some of the fastest and most modern rail services. Buses also provide a means of getting to the more isolated locations in Japan.

Trains

Rail is one of the fastest and most efficient ways of getting around in Japan. Super express trains, otherwise known as Shinkansen, connect most of the country's major cities, allowing for fast commute times and accessibility for expats, locals and tourists alike. The Japan Railways (JR) group of companies owns and manages all Shinkansen trains. Tickets can be purchased online, at JR stations or via designated sellers. Expats who travel regularly should obtain the relevant smartcard for their area. These act as rechargeable tickets when riding JR and some private lines. Cards like Suica and Pasmo can also be used for buses, subways and even purchases at certain vending machines and shops, and they can be easily recharged.

Most major cities, such as Tokyo, Yokohama and Osaka, have subway systems.

Buses

Where a train line ends, a bus typically starts. In major tourist areas, English will be displayed on the screen and arrivals as well as departures will be announced in English. In smaller cities, Japanese will be the only language displayed or heard. Most train stations with bus terminals will have some kind of bus information booth, often with someone on staff during the day to help. However, service in English can be limited.

Useful links

• JR East for train schedules and ticket bookings
• Tokyo Metro for subway lines and schedules in Tokyo
• JR West for train schedules and ticket bookings in Western Japan

Cycling in Japan

No matter where one lives in Japan, it would be nearly impossible to go a day without seeing someone riding the ubiquitous bicycle. Most train stations and public areas provide large bicycle parking areas to cater to the vast majority of people who often travel on two wheels.

This also includes scooters, which require a special licence to operate but are typically much easier and cheaper than driving a car. Most bicycles used for daily commutes are fondly known as mama-chari – inexpensive, plain and practical, often with a front basket. However, speciality bike shops that sell popular mountain, road and cross-country bikes are also available.

Useful links

• Check out the National Police Agency for general road safety guidelines

Taxis in Japan

Taxis are popular transport options for those expats living in big cities without cars. Beware, though, that rates are costly and run up quickly. Many drivers don't speak English fluently, so it's best to know the destination in Japanese or have the address written down to show them.

Ride-hailing services such as Uber are available in Japan's large cities, though due to legal restrictions, it primarily operates as a taxi-hailing service. Nevertheless, it eliminates the language barrier though it can be expensive.

Useful links

• Uber in Tokyo
• Nihon Kotsu for traditional taxi services

Driving in Japan

Many people in Japan do own a car, and it may be necessary to have one's own vehicle in some parts of the country. This is generally not necessary in major cities, where owning a car can be more hassle than convenience.

Expats will usually need an International Driver's Permit to drive in Japan when arriving, though some nationalities can use their licence from home as long as it's accompanied by an official Japanese translation. These licences are valid for up to one year, after which it's necessary to get a Japanese driving licence.

Some nationalities can simply swap their home-country licence for a Japanese one, while others will have to take a written and practical driving test before receiving a Japanese licence. It's worth noting that the process of getting a Japanese driving licence can be quite rigorous, particularly for those nationalities that have to take written and practical tests.

Useful links

• See the NPA Traffic Bureau's guides for traffic safety
• Check out the Japan Automobile Federation (JAF) official website

Air travel in Japan

Japan's air travel infrastructure is comprehensive and efficient, making it an excellent option for both domestic and international travel. The country has numerous airports with frequent flights, connecting major cities such as Tokyo, Osaka, Sapporo and Fukuoka, and providing quick access to more remote areas such as Okinawa and Hokkaido.

Two major airlines dominate the Japanese skies: Japan Airlines (JAL) and All Nippon Airways (ANA), both offering extensive domestic and international flight networks. There are also several low-cost carriers, including Peach Aviation and Jetstar Japan, which provide affordable options for domestic travel and some international routes.

Travelling by air within Japan can be an efficient way to cover large distances, especially when the journey involves crossing the sea. However, for shorter distances, trains often provide a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative. Expats planning to use air travel frequently may benefit from airline loyalty programmes or air passes.

Useful links

• All Nippon Airways Official Website (in English)
• Japan Airlines Official Website (in English)

Despite some recent economic and environmental challenges, Japan remains one of the world's key economies and an important business destination for expats.

The most significant drawbacks to doing business in Japan are the cumbersome and expensive tax regimens and the complexity involved in starting a business. In addition, Japanese culture and business practices contain many pitfalls for the uninformed businessperson. Understanding these will be key to success.

Fast facts

Business hours

Although the usual workweek is from 8am to 5pm, Japan is known for some of the longest working hours in the world. By law, employees aren't supposed to work more than 40 hours a week, but most work significantly longer hours as it's seen as a sign of dedication to the workplace.

Business language

Japanese is the official language of business in Japan. English is not widely spoken, and a translator will be required for most business meetings.

Dress

Formal business attire is expected. Dark suits are commonly worn. 

Greetings

Greetings are formal and usually involve a bow of the head and then a handshake. The most senior member of a delegation should be greeted first.

Gifts

Gifts are not always expected, unless they're small items branded by or representing one's company. The presentation of the gift is also important. Receiving a gift should be done using both hands.

Gender equality

Equality of men and women in the workplace is improving, but Japan is still well behind much of Europe and the US. 

Business culture in Japan 

To be successful in business in Japan, expats need to invest time in getting to grips with the local business culture. Many aspects of Japanese business etiquette may seem odd to American and European businesspeople. However, it's crucial to embrace these nuances and engage appropriately with Japanese business associates if one wishes to be taken seriously within Japanese business circles.

Kaizen

Underlying Japanese business culture is the notion of 'kaizen' – the drive for constant improvement. This is reflected in the hard work ethic, excellent customer service and never-ending quest to innovate and improve business practices.

Formality and respect

When dealing with Japanese clients, it's a good idea to be excessively formal in everything from conduct to dress code. There are specific unspoken rules of business etiquette governing most situations. When meeting hosts or business associates for the first time upon exchanging business cards, theirs should be received with both hands and an attitude of respect, as the card is taken to represent the individual. The delegation should be greeted in order of seniority, first bowing and then offering handshakes.

Reflection and silence

Silence during meetings is not uncommon, even accompanied by closed eyes. In American or European workplaces, this might signify the meeting is going rather badly, while it signals a period of reflection in Japan. Don't interrupt or feel the need to speak and fill the silence.

Saving face

Expats doing business in Japan should note that it's important to be sincere and honest without being confrontational or too direct. Vague forms of expression are best used – there's an art to deflecting a difficult question to avoid anyone's embarrassment or disappointment.

Networking 

Meetings often begin with excessive small talk as rapport is built and relationships are established. This phase mustn't be rushed. Note that decisions are seldom made in the actual meeting, where it's more usual to exchange information or confirm previously made decisions.

Socialising with colleagues

The Japanese will likely respect a calm, humble, introverted personality style, while the brash extrovert may be considered untrustworthy and offensive. There's an exception to this, though, and it starts once the meetings are over for the day and the evening's social activities commence. This is where the sombre, sober rules of engagement that govern the office culture can be suspended in favour of relaxed socialising. In fact, going drinking with a client and getting tipsy – or at least as tipsy as they are – may be considered a key part of solidifying the relationship and progressing the deal. Rest assured that nobody will speak of the evening's more salacious events after business etiquette is restored in the morning.

Dos and don'ts of business in Japan

• Do get bilingual business cards printed with Japanese on one side

• Don't write on a Japanese business card, wave it around or flick it

• Do accept a business card with two hands and a slight bow, and treat it with respect

• Do use titles when greeting people

• Do be on time, or if being late is unavoidable, apologise profusely and repeatedly

• Don't take just any seat at a meeting; wait to be placed

• Do make notes during meetings, but avoid using red ink

Work permits in Japan, also known as work visas, give the holder permission to enter and work in the country. Japan offers a broad range of visa categories for different types of work and long stays.

There's a wide variety of visa options available for work and long-term stays in Japan. These include highly skilled professional visas and working visas that cover roles such as professors, artists, journalists, business managers, medical professionals, technical interns, researchers and instructors, among others. Additionally, there are visas for specific skilled workers and start-up entrepreneurs.

These cover a variety of professional areas, and the type of work an expat intends to do will determine the visa they will apply for. Of particular interest to expats is the Specified Skilled Worker category, as well as the humanities specialist subcategory, which includes foreign-language teachers.

Useful links

• Overview of Work or Long-term Stay visas in Japan
• General information about visas from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan

Specified skilled worker visas in Japan

The specified skills visa is split into two categories. These visas aim to encourage foreign workers to fill employment gaps in the Japanese labour market.

Specified Skills Visa 1 (SSV1)

Expats who work in fields including agriculture, nursing care, shipbuilding, hospitality and construction can apply for this visa. The visa is valid for one year and can be renewed for a maximum of five years.

Foreigners with this visa cannot bring dependants with them. Workers who wish to stay in Japan for more than five years, or who want to bring their family with them, can apply for the Visa 2-SSV2.

Specified Skills Visa 2 (SSV2)

This visa can be renewed indefinitely, and allows holders to bring their families to Japan. At the moment, only foreigners already in Japan on the SSV1 visa and who have a high level of specialisation in their field can apply for this visa.

Useful links

• Detailed explanation of Specified Skilled Worker visas in Japan

Certificate of Eligibility

For most types of work visas, expats will need a job offer from a company in Japan before applying. The hiring company acts as the applicant’s sponsor and must supply them with a Certificate of Eligibility. This certificate testifies that the applicant meets the requirements for a visa. Once it has been obtained, the certificate is submitted as part of the expat's work visa application at the Japanese embassy in their home country.

Useful links

• Guide on how to apply for a Certificate of Eligibility in Japan

*Visa and work permit regulations are subject to change at short notice, and expats are advised to contact their nearest Japanese embassy or consulate for the latest information.

A small island chain in the Pacific, Japan has a big reputation for technology innovation and is a bucket-list destination for many thanks to its fascinating history and culture. Expats moving to Japan often come for work initially but end up staying longer than intended as they delve into the adventures and experiences that the island nation has to offer.

Living in Japan as an expat

Japan prides itself on its innovation, strong economy and rich heritage. Expats frequently comment on the friction between the country's strong traditionalist roots and its worship of modern technology and forward-thinking ideals.

Like most major global cities, life in Tokyo is fast-paced and full of exciting and unusual experiences. In the countryside and smaller cities, expats will be more likely to taste the traditional Japan of old, commonly associated with tea ceremonies, tatami mats and rice paddies. While Kyoto feels more tranquil and laid-back, Osaka boasts a bustling nightlife and is a popular destination for live international performers.

Great pride is taken in Japanese regional variations and specialities, making for a strangely differentiated experience at times. That said, the entire country has a highly developed infrastructure, with efficient public transport systems, postal services, communications technology and road networks.

Cost of living in Japan

Tokyo is infamous for being one of the world's most expensive cities to live in, and other major Japanese cities also command a pretty penny. The vast majority of Japan's expats live in Tokyo, Osaka or Nagoya. 

Tokyo is by far the most expensive Japanese city, followed by Osaka, Nagoya, and Yokohama. Rural areas are much cheaper, but salaries are lower too, and most expats will find themselves in business centres rather than in the countryside.

Working in Japan can be especially lucrative for expats. Despite the country's reputation as one of the most expensive destinations in the world, competitive markets have made for good salary offerings for expats. We advise carefully calculating costs ahead of time to ensure that the salary covers the high cost of living in Japan, especially Tokyo.

Families and children in Japan

Japan has a lot to offer families and is a wonderful place to raise children. The country is extremely safe, with little crime. Healthcare and schooling are of high quality, though some expat parents prefer to send their child to an international school rather than a local one. On weekends, there's lots to explore, including Tokyo's very own Disneyland.

Climate in Japan

Japan's climate is quite diverse, with each region having its own distinct weather patterns. In the northern regions such as Hokkaido, winters are long and harsh with heavy snowfall, while summers are cool and mild. The central region, including Tokyo, experiences hot and humid summers and cold winters with occasional snowfall.

The Kansai region, where cities like Osaka and Kyoto are located, experiences relatively mild winters and hot, humid summers. Further south, regions like Okinawa have a subtropical climate with warm winters and hot, rainy summers. Understanding these regional climate variations is crucial for expats when deciding where in Japan they want to settle.

Expats moving to Japan with an open mind will find themselves immersed in the wonderful idiosyncrasies of Japanese culture, coupled with abundant opportunities for adventure and degrees of acculturation.

Fast facts

Population: About 124 million

Capital city: Tokyo (also the largest city)

Neighbouring countries: Japan is an island nation in East Asia, with its closest neighbours being North Korea, South Korea, Russia and China. 

Geography: Japan's terrain is mostly rugged, with over 70 percent of the country being mountainous. The country's highest mountain is Mount Fuji, which reaches an elevation of 12,388 feet (3,776m). Japan is also located in a volcanic zone. Low-level earthquakes and tremors are common. More severe earthquakes do occur occasionally.

Political system: Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Major religions: Shinto and Buddhism, although many Japanese people are not religious

Main languages: Japanese. English is only spoken by a small percentage of the population, though younger locals in large cities will likely speak more fluent English.

Money: The Japanese Yen (JPY) is the official currency used in Japan. The banking system is sophisticated, and ATMs are readily available throughout the country. That said, Japan remains a predominantly cash-based economy, and many smaller businesses don't accept credit cards.

Time: GMT+9

Electricity: 100V, 60Hz in the west (Osaka, Kyoto, Nagoya, Hiroshima), and 100V, 50Hz in the east (Tokyo, Sapporo, Yokohama). Flat two- and three-pin plugs are used.

Internet domain: .jp (most businesses use .co.jp)

International dialling code: +81

Emergency numbers: 110 (police), 119 (ambulance/fire)

Driving: Cars drive on the left-hand side. Japan has an extensive and sophisticated public transport system. It's unlikely that expats living in major cities will need a car.

From ancient history and traditions to fast-paced, vibrant cities, Japan is a fascinating destination for expats. New arrivals are sure to have many questions about their new home, so here are answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about Japan.

Do I need a car in Japan?

In the big cities, a car isn't necessary and could even be a liability. Petrol is costly in Japan, and there are many pricey toll roads. Add to this the cost of car maintenance (roadworthiness tests, licence fees etc.), and it becomes exorbitant, even though the car itself might have a cheap purchase price compared to international standards.

In the more rural areas of Japan, though, public transport can be a bit slow or infrequent, so having a car in these cases is recommended. 

Is it worth learning Japanese?

Definitely, especially for the mutual respect this creates between expats and locals. There are many language schools in Japan with varying approaches and some useful phrasebooks and textbooks. In Tokyo, it's easy to get by without ever speaking Japanese, but if expats want to travel a bit further afield, they will need to go armed with at least a few basic phrases.

How do I get around Japan?

Trains, ranging from the Shinkansen (bullet train) to the underground, are Japan's most popular and quickest means of transport. The bus system is also highly reliable, comfortable and often cheaper. Although trains are usually cheaper, there are some fantastic deals on holiday airfares.

The Japanese banking system is one of the best and most reliable in the world. Expats banking in Japan have a variety of international and local banks to choose from. This makes opening an account a simple process. 

However, expats may be surprised to learn that Japan remains a largely cash-based society (although this is gradually changing). Most transactions are done in cash, and credit cards are usually reserved for massive purchases. Luckily, it's quite safe to walk around with a considerable amount of cash, however, the usual precautions should always be taken.

Currency in Japan

The local currency is the Japanese Yen, abbreviated to JPY or ¥.

The Japanese Yen is available in the following denominations:

• Notes: 1,000 JPY; 2,000 JPY; 5,000 JPY and 10,000 JPY

• Coins: 1 JPY, 5 JPY, 10 JPY, 50 JPY, 100 JPY and 500 JPY

Banking in Japan

Both local and international banks offer a range of services to expats in Japan, with the most prominent local banks being Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Japan Post Bank, Mizuho Financial Group and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, while international banks in Japan include Citibank, HSBC and Barclays.

Opening a bank account

Expats can easily open a bank account at any local or international bank once they have their Zairyu Card (residence card). Expats may also need to bring their passports and visas, but this varies depending on the bank.

It's highly recommended that expats get a hanko, an official stamp with their name in characters, before opening a bank account. In Japan, the hanko is the equivalent of a Western signature, and it will make life much easier.

Not all banks have English-speaking staff or English versions of their services, such as online banking. Expats should shop around to find the best bank suited to their particular needs.

ATMs and credit cards

ATMs can be found easily, especially in big cities. However, if located outside of Tokyo, machines might not have English options, so it's helpful to write down the important characters to be able to use the ATM.

As mentioned, Japan remains a largely cash-based society and credit cards are not a popular means of payment. Nevertheless, credit cards are accepted at most large hotels, restaurants and retailers.

Taxes in Japan

Expats will be required to pay two types of tax while in Japan – income tax, usually worked out as a percentage of one's salary (ranging from 5 percent to the maximum 45 percent), and the annual resident tax, which depends on where an expat lives. The resident tax is worked out every year and is only applicable if living in Japan for longer than a year.

Several factors determine a person's tax residency status. Permanent residents are liable for tax on their worldwide income, non-permanent residents are taxed on their Japanese income and foreign income paid into Japan, and non-resident taxpayers are only liable for tax on their income earned in Japan.

It's a good idea to see a tax advisor on arrival in Japan, as the tax system is quite complicated and can change at short notice. There might also be a treaty between one's home country and Japan which could affect the taxes payable.

Despite facing numerous challenges, from an ageing population to limited natural resources, Japan still maintains one of the world's largest economies. There are plenty of opportunities across an extensive range of sectors for expats wanting to work in Japan.

In recent years, Japan's economic landscape has been remodelled by deregulation, technological advances and an increasing number of foreign companies establishing headquarters or bases in the country. Despite this apparent integration, traditional Japanese business etiquette remains largely intact and still poses one of the most considerable acclimatisation challenges for expats working in Japan.

Job market in Japan

Expats looking to work in Japan can still find enviable positions with many of the multinational corporations present in the country. This is particularly true in the bustling capital of Tokyo and within the English-teaching industry, which has remained extremely popular among young Anglophones for years.

The entertainment, hospitality, IT and manufacturing sectors also continue to offer work for expats, with fluency in Japanese not required. For those that do know Japanese, translation work is another popular expat profession, especially for trailing spouses and partners who have followed their loved ones abroad. Language-oriented expats who are also university graduates may also consider teaching English in Japan.

Expats planning on working in Japan should note that it claims one of the highest costs of living worldwide, so it's important to carefully negotiate an adequate salary package.

Finding a job in Japan

Prospective expats looking to work in Japan will benefit from the ability to speak Japanese. It's possible to find jobs with few Japanese language requirements in multinational corporations, most of which are based in Tokyo, but having a strong command of the local language will offer broader prospects.

Online job portals are a useful resource in getting to know the job market, but word of mouth through local friends or fellow expats is a solid strategy to get a foot in the door.

With the popularity of teaching English in Japan, those looking to work in this area will have a particularly robust selection of online resources. They can either apply directly to international schools in Japan or enrol in the Japanese government's popular Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) programme.

Useful Links

• GaijinPot Jobs: This is a popular job search site specifically designed for foreigners seeking employment in Japan.
• Jobs in Japan: Another useful job search platform for non-Japanese speakers seeking work in Japan.
• JET Programme: Official page for the Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) Programme, a Japanese government initiative to employ foreign English language teachers.
• LinkedIn Japan and Indeed Japan are Japanese branches of the international career sites.

Work culture in Japan

Corporate culture in Japan is quite formal, with very long office hours and lifetime employment the norm. After-hours drinking with the boss is very much an established practice. Furthermore, the practice of genki and ganbatte – presenting a positive energy and a can-do attitude – are often exhausting and frustrating to foreign nationals.

Newly arrived expats aren't expected to adhere to the regularly practised 60-hour workweek or the mandatory post-work socialising hours. However, acting differently from co-workers and being held to separate expectations can increase feelings of isolation.