If you’re planning to visit, the first step should be securing the right visa for Kazakhstan. Thanks to an expanded e-visa programme, new agreements for visa-free travel, and special permits for digital nomads, it’s easier than ever to live in this vast and beautiful country.

Citizens of many countries, including the US, UK, EU nations, Japan, and South Korea, can enter Kazakhstan visa-free for up to 30 days. Kazakhstan also recently granted 14-day visa-free access to Indian citizens and entered a mutual visa-free agreement with China, allowing stays of up to 30 days per visit, with a maximum of 90 days within a 180-day period.

If you need a visa, you’ll find a range of options, including tourist visas (B12), private visit visas (B10), and the new Neo Nomad Visa for remote workers. Each has specific requirements, so checking with your nearest Kazakh embassy is essential. Land border crossings, particularly with Kyrgyzstan, can experience long wait times.

If you’re moving for work, you’ll need to obtain a work permit.

Finding a Job and Working in Kazakhstan 
Work Permits for Kazakhstan

Visitor visas for Kazakhstan

If you don’t qualify for visa-free entry, you’ll need a visitor visa for Kazakhstan. The B12 Tourist Visa and B10 Private Visit Visa are the most common choices. Kazakhstan’s e-visa system allows travellers from the US, UK, EU, India, China, Turkey, and select ASEAN nations to apply online. E-visas are valid for 30 days, but entry is restricted to international airports in Almaty and Astana (Nur-Sultan).

The e-visa process is relatively straightforward, with approvals typically taking five to ten days. Some travellers have reported occasional delays due to technical glitches, so apply well in advance. Carry a printed copy of your e-visa and confirmation email, as border officials may request them upon arrival.

If your nationality is not eligible for an e-visa, you must apply for a standard visitor visa at a Kazakh consulate. Some travellers still need an invitation letter from a host or travel agency, so confirm your requirements in advance.

B12 Tourist Visa

If you’re travelling to Kazakhstan for leisure, the B12 Tourist Visa is the standard option. Both types are available in single- and multiple-entry formats and are valid for 90 days. A single-entry visa allows a 30-day stay, while a multiple-entry visa lets you leave and re-enter, provided no single stay exceeds 30 days.

If you plan to stay beyond 30 days, you must register with the migration police within three days of arrival.

Frequent border crossings on a multiple-entry visa may attract scrutiny from immigration officials. If they suspect you’re working without a permit, you could face questioning or even denial of re-entry.

Neo Nomad Visa

Introduced in 2024, the Neo Nomad Visa (B12-1) caters to remote workers and digital nomads who earn an income from foreign sources. It’s valid for a duration of one year and can be extended if necessary. This visa lets you live in Kazakhstan without a local employment contract, ideal for freelancers and remote professionals.

To be eligible, you need to demonstrate a consistent foreign income that meets a designated threshold, have private health insurance covering your stay, and submit a criminal background check.

B10 Private Visit Visa

If you’re visiting family or friends in Kazakhstan, you’ll need a B10 Private Visit Visa. Some nationalities must provide an official invitation letter issued through the Migration Police, including the host’s full name, address, and identification details. A notarised copy of the host’s residence permit or passport is also required.

The B10 visa is available as a single- or multiple-entry permit. A single-entry visa is valid for 90 days, while a multiple-entry visa allows repeated visits for up to three years. Each entry is capped at 90 days, but some visitors extend their stay by briefly exiting and re-entering the country.

Useful links

• Kazakhstan Visa Portal

Residence permits for Kazakhstan

You’ll need to get a residence permit for Kazakhstan if you plan to live in the country for the long term. Whether you’re relocating for work, business, or family reasons, Kazakhstan offers various residency options for foreigners.

A residence permit enables you to live in Kazakhstan legally for the long term and gives you the option to request permanent residency after five years. You must demonstrate financial stability, obtain a local address, and provide medical and police clearance documentation.

The application process can be bureaucratic, with processing times ranging from 30 to 60 days. Some expats report a smoother experience in major cities like Almaty and Astana, while smaller cities may have slower processing times.

Requirements for obtaining a residence permit

To apply for a residence permit in Kazakhstan, you have to fulfil specific eligibility requirements and provide the right documentation. The core prerequisites are:

• A valid passport with enough remaining validity.
• Evidence of financial stability (usually an employment contract, proof of business ownership, or savings).
• A clean criminal record from your country of origin.
• Medical certificate confirming no infectious diseases.
• Registered residential address in Kazakhstan.

You will also need to submit:

• Completed residence permit application form (available from the Kazakhstan Migration Services).
• Proof of income, such as a bank statement or employment contract.
• Notarised lease agreement or property ownership papers for address registration.
• Police clearance certificate from your home country.

Applications must be submitted at the local Migration Service Centre, and in some cases, applicants may be required to attend an interview. Processing fees vary depending on the visa type and category.

Permanent residency in Kazakhstan

If you intend to make Kazakhstan your long-term home, there are pathways to permanent residency (PR) and citizenship.

• You can apply for PR after five years of living in Kazakhstan on a temporary residence permit.
• Investment-based PR: If you invest in Kazakhstan’s economy (such as through business ownership or real estate), you may qualify sooner.
• Spouses of Kazakh citizens can apply for PR after three years of marriage.

Digital Nomad Residency Programme

IT specialists can now secure permanent residency in Kazakhstan through the Digital Nomad Residency Programme. This initiative aims to attract foreign tech talent to boost the country's digital economy.

To apply, you'll need to obtain a Kazakh Individual Identification Number (IIN) and Electronic Digital Signature (EDS) first. With these documents, submit your application through the Astana Hub portal. Officials will review your credentials against the list of required IT professions to determine eligibility.

The application review takes up to 45 calendar days. Once approved, you can travel to Kazakhstan and complete your registration at a local Citizen Service Centre. This streamlined pathway to permanent residency bypasses many of the usual requirements of the standard five-year residency period.

Visa and residency regulations are subject to change. You should always check with the Kazakhstan embassy or consulate for the latest updates.

If you want to work in this country, you must obtain an appropriate work visa and work permit for Kazakhstan. The government of Kazakhstan has improved its visa application process, but there are still many bureaucratic hurdles. Be prepared for some paperwork.

Kazakhstan has strict regulations for hiring foreign workers, with a government-imposed quota system determining the number of permits issued each year. Work permits are especially restricted in industries like oil and gas, hospitality, and retail. On the other hand, Kazakhstan actively welcomes professionals in high-demand fields such as IT, engineering, and finance.

Provided that your documents are properly organised, obtaining your work visa for Kazakhstan should be relatively straightforward.

Visas and Residence Permits in Kazakhstan

Work visas for Kazakhstan

C3 Work Visa

Work visas in Kazakhstan are issued based on your job type and skill level. The C3, C4, and C5 visas remain the standard.

The C3 Work Visa is for highly skilled professionals and managers. To qualify, you’ll need an employment contract, employer sponsorship, and relevant qualifications. If you’re moving with your family, they’ll also be covered under this visa.

The application process includes a work permit from your employer, proof of expertise, and a health certification. Depending on your nationality, visa processing can take four to eight weeks.

Applying for work visas for Kazakhstan

To work in Kazakhstan legally, you require two essential documents: a work permit and a work visa. Your employer is in charge of submitting your work permit application. After it is approved, you can then apply for a work visa at a Kazakh embassy or consulate. 

The government imposes strict limits on the number of foreign workers, which means work permits are granted only if there are openings for your occupation. In 2025, the government established a quota of just 0.2 percent of the total workforce, meaning competition for permits is high. High-skilled professionals applying for C3 visas in fields like IT, engineering, or finance generally have an easier time, while workers in sectors like retail and hospitality may struggle due to limited quotas.

If you’re from the EU or the US, you can expect a faster processing time (four to six weeks). Nationals from India, Pakistan, and China may face additional security checks and quota restrictions.

Visa regulations and work permit requirements change frequently. Check with your embassy or consulate for the latest updates.

If you’re looking for accommodation in Kazakhstan, you’ll find a diverse mix of options, from budget-friendly Soviet-era apartments to sleek, high-end residences. Your budget will largely determine what’s available. While Almaty and Astana (previously Nur-Sultan) are rapidly expanding with new apartment blocks, you may find that older Soviet-style apartments are the more affordable choice.

Although accommodation allowances are no longer a given in most relocation packages, it’s always worth negotiating one. Rental costs in Kazakhstan can be high, particularly if you’re aiming for a modern apartment in a prime location.

Types of accommodation in Kazakhstan

There's a range of different types of accommodation in Kazakhstan, from no-frills Soviet-era apartments to luxury penthouses. The majority of rentals can be categorised as follows:

• Soviet-era apartments – compact, affordable, but often outdated with basic amenities and poor insulation.
• New residential complexes – modern builds with better security, insulation, and smart-home features.
• Luxury residences – high-end apartments and penthouses, often in gated communities with concierge services.
• Freestanding houses – larger homes in the suburbs, ideal if you want space but don’t mind a long commute.

Almaty and Astana are seeing rapid urban development, with expat-friendly neighbourhoods emerging. In Almaty, areas like Samal, Dostyk Plaza, and Mega Park are popular, while in Astana, many international residents settle in Highvill, Khan Shatyr, and EXPO City. Gated communities with private security and modern amenities are also on the rise.

Furnished vs unfurnished

In Almaty and Astana, furnished apartments are more common in expat-friendly areas and short-term rentals, while unfurnished apartments dominate long-term leases in smaller cities.

Rental properties in Kazakhstan come in three varieties: furnished, semi-furnished and completely unfurnished. Furnished properties come fully equipped with furniture, kitchen appliances, and sometimes bedding and utensils. These are common in high-end rentals.

Semi-furnished rentals include essentials like a kitchen set, washing machine, and some furniture. Unfurnished apartments are very bare-bones, with only flooring and basic fixtures. Expect to buy furniture yourself.

Short lets

Many expats start with short-term accommodation while searching for a long-term place. Short-term rentals are widely available if you’re only staying in Kazakhstan for a few months, especially in major cities. Many expats and business travellers opt for Airbnb, serviced apartments, or expat group listings.

Useful links

• Airbnb
• Booking.com
• OLX.kz

Finding accommodation in Kazakhstan

Finding a rental property in Kazakhstan can be straightforward if you know where to look and what to watch out for. Most expats secure housing through real estate agents, online property portals, or social media groups.

Although this comes with a fee, hiring a real estate agent is the simplest way to find accommodation. A bilingual agent can help you navigate rental contracts, negotiate better terms, and, most importantly, avoid scams. In Kazakhstan, tenants typically pay the agent’s fee, which is usually one month’s rent, although in some cases, landlords cover the cost – especially for long-term or premium rentals.

If you prefer to search on your own, Krisha.kz is the most reliable property portal, and Olx.kz and Yandex Real Estate also offer listings. Many expats also find rentals through Facebook and Telegram groups, which allow direct landlord communication and often lower prices. 

Be warned: these platforms also carry a higher risk of rental scams. Never send money before visiting the apartment in person and signing a contract. Some landlords try to avoid formal rental agreements, which can be risky if disputes arise. Always insist on a signed lease contract and check for outstanding utility bills before committing.

The rental market in major cities is highly competitive, particularly in expat-friendly neighbourhoods. In Almaty, areas like Samal, Dostyk, Mega Park, and Bostandyk are in high demand, with quality apartments rented out within days. Astana (Nur-Sultan) is slightly less competitive but still fast-moving in areas like Highvill, Khan Shatyr, and Expo City. If you’re moving between September and October, expect fierce competition, as this is peak season for students and expats.

Useful links

• Krisha.kz
• OLX.kz
• Yandex Real Estate

Renting accommodation in Kazakhstan

Language

If you don’t speak Russian or Kazakh, renting accommodation in Kazakhstan can be challenging. While some landlords and estate agents in Almaty and Astana speak basic English, this is less common in mid-range or budget rentals. In smaller cities, English-speaking landlords are rare.

To avoid miscommunication, consider hiring a bilingual real estate agent or bringing along a trusted translator when viewing properties and signing leases. Many expats also rely on local assistants to help with negotiations and paperwork.

Applications and deposits

Renting an apartment in Kazakhstan is usually straightforward. A passport is the only essential document for expats, although some landlords may request a work visa or residence permit – especially for long-term rentals. Proof of employment is not always required, but providing it can help with negotiations and securing better lease terms.

Deposits typically equal one month’s rent, but high-end apartments may require two months upfront. Some landlords don’t charge a deposit, but this is less common. While deposits should be fully refundable, many tenants report delays or deductions upon move-out. Some landlords keep part of the deposit for cleaning or minor repairs, even if the apartment is left in good condition.

To avoid disputes, always take photos and videos when moving in, and make sure the lease includes clear deposit refund terms. If a landlord has a bad reputation for withholding deposits, some tenants opt to withhold the final month’s rent – but this may not always be legal.

Leases

Lease agreements in Kazakhstan vary in length and flexibility. Most landlords prefer six- to twelve-month leases, but three- to six-month options are sometimes available, although they usually come at a higher monthly rent.

If you need a flexible lease, you may be more successful offering a higher monthly rent, a larger deposit, or an upfront payment for multiple months.

Rent increases are possible unless the contract specifies a fixed rent. Without this, landlords can raise prices with notice, which is why a written lease agreement is essential.

Terminating the lease

Lease termination rules in Kazakhstan favour landlords, but tenants have some protections. A landlord can terminate the lease early if the tenant fails to pay rent for two or more months, the tenant damages the property or causes disturbances, or the building is being demolished or renovated (although this is rare).

A tenant can terminate the lease early if the landlord fails to maintain essential utilities (such as heating or plumbing), or by providing written notice, typically 30 days in advance. If you expect to leave early, negotiate a break clause in your lease before signing. Some tenants sublet their apartments if the contract allows it.

Utilities in Kazakhstan

Utilities are not usually included in the rental price, although some apartments catering specifically to international tenants include utilities in the monthly rent. Either way, despite the freezing winters, water and central heating remain relatively affordable in Kazakhstan.

Electricity

Electricity in Kazakhstan is generally reliable, especially in major cities like Almaty and Astana. Power outages are rare, although older Soviet-era buildings sometimes experience voltage fluctuations or short blackouts during peak demand in winter. Luxury apartments and new residential complexes often have backup generators.

Electricity is metered per apartment, and tenants submit meter readings monthly or use a smart meter system. Bills fluctuate massively by season, with higher usage in winter due to increased lighting and heating. If you’re renting an older apartment, consider using a voltage stabiliser to protect appliances from power surges.

Gas

Most apartments in Almaty, Astana, and other major cities have piped natural gas used for cooking and heating. Some modern buildings rely entirely on electricity instead of gas.

In smaller towns and rural areas, not all homes have access to piped gas, so residents use bottled gas, available from local suppliers. Before renting, check whether the stove is gas-powered or electric, as this can impact your utility costs.

Water

Tap water in Kazakhstan is treated and perfectly safe for boiling, but most residents prefer bottled or filtered water for drinking. Water quality varies, and some areas have high mineral content, which can cause limescale buildup in kettles and appliances.

Water and heating services are managed by local municipalities, and billing is usually separate from electricity and gas. If you’re moving into an apartment where utilities aren’t set up, you may need to register with the local provider.

Bins and recycling

Waste collection is regular in most cities, with apartment buildings having designated dumpsters outside. Recycling in Kazakhstan is still developing, but some cities, including Almaty and Astana, have separate bins for different waste types:

• Yellow bins – Plastic, paper, and metal
• ️Blue bins – Glass
• Grey bins – General waste

Some private recycling initiatives, such as EcoTaxi and KazRecycleService, offer collection services, and some supermarkets have bins for batteries and plastic bottles. That said, many residents do not separate waste, and landfill use is still common.

Useful links

• Electricity: KEGOC, AlES, Astana Energosbyt, Samruk-Energy, and AZHK
• Gas: KazTransGas
• Recycling and Waste Management: KazRecycleService and EcoTaxi

The banking sector in Kazakhstan is one of the most stable and rapidly evolving in Central Asia, with strong regulatory oversight and a fast-growing digital economy. Over 85 percent of transactions are cashless, and the country has embraced fintech, mobile banking, and contactless payments.

Foreign investors benefit from relaxed forex regulations at the Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC), while expats can access a growing number of English-friendly banking services. Managing your money, banking, and taxes in Kazakhstan is becoming more seamless, secure, and future-focused.

Money in Kazakhstan

The local currency in Kazakhstan is the Kazakhstani Tenge (KZT), issued by the National Bank of Kazakhstan (NBK). One tenge is divided into 100 tiyn, although tiyn coins are no longer widely used. The tenge fluctuates based on factors such as oil prices, global market trends, and the NBK's monetary policy adjustments. Although exchange rates can shift, the central bank actively works to maintain stability.

Banknotes and coins currently in circulation include:

• Notes: KZT 500, KZT 1,000, KZT 2,000, KZT 5,000, KZT 10,000, and KZT 20,000
• Coins: KZT 1, KZT 2, KZT 5, KZT 10, KZT 20, KZT 50, and KZT 100

Banking in Kazakhstan

Banking in Kazakhstan is well developed, with a mix of local and international banks offering a full range of services. Some of the most popular local banks include Halyk Bank, Kaspi Bank, and Jusan Bank, while multinational institutions like Citibank and Bereke Bank (formerly Sberbank Kazakhstan) also operate in the country. These banks provide services ranging from digital banking and corporate accounts to foreign currency transactions and investment services.

Banks are typically open on weekdays from 9am to 6pm, with a lunch break in between. Some branches in urban centres offer extended hours or weekend service, but rural branches may have more limited availability.

Opening a bank account

Setting up a bank account in Kazakhstan is typically straightforward, but recent regulations have introduced stricter compliance checks for foreigners. You can open an account in tenge or a foreign currency such as US Dollars, British Pounds, or euros.

To open an account, you’ll need:

• A valid passport
• A Kazakhstan Resident Tax Number (RNN)
• Proof of local address (such as a rental agreement or employer letter)
• In some cases, proof of employment or business registration
• A minimum deposit

Some banks require additional due diligence for foreigners, especially non-residents. It’s advisable to check in advance which banks have more flexible policies. Halyk Bank, Kaspi Bank, and Citibank Kazakhstan are among the most foreigner-friendly options.

If you’re working in Kazakhstan, your employer may specify which bank to use for salary deposits. If not, consider a bank with strong digital banking services, as Kazakhstan is a leader in mobile banking adoption.

ATMs and credit cards

ATMs are widely available in Kazakhstan’s major cities, including Almaty, Astana, and Shymkent, but can be harder to find in rural areas. Most ATMs accept international bank cards and dispense cash in tenge. A few ATMs also allow withdrawals in US dollars and euros.

Credit and debit cards are widely accepted in urban areas, particularly in supermarkets, hotels, and restaurants. Visa and Mastercard are commonly used, while American Express and UnionPay have more limited acceptance. Russian MIR cards may face restrictions due to sanctions.

Kazakhstan has embraced digital and contactless payments, with services like Apple Pay, Google Pay, and Samsung Pay widely supported. Kaspi QR is the most popular mobile payment method in the country, and some businesses also accept WeChat Pay and Alipay.

While cashless transactions are increasingly common, carrying some cash is still advisable, particularly when travelling outside major cities where card acceptance can be inconsistent.

Taxes in Kazakhstan

Taxes in Kazakhstan are relatively straightforward, but if you’re working or investing in the country, consulting a tax expert can help you figure out the latest regulations and avoid compliance pitfalls.

Employment income is taxed at a flat rate of 10 percent. If you spend 183 days in Kazakhstan within a rolling 12-month period, you’ll be considered a tax resident and taxed on your worldwide income. Non-residents are taxed only on income earned within Kazakhstan.

As of 2024, employers must contribute 1.5 percent of an employee’s salary to the Unified Accumulative Pension Fund (UAPF). This contribution will gradually increase to 5 percent by 2028. Social security contributions have also expanded, with foreign workers from Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries – Russia, Belarus, Armenia, and Kyrgyzstan – now required to pay into Kazakhstan’s social and medical insurance schemes.

Kazakhstan has tax treaties with over 50 countries, including the UK, USA, China, and most EU nations. These agreements help reduce double taxation by allowing you to claim tax credits for income taxes paid abroad or benefit from lower withholding tax rates on dividends, interest, and royalties.

Kazakhstan has recently introduced stricter tax compliance checks, particularly for foreign individuals and businesses. If you have assets or bank accounts outside Kazakhstan, you may be required to declare them. The deadline for annual personal income tax (PIT) returns is 31 March of the following year. Employers must file payroll tax reports quarterly, while certain taxpayers – such as foreign business owners – must submit annual income declarations.

Kazakhstan’s eGov platform now allows online tax filing, making it easier to manage tax compliance remotely.

Useful links

•  eGov: Taxation

Many expat families opt for international schools in Kazakhstan due to the language barrier they face in Kazakh-speaking state schools. The good news is that there are several international schools in Kazakhstan providing an excellent level of education. Although some have additional foreign-language streams, such as French, most teach in English. 

Globally recognised and respected education systems, including the Cambridge IGCSE and A-levels, American SATs and Advanced Placement subjects, and the International Baccalaureate, are available at international schools in Kazakhstan.

Kazakhstan’s international schools are mainly located in the expat hubs of Astana (previously known as Nur-Sultan) and Almaty. A few schools can also be found in Atyrau. Expats can expect a high standard of education from international schools, which are often set in modern, purpose-built facilities and staffed by well-qualified, highly-trained teachers.

Read more on Schools and the Education System in Kazakhstan.

Below is a list of some of the most prominent international schools in Kazakhstan.

International schools in Kazakhstan

Galaxy International School

Galaxy International School in Almaty offers a dynamic international learning environment that strongly emphasises academic excellence and personal growth. With a diverse student body and a commitment to fostering independent thinking, the school provides a well-rounded education enriched by extracurricular opportunities and global perspectives.

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: British (Cambridge International Curriculum, IGCSE, and A-levels) and Kazakhstani
Ages: 5 to 18
Website: www.galaxy.edu.kz

Haileybury Almaty

Haileybury Almaty provides a world-class British education in a dynamic, supportive environment, preparing students for top universities worldwide. With strong academic foundations and an emphasis on leadership, creativity and personal growth, the school nurtures confident, globally minded individuals.

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: British (English National Curriculum, Cambridge IGCSE, and A-levels)
Ages: 4 to 18
Website: www.haileybury.kz/en/almaty

Haileybury Astana

Haileybury Astana delivers a rigorous British education with a robust focus on academic excellence, leadership and personal growth. As a leading IB World School, it prepares students for success at top universities while offering outstanding facilities, dedicated teachers and a vibrant international community.

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: British (English National Curriculum and Cambridge IGCSE) and International Baccalaureate
Ages: 2 to 18
Website: www.haileybury.kz/en/astana

Kazakhstan International School

Kazakhstan International School (KIS) offers a welcoming and dynamic environment where students flourish academically and personally. Modern facilities, a broad co-curricular programme, and a commitment to excellence make KIS a top choice for international families in both Almaty and Astana.

With an emphasis on inquiry-based learning, the school fosters critical thinking, creativity and global awareness. A diverse community of students and educators creates a supportive atmosphere that encourages collaboration and personal growth.

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: International Baccalaureate
Ages: 2.5 to 18
Website: www.kisnet.org

Miras International School Almaty

Miras International School Almaty offers a dynamic, multilingual education through the International Baccalaureate and Kazakhstani curricula. Accredited by the Council of International Schools, it provides a globally recognised qualification supporting worldwide university entry. With instruction in English, Kazakh, and Russian, as well as a diverse student body and a strong emphasis on inquiry-based learning, Miras fosters academic excellence and international-mindedness in a supportive, well-equipped campus.

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: International Baccalaureate and Kazakhstani
Ages: 3 to 18
Website: www.miras.kz/en

Miras International School in Astana

Miras International School Astana delivers a globally focused education through the International Baccalaureate, Kazakhstani and French curricula. Accredited by leading international educational bodies, it offers a multilingual learning environment with instruction in English, Kazakh, Russian, and French. With experienced teachers, modern facilities and a strong emphasis on academic excellence and personal growth, Miras prepares students for top universities worldwide.

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: Kazakhstani, French and International Baccalaureate
Ages: 2 to 18
Website: www.miras-astana.kz

Spectrum International School

Spectrum International School delivers a globally recognised education through the Cambridge International Curriculum, complemented by the Kazakhstani framework. With an emphasis on academic excellence, cultural diversity and personalised learning, the school prepares students for top universities worldwide in a supportive international environment.

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: British (Cambridge International Curriculum, IGCSE, and A-levels) and Kazakhstani
Ages: 5 to 18
Website: www.spectrum.edu.kz

Living in Kazakhstan as an expat

Moving to Kazakhstan is an adventure like no other, from the vast, empty steppe to the glitzy skyline of Almaty and the modern architecture of Astana. The country is hard at work, balancing its deep-rooted history with blistering modernisation. Kazakhstan is an economic powerhouse due to its vast natural resources, strategic location, and rapid development.

If your wanderlust is calling, Kazakhstan can answer with welcoming people, lucrative career opportunities, and breathtaking scenery. Still, it’s not a walk in the park: the extreme climate, bureaucratic processes, and cultural differences make it hard for expats to adjust.

Kazakhstan is an economic hub of Central Asia, attracting expats from various industries. While oil and education remain key sectors, mining, IT, finance, agribusiness, and logistics are also drawing international professionals. The Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC) is positioning the country as a regional financial leader, and the government’s investment in digital transformation is creating a lot more demand for tech talent.

Working in Kazakhstan

There are good opportunities for working in Kazakhstan if you’re an expat in one of the industries facing skill shortages. International doctors are in demand, and industries like construction and renewable energy are attracting fresh investment. Kazakhstan’s IT sector is also taking off, creating opportunities for software developers and AI specialists.

For you to work legally, your employer has to sponsor your work permit. Your employer must apply to the Ministry of Labour, which typically takes one to two months. Once approved, you can apply for a C3 work visa at a Kazakh consulate. After arriving, you have to register with the migration police within three days. If you plan to stay long-term, you may apply for a temporary residency permit.

Finding a Job in Kazakhstan
Visas and Residence Permits for Kazakhstan
Work Permits for Kazakhstan

Kazakh culture

Kazakhstan’s culture is informed by nomadic traditions, Soviet influences, and modern globalisation. This is especially visible in business, where hierarchy and respect for seniority play a big role. Building connections is key, and business relationships are often developed over meals.

Social etiquette matters. Hospitality is central to Kazakh culture, and refusing an offer of food or drink can be considered rude. Age and experience are respected, so younger people should offer seats to elders on public transport.

Kazakh people are famously hospitable, and expats frequently find it easy to make local friends and business connections in cities. That said, outside urban areas, expats may be perceived as quite exotic and struggle to fit in. Learning some basic Russian or Kazakh can go a long way in fostering connections.

Adjusting to life in Kazakhstan takes patience, especially when dealing with visa renewals and residency paperwork, which can be frustratingly slow. Winters are harsh, particularly in Astana. That said, if you do the work to immerse yourself in the local culture, you’ll find living here both challenging and truly rewarding.

Local Culture in Kazakhstan
Business Culture in Kazakhstan

Finding accommodation in Kazakhstan

The property market in Kazakhstan varies widely. Soviet-era apartments are affordable but offer limited amenities, while modern, Western-style housing comes at a premium. Almaty and Astana have thriving expat communities, with higher-end accommodation concentrated in specific districts.

In Almaty, expats favour areas such as Samal for its luxury apartments and proximity to embassies, while Dostyk Avenue is known for its cafés and green spaces. Families often settle near Al-Farabi Avenue, where international schools and shopping centres are easily accessible.

In Astana, Yesil District (Left Bank) is the go-to area for expats, close to government buildings and high-end residences. The Highvill Residential Complex is also popular for its modern amenities and security. Saryarka District provides a more budget-friendly alternative with good access to the city centre.

Renting property legally requires a valid visa, a written lease agreement (typically six months to a year), and sometimes notarisation. Deposits are standard, and rent is typically paid in USD or KZT. Officially registered landlords pay rental income tax, but some prefer informal cash payments, which can pose legal risks.

Renting Accommodation in Kazakhstan

Cost of living in Kazakhstan

Although rent tends to take up the biggest chunk of an expat’s budget, living expenses in Kazakhstan are manageable. Everyday essentials like groceries and public transport are affordable. Fuel prices are low, making car ownership more feasible. However, international school fees can be high, so families should budget accordingly.

Groceries are affordable – staples like milk, bread, rice, and eggs cost very little. Utility costs depend on the season, with heating bills rising significantly in winter.

Cost of Living in Kazakhstan

Living in Kazakhstan with children

Raising children in Kazakhstan can be a fulfilling experience. The country has a growing number of recreational options, from parks to aquariums and ski resorts. Healthcare services are improving, but comprehensive private insurance is recommended for expat families.

Healthcare and Medical Insurance in Kazakhstan

Finding a school in Kazakhstan

Education in Kazakhstan is compulsory until high school, but most public schools teach in Kazakh or Russian. Expats usually go for private or international schools that offer classes in English.

Admission procedures vary, but common requirements at international schools include an application form, previous academic records, entrance exams, health checks, and an interview. Spaces in these schools fill quickly, so early application is recommended.

Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools (NIS) offer a high-standard bilingual education, combining Kazakh and English instruction with a strong emphasis on STEM subjects. Some public schools in major cities provide limited English-taught subjects, but the curriculum remains predominantly in Kazakh or Russian.

School and Education for Expats in Kazakhstan
International Schools in Kazakhstan

Getting around in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan spans a huge area, so travelling between regions takes a while. In the cities though, you’ll find inexpensive and reliable public transportation, including buses, trolleybuses, and metros. Almaty’s metro, although efficient and tidy, operates only a single route. Ride-hailing apps like Yandex Go and InDriver offer a practical, budget-friendly way to get around.

Expats can use an international driving permit (IDP) for a year. After that, they’ll need a Kazakh licence, which involves a medical exam, a driving test (in Kazakh or Russian), and paperwork at a Public Service Centre.

Road conditions vary. Major highways are well-maintained, but rural roads can be rough. Winters bring hazardous driving conditions due to the heavy snow and ice. Traffic laws are strict, including a 0 percent blood alcohol limit for drivers and strict speed limits on highways.

Public Transport, Driver’s Licences and Driving in Kazakhstan

Climate and weather in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan’s climate is extreme, with scorching summers and freezing winters. Astana is one of the coldest capitals in the world, with winter temperatures dropping below -40°F (-40°C), while summers can exceed 95°F (35°C). Almaty has a milder climate.

Adaptation strategies include using block heaters for cars, wearing layered thermal clothing, and relying on centralised heating systems. Snowstorms can disrupt transport, and heating costs rise significantly in winter. In contrast, southern regions like Shymkent have a more Mediterranean-like climate with milder winters.

Climate Charts for Kazakhstan

Fast facts

Population: Over 20 million

Capital city: Astana

Other major cities: Almaty, Shymkent, Karaganda, Aktobe

Neighbouring countries: Kazakhstan is bordered by Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan to the south, Russia to the north and west, and China to the east.

Geography: Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country in the world. Its terrain comprises mountainous areas, grasslands, steppes, wide plains and numerous rivers, streams, and lakes. Although called a sea, the Caspian Sea is the world’s largest inland body of water.

Political system: Unitary presidential constitutional republic

Major religions: Islam (primarily Sunni) and Christianity (mainly Russian Orthodox)

Main languages: Kazakh (official) and Russian (widely spoken)

Money: Kazakhstani Tenge (KZT)

Tipping: Tipping is not mandatory in Kazakhstan, but it’s becoming a lot more common in urban areas for restaurants, taxis, and hotels. Some restaurants include a service charge, but additional tipping of 5 to 10 percent is often expected in tourist areas.

Time: GMT+5 (West) and GMT+6 (East)

Electricity: 220V, 50Hz. European round two-pin plugs are standard.

Internet domain: .kz

International dialling code: +7 (shared with Russia)

Emergency contacts: 101 (fire), 102 (police), 103 (ambulance)

Transport and driving: Drive on the right-hand side. Major cities have bus networks, trams, private taxis and shared taxis for transport. There are also rail networks across the country and a metro system in Almaty.

Living in Kazakhstan can be a fascinating adventure if you weigh up the pros and cons to ensure that relocating to this vast Eurasian country is the right decision for you. Astana (previously Nur-Sultan), the capital, might be overlooked at first. Almaty long overshadowed it, but more corporate headquarters, embassies, and consular services have since shifted north to Astana.

A quick internet search will tell you that Astana is the world’s second-coldest capital city. The question is, what is life really like here? Below, you’ll find a snapshot of the key pros and cons to consider if you decide to move to Kazakhstan.

Working and doing business in Kazakhstan

Working and doing business in Kazakhstan will likely feel slightly different from what you may be used to. That said, making the necessary adjustments will be essential to your success in the workplace.

+ PRO: Good salary packages

Many expats arrive with international firms or embassies, but more openings in education and technology are emerging. These roles typically offer competitive pay and perks such as housing, education, and healthcare allowances.

- CON: Nobody says no

Getting straightforward answers in meetings could be challenging. Locals generally have trouble saying ‘no’, so they might agree to a proposal initially but never deliver if it’s not actually possible.

- CON: Bureaucracy is rife

Even though processes are improving, you’ll still have to cope with a fair amount of red tape. Most official documents and meetings are in Russian or Kazakh, so a translator is indispensable if you don’t speak these languages.

Working in Kazakhstan
Doing Business in Kazakhstan

Accommodation in Kazakhstan

Accommodation in Kazakhstan ranges from standard Soviet-era flats to modern high-rises. Your budget or employer-subsidised allowance makes a significant difference. Although supply can be limited during construction slowdowns, newer complexes, especially in Astana and Almaty, include better insulation and modern amenities. 

+ PRO: Expanding choices in accommodation options

Astana is witnessing rapid development, with new apartment blocks springing up across the city. Landlords in modern buildings tend to furnish apartments on request. You’ll find everything from riverside flats in the older districts to sleek tower units in the central zones. One- to three-bedroom apartments are most common, although bigger ones are around if you keep looking.

- CON: Houses are hard to find

Detached homes are scarce in the main cities and command much higher rents. Heating a large house in winter can also be pricey, and landlords often pass these costs to tenants.

+ PRO: Cheap utilities

Heating and water are centrally managed, so you pay less than you would for an individual boiler. The country’s harsh winters have necessitated that the system is solid and reliable.

- CON: No control over utilities

Centralised heating leaves you with little say about when it’s switched on or off. Some buildings run so hot that you may need to crack open a window to cool down, even when it’s icy outside.

Accommodation in Kazakhstan

Cost of living in Kazakhstan

The cost of living in Kazakhstan depends on how you balance local and imported products. Many everyday food items and basic household goods are affordable, while certain imports remain expensive.

+ PRO: Affordable basic food

Locally produced essentials, such as dairy and grains, are generally inexpensive. Kazakhstan’s agricultural base means fresh meat, milk, and bread won’t break the bank. Expect to pay much more if you want a wider range of food products, particularly international food.

- CON: Pricey furniture, clothing, and electronics

Much of the furniture, branded clothing, and tech devices come from abroad, so you may see hefty markups. Second-hand marketplaces are a popular alternative for budget-conscious shoppers. The tenge can fluctuate, so your spending power might shift from month to month.

Cost of Living in Kazakhstan

Lifestyle in Kazakhstan

The lifestyle in Kazakhstan can be surprisingly diverse, even with Astana’s famously icy winters. You might worry about the cold, but the city is well set up to cope with snow and sub-zero temperatures, and you’ll still find plenty to do in your free time.

+ PRO: Growing social scene

People in Kazakhstan tend to be warm and welcoming. The international community in cities like Astana and Almaty remains relatively small, but it’s expanding quickly. You’ll find interest groups ranging from dance classes to adventure sports, and Facebook or Telegram forums often host regular social gatherings.

- CON: The country’s cities are largely isolated

Astana is hundreds of miles from other major hubs, and flight routes can be limited. If you plan to travel farther afield, you might need to transfer through Moscow, Frankfurt, or Vienna. The airport stays open in most conditions, but severe snowfall can occasionally interrupt roads and rail links.

+ PRO: Excellent winter sports opportunities

Kazakhstan’s winter is no joke, but it’s also the perfect chance to try skiing or snowboarding at slopes near Almaty, such as Shymbulak. Ice hockey is popular too, and many expats join friendly leagues. The energy of these sports can help you see the colder months in a whole new light.

Safety in Kazakhstan

Safety in Kazakhstan is generally good. Police patrols are more noticeable in major cities, and there are urban projects using automation to monitor traffic and reduce congestion. That said, you’ll want to stay aware of your surroundings, especially if you’re driving on wintry roads or withdrawing cash in unfamiliar areas.

+ PRO: Low crime rates

Astana has minimal petty theft and even lower levels of serious crime. The new town centre remains lively late into the evening, and most people feel fine walking alone at night. Cameras in public spaces help keep troublemakers away.

- CON: Hazardous driving conditions

Many expats might rely on a company car and driver, but if you set off on your own, be prepared for snow and ice. Astana’s roads are cleared promptly, but black ice still poses a risk. Rural highways can be dicey, and rescue services might take longer to respond during storms.

- CON: Bribery and scams can happen

Fake police officers demanding bribes or random individuals offering ‘special deals’ can crop up. Always ask for proper identification, and avoid roadside transactions with unknown parties. Most locals are honest, but you should stay alert.

+ PRO: Significant road safety improvements

Kazakhstan has introduced stricter drunk driving laws, and AI-powered traffic monitoring systems have pushed accident rates down substantially in recent years. Smart City initiatives are on the rise in Astana, improving emergency response and reducing reckless driving.

Local culture in Kazakhstan

Learning to adapt to the local culture in Kazakhstan will play a huge part in settling into your new life comfortably. Many residents appreciate even a few words of Kazakh or Russian, and you’ll fit in faster if you show genuine interest in local customs.

+ PRO: Friendly and welcoming locals

Kazakhstanis are famous for their hospitality. Neighbours might drop by with gifts or festive treats during national holidays. Landlords commonly leave little presents or welcome hampers.

- CON: Drinking culture

Vodka toasts and unique local drinks, like fermented camel’s milk, feature heavily at social gatherings. It can be overwhelming if you’re unused to frequent toasts, although few people will pressure you if you politely decline.

+ PRO: Vibrant cultural festivals and events

From the World Nomad Games to the Almaty Apple Festival, Kazakhstan hosts year-round celebrations of its multicultural identity. Traditional performances, craft markets, and musical shows give you a front-row seat to local heritage. You can also find contemporary events that celebrate modern art, music, and cuisine.

Local Culture in Kazakhstan

Education and schools in Kazakhstan

Education in Kazakhstan can be a surprisingly varied experience for your family. Astana and Almaty boast new and expanded international schools, including those offering the International Baccalaureate, British A-Levels, and American-style curricula. If your children speak some Kazakh or Russian, local schools are also worth considering, especially as more institutions introduce bilingual programmes.

+ PRO: Increasing choice of international schools

Many international schools recruit teachers from abroad, and many provide excellent education standards. Your children can often continue with a familiar curriculum, which simplifies transitions between countries. New schools keep opening to meet demand, so you’ll have a wider pool of options.

- CON: Limited space in international schools

Top institutions are incredibly popular with both locals and foreign residents. Waiting lists can be long, so it’s worth contacting them as early as possible to secure a spot. Some schools prioritise expats and diplomatic families, but it’s still wise to apply months – or even a year – ahead.

You may find that top-tier schools charge hefty annual fees, which can strain your budget if you’re paying out of pocket. While many employers offer educational allowances, it’s best to confirm these benefits well before enrolment.

Schooling in Kazakhstan 
International Schools in Kazakhstan

Healthcare in Kazakhstan

Healthcare in Kazakhstan is growing rapidly, with new hospitals and clinics under construction in major cities. A modern multi-profile facility in Astana and major upgrades in Kokshetau aim to ease pressure on existing providers. Although you may face long queues, public healthcare is free in principle. Private clinics offer faster service but charge higher fees, especially for specialist care or maternity services.

- CON: Most intensive medical care takes place abroad

Serious operations or advanced procedures often require referral to top-tier hospitals in Frankfurt, Istanbul, or beyond. You’ll find routine GP visits and emergency treatment on the ground in Astana, but complicated surgeries or specialist procedures may be arranged elsewhere through air ambulance services or medical partnerships with Russia and China.

+ PRO: Specialist care is on the rise

Cardiology, oncology, and paediatrics are all improving in major centres, with more highly trained doctors and upgraded equipment. New hospital expansions aim to build on these services, so you no longer need to travel internationally for every advanced treatment.

+ PRO: International health insurance

Most foreign workers receive health coverage through employers. This usually includes access to private clinics, which helps you sidestep the queues at public hospitals. You can schedule regular checkups more conveniently, and any major issues can be coordinated with your insurer for swift referrals.

If you lack employer-sponsored insurance, you could face steep costs at private hospitals, especially for specialist consultations or extended stays. It’s a good idea to research coverage options and confirm whether your policy extends to family members if you’re moving with children or a partner.

Healthcare and Health Insurance in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan may not be the first place that comes to mind for relocation, but this vast and varied country offers a unique experience for those daring enough to explore it. There’s not a lot of information available for newcomers, so prepare ahead of time.

While Kazakhstan was once known for its nomadic traditions, it has now become a regional economic leader with modern cities and a growing global presence. Beyond the urban centres, traditional life still thrives in rural villages on the steppe. Moving here requires cultural adjustment, but the experience can be deeply enriching.

Language barrier in Kazakhstan

You will need to navigate the language barrier in Kazakhstan early on. Kazakh is the state language, and the government actively promotes its use. Russian remains dominant in business, urban areas, and many daily interactions. Most people in major cities are bilingual, and Russian is the default language in many workplaces.

There is an ongoing transition from the Cyrillic to the Latin alphabet, with full implementation expected by 2031. This shift is part of a broader effort to modernise the Kazakh language and reduce Russian influence. Learning the basics of both Kazakh and Russian will make life much easier, and even a few words of Kazakh will be warmly appreciated by locals.

If you’re looking for language-learning resources, apps like Tilqural (for Kazakh), Duolingo (for Russian), and language-exchange platforms such as Tandem can be helpful.

Working in Kazakhstan

Bureaucracy in Kazakhstan

Navigating bureaucracy in Kazakhstan may be more time-consuming than you’re used to and often requires patience. Official procedures, such as residency registration or obtaining work permits, involve several steps and may differ based on your nationality and employer.

Kazakhstan has been digitising many services to simplify bureaucratic processes. The eGov portal now handles online applications for visas, work permits, and other official documents, and this has reduced the number of in-person visits to government offices.

Many foreigners hire local legal consultants or visa services to help with residency applications and work permits. Understanding the specific requirements in advance and bringing the necessary documentation can also speed up the process. Keeping a sense of humour and a respectful attitude can go a long way when dealing with officials.

Visas for Kazakhstan 
Work Permits for Kazakhstan

Business culture in Kazakhstan

The business culture in Kazakhstan is fundamentally informed by hierarchy and respect for authority. Decisions typically originate from the top levels, which means negotiations can be prolonged as recommendations are elevated through the hierarchy.

Relationships are key to success. Kazakhstani professionals value trust and personal connections, and they place emphasis on face-to-face meetings and networking. Formal business attire prevails in corporate settings, and small, thoughtful gifts are often exchanged as a sign of goodwill.

Business Culture in Kazakhstan

Socialising in Kazakhstan

First impressions in Kazakhstan can be misleading. People may seem reserved or even brusque in public, but this is just a surface-level formality. Once you break the ice, Kazakhstanis are exceptionally warm and welcoming.

Hospitality is central to Kazakh culture. If invited to someone’s home, expect a generous spread of food and drink. Bring a small gift for the host – sweets, flowers, or a bottle of something are always appreciated.

It is customary to remove your shoes upon entering. Guests are treated with great respect, and refusing food or drink can be seen as impolite. Be prepared to try everything offered; if you really cannot eat something, a polite excuse will be better received than an outright refusal.

Family in Kazakhstan

Family is at the heart of daily life in Kazakhstan, influencing everything from career choices to major celebrations. Respect for elders is deeply ingrained, and multiple generations often live under one roof, particularly in rural areas. Even in cities, young professionals frequently consult their parents before making significant life decisions.

Large family gatherings are the norm, and children are always included in social events. Weddings, New Year’s Eve parties, and even formal dinners will typically have children running around. Do not be surprised if guests bring toddlers to an evening meal – child-free events are virtually unheard of.

Urbanisation is gradually reshaping family dynamics. In major cities like Almaty and Astana, smaller nuclear families are becoming more common, and younger generations enjoy greater independence. Women are increasingly pursuing higher education and careers, which is shifting traditional gender roles.

Kazakhstan has a rich tradition of family customs, many of which are still widely practised. Betashar is a bride’s unveiling ceremony at weddings, and Tusau Keser is a symbolic celebration when a child takes their first steps. Before major life events, it is customary for younger family members to seek blessings from their elders.

Religion in Kazakhstan

Religion in Kazakhstan is important to Kazakhstan’s cultural identity, but the country remains a secular state with a strong emphasis on religious tolerance. Islam, primarily Sunni, is the dominant religion, followed by Russian Orthodox Christianity. Despite this, many Kazakhs take a moderate or cultural approach to religious practices rather than strict observance.

Kazakhstanis take pride in their country’s capacity for religious coexistence. You’ll find mosques, churches, and temples existing side by side, and the government actively promotes interfaith dialogue. Kazakhstan regularly hosts the Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions, fostering discussions between different faith groups.

There is freedom of worship in Kazakhstan, but religious organisations must be officially registered, and certain religious activities are monitored to prevent extremism. While the government is secular, occasional debates arise about the balance between religious freedoms and state regulations, particularly regarding religious attire and public gatherings.

Alcohol is readily accessible, although foreign wines may come with a high price tag. Pork is available in designated areas of some grocery stores to accommodate non-Muslim locals. When hosting visitors, it’s always courteous to inquire about their dietary preferences in advance.

Women in Kazakhstan

Women in Kazakhstan do comparatively well within Central Asian society. Kazakhstan ranks among the region’s leaders in gender equality, placing 76th in the Global Gender Gap Index. In urban centres, women actively participate in business, academia, and government sectors. Businesses in Kazakhstan often have women in senior positions, and the country has implemented various initiatives to support female entrepreneurship. Professional expat women generally find Kazakhstan welcoming.

Maternity support includes 126 days of paid leave (70 days before and 56 days after birth), with additional unpaid leave available to care for a child until they reach three years of age.

That said, life differs markedly between urban and rural areas. City life offers women more educational and career opportunities, while traditional gender roles tend to be more pronounced in villages. Family expectations can still influence major life decisions for many women across the country.

Safety for women in Kazakhstan is broadly comparable to other developing nations. Exercise standard precautions in public places, especially at night. Local women often dress modestly outside major urban centres, although foreign women aren’t expected to adhere to these norms rigidly.

LGBTQ+ in Kazakhstan

In recent years, LGBTQ+ individuals in Kazakhstan have faced both progress and challenges. Same-sex relations were decriminalised in 1997, but the country lacks comprehensive anti-discrimination protections for LGBTQ+ people. The Constitution prohibits discrimination in general terms, but specific legal protections based on sexual orientation or gender identity are absent.

Legal restrictions increased in 2024 when legislation was signed prohibiting adoption by same-sex couples. Expats often find that privacy about sexual orientation or gender identity reduces complications during their stay. When seeking accommodation, LGBTQ+ couples might find it simpler to present themselves as friends or roommates, particularly in more traditional neighbourhoods.

Social attitudes vary significantly between generations and locations. Urban centres, particularly Almaty, tend to be more accepting than rural areas. Younger, university-educated urbanites generally display greater tolerance, but traditional values dominate in smaller communities and among older generations.

As a result, LGBTQ+ expats typically keep a low profile. Public displays of affection between same-sex couples are rare and may attract unwanted attention. The community stays discreet, with few organised resources or visible meeting spaces. Some online resources exist, including news sites like Kok.team and advocacy groups like Feminita. Social media platforms provide virtual communities where people can connect more safely.

Kazakhstan, the world’s largest landlocked country, experiences an extreme continental climate with dramatic seasonal shifts. The country is so large and varied that you might find thick snow blanketing the north while the south is already gearing up for the agricultural season.

Spring arrives earliest in southern cities like Almaty, Shymkent, and Taraz, where temperatures begin to climb by late February or early March. In contrast, the northern and central regions, including Astana, remain locked in winter’s grip until late April. As the snow melts, expect muddy streets and overflowing rivers. The freeze-thaw cycle wreaks havoc on roads, and rapid snowmelt sometimes sets off landslides and mudflows in mountainous areas.

Summer in Kazakhstan, from June to early September, can be blisteringly hot, with temperatures frequently exceeding 90°F (32°C). The steppe regions and southern cities often experience heatwaves, and dust storms are common in central and western regions. Thunderstorms roll through Almaty and the mountainous areas, sometimes unleashing heavy hail capable of damaging cars and crops.

Autumn sweeps across Kazakhstan from September to November, painting the landscape in shades of gold and red. This is harvest season and markets are filled with freshly picked apples, melons, and grains. It’s also prime time for hunting in the northern and eastern regions. Almaty experiences mild autumns that linger well into November, but Astana’s autumn is fleeting – one moment, it’s sweater weather, and the next, you’re reaching for a winter coat.

January is the coldest month, with temperatures plunging. In Astana, it’s not uncommon to see -40°F (-40°C) with biting winds that cut through even the warmest coats. Snowfall is heavy and persistent, blanketing the country for months. Living through a Kazakh winter requires preparation. Homes are well-insulated, and locals rely on thick wool coats, fur-lined ushankas (hats), and valenki (felt boots) to stay warm. Cars are winter-readied with mandatory snow tyres, and many vehicles have engine block heaters to survive the freezing cold. 

Efficient snow-clearing efforts keep public transport in cities like Astana and Almaty flowing, but rural areas can be cut off after heavy snowfall. If you’re planning outdoor activities, be aware that the extreme cold temperatures pose real risks. Frostbite can set in within minutes, and mountain conditions around Almaty can change in an instant, making avalanches a constant danger. Local wisdom says never to leave home without a thermos of hot tea, and if you’re driving, an emergency kit with blankets, food, and a shovel is a must. 

If you’re working in Kazakhstan, you’ll likely find yourself in the country’s capital, Astana (previously Nur-Sultan) or Almaty. As Central Asia’s largest economy, Kazakhstan offers great career development opportunities, particularly in oil, mining, construction, and emerging sectors like green energy and IT.

With abundant natural resources and a variety of thriving industries, Kazakhstan has plenty of employment prospects if you’re considering working here. Thanks to its role in the Belt and Road Initiative, the country’s strategic location also makes it a key player in global logistics and trade. 

Job market in Kazakhstan

The job market in Kazakhstan is heavily influenced by its natural resource wealth. Oil and gas remain dominant, contributing significantly to the GDP. The mining sector is also a powerhouse. Kazakhstan is a major global supplier of uranium (producing over 40 percent of the world’s supply), copper, and zinc.

Other key industries include construction, agriculture (Kazakhstan is a top wheat exporter), and tourism. The digital economy is growing, with increasing opportunities in IT and tech startups.

English teachers continue to be in high demand, driven by the government’s trilingual education policy and the expansion of private international schools and language centres. Preference is given to teachers with TEFL or TESOL certifications.

There are also some government workers and diplomats from other countries working in Kazakhstan, most of whom are based in Astana.

Finding a job in Kazakhstan

Finding a job in Kazakhstan can be straightforward if you’re transferring within a multinational company. Many expats secure roles through intra-company transfers, simplifying visa and work permit processes.

If you’re searching independently, you’ll need a solid strategy and an understanding of the local job market. Online job boards remain a great starting point, but networking is often the key to unlocking the best opportunities.

LinkedIn is particularly effective for corporate roles, especially in finance, IT, and engineering. Multinational companies frequently post jobs here before listing them on local platforms. For broader opportunities, job portals like HeadHunter.kz and Rabota.kz are widely used.

Useful links

• HeadHunter.kz
• Rabota.kz
• Enbek.kz
• Jooble.kz
• Astana Hub

Work culture in Kazakhstan

The work culture in Kazakhstan mostly reflects traditional hierarchical structures. Most businesses operate on a standard 40-hour Monday-to-Friday workweek, with an eight-hour workday. 

In traditional industries like government, oil and gas, and finance, seniority and authority are deeply respected, but multinational companies and startups frequently embrace a more flexible, performance-based culture. Small talk is a key part of business discussions, and strong personal relationships are valued. Gift-giving and business dinners are common customs in corporate settings.

Remote work is still in its infancy, with less than one percent of the workforce working remotely. Many companies still favour in-person work due to management preferences and cultural norms, and rural areas face internet infrastructure limitations.

Work-life balance expectations vary across industries. Government and corporate jobs usually have strict working hours, while IT and startup companies offer more flexibility. Oil and gas and construction workers often work shift-based roles, sometimes in remote locations. Employees are entitled to at least 24 days of paid vacation per year, and national holidays are observed.

Business Culture in Kazakhstan

Worrying about education in Kazakhstan? Public schools here have a solid foundation, with a literacy rate close to 100 percent. In recent years, the government has introduced reforms to modernise the system, including a shift to a 12-year schooling structure and increased digital learning tools. While urban schools are improving, rural areas still face challenges such as outdated facilities and teacher shortages.

Due to these disparities, you may prefer to send your children to one of Kazakhstan’s international schools, most of which are based in Almaty and Astana (previously Nur-Sultan).

Public schools in Kazakhstan

Public education in Kazakhstan follows a 12-year system in line with international standards. Tuition at state schools is free for citizens and residents. Classes are primarily taught in Kazakh or Russian, with some schools introducing English as part of a trilingual education initiative. While this reform is promising, expat parents worry about inconsistent implementation.

If you decide to enrol your child in a public school, be aware that schools typically run in two sessions a day – one in the morning and another in the afternoon. Although some schools offer homework programmes where students can stay while you’re at work, children generally attend one session daily. 

Public schools in major cities typically have better resources, including STEM clubs, sports programmes, and digital learning initiatives. Rural schools sometimes struggle with outdated materials and limited internet access.

Useful links

• Ministry of Education and Science of Kazakhstan

Private and international schools in Kazakhstan

International schools in Kazakhstan offer high-quality education, attracting both well-off local families and expats looking for globally recognised curricula. Popular options include the International Baccalaureate (IB), the British curriculum, and the American system.

Admission to these schools can be competitive, with many requiring entrance assessments. Demand is high, so it’s wise to apply well in advance. Some schools prioritise students with previous international schooling, while others focus on academic testing.

International schools in Kazakhstan are known for their strong academic standards, modern facilities, and extracurricular programmes. Many provide a multilingual environment, helping students integrate smoothly into the local culture while maintaining their native language skills.

Tuition fees for international schools can be substantial, and costs vary between institutions. If you’re an expat parent moving to Kazakhstan, try factoring the school fees into your relocation package or employer benefits.

Read more: Best International Schools in Kazakhstan

Special educational needs in Kazakhstan

Accessing special educational needs (SEN) support in Kazakhstan can be challenging, but progress is being made in public schools. That said, international and private schools generally offer better SEN programmes.

International schools usually provide the most extensive support, with services such as speech therapy, adaptive learning environments, and individualised education plans (IEPs). In contrast, while many public schools claim to be inclusive, only around 70 percent have implemented some form of SEN support, and availability can vary significantly depending on location.

Tutors in Kazakhstan

Private tutoring in Kazakhstan is a thriving industry, fuelled by academic competition and the push for top university placements. Many students seek extra support to prepare for entrance exams such as the SAT, IELTS, or Kazakhstan’s own Unified National Testing (UNT). Whether you’re looking for help in maths, sciences, or language learning, a range of options are available.

The most in-demand subjects for tutoring include English and the STEM subjects. Many students also seek additional lessons in Kazakh and Russian, particularly if they are non-native speakers aiming for fluency.

Finding English-speaking tutors is relatively easy in cities like Almaty and Astana. International schools and private institutions employ native or fluent English-speaking tutors, and many university students offer affordable private lessons. Online tutoring platforms such as Preply and TeacherOn provide further options, connecting students with tutors worldwide.

When choosing a tutor, families often rely on word-of-mouth recommendations, online reviews, and tutoring centres that vet and certify educators.

Useful links

• Preply
• TeacherOn
• Lessonpal – Tutors for Kazakh and Russian Languages

The quality of healthcare in Kazakhstan is highly variable, especially in the public sector. While the government continues to implement reforms, public healthcare has struggled with chronic underfunding and inefficiencies since the end of the Soviet era. Bribery and corruption among underpaid medical professionals remain widespread.

Most people moving to Kazakhstan opt for private health insurance to access better-quality private hospitals and doctors. The public healthcare system, although improving, still faces long waiting times, a shortage of specialists, and inconsistent service delivery.

You may find that Kazakhstani doctors have a different bedside manner compared to Western medical professionals. They can sometimes seem brusque or impatient, particularly when facing language barriers and tight schedules. This is normal behaviour for doctors in Kazakhstan and not a personal slight.

Public healthcare in Kazakhstan

Public hospitals are widespread, with around 70 percent of Kazakhstan’s hospitals owned by the government. The quality of care varies significantly between urban and rural areas. Almaty and Astana offer better-equipped hospitals with more specialised care, and the services provided in remote regions are limited.

If you are a legal resident, you are entitled to public healthcare, but expect inconsistencies in service delivery. Some people report receiving good care, while others face long delays, equipment shortages, and out-of-pocket expenses for services that should be free.

English-speaking medical professionals are rare in the public sector. If you plan to use public healthcare, being proficient in a local language or having a translator can significantly improve your experience.

Useful links

• Kazakhstan Ministry of Healthcare
• eGov Public Healthcare Services

Private healthcare in Kazakhstan

Private hospitals in Kazakhstan provide a higher standard of care than public hospitals, with shorter wait times, modern equipment, and better-trained staff. That said, costs can be high, and not all private facilities have English-speaking doctors, especially outside major cities.

Some of the most reputable private hospitals for foreigners include American Medical Centers in Almaty and Astana, which offer international standards and English-speaking staff. Kazakh-Russian Medical University Hospital is also known for its reliable services, particularly for international residents.

If you require major surgery or specialised treatment, you may need to consider medical evacuation to a nearby country. Although costs can be substantial, private air ambulance services and international insurers offer evacuation coverage.

Health insurance in Kazakhstan

Since 2020, Kazakhstan has required mandatory monthly public health insurance contributions from both employers and employees. This system, the Compulsory Social Health Insurance (CSHI), remains inefficient and comes with long waiting times, staff shortages, and bureaucratic hurdles.

Public insurance covers essential services, hospital stays, and emergency care, but many residents find its coverage limited, particularly for specialist treatments and certain medications. As a result, middle- and upper-class residents often choose private insurance for faster access and better quality care.

Private health insurance provides access to private hospitals, shorter wait times, and a wider range of treatments. However, costs can vary significantly, and some policies may not cover all medical expenses.

Pharmacies and medication in Kazakhstan

Pharmacies, known as "Аптека" (Apteka) in Kazakh and Russian, are widely available in larger cities. The pharmacy symbol is typically a green cross, similar to many European countries. However, imported medications can be harder to find due to supply chain regulations, and some drugs that are over-the-counter (OTC) in Western countries may require a prescription in Kazakhstan.

Common medications like painkillers and antibiotics are generally available, but specialised medications, like ADHD treatments and certain antidepressants, may be strictly regulated or unavailable.

If you plan to bring prescription medications into Kazakhstan, be aware that strict regulations apply. You should carry a doctor’s prescription along with a translated document in Russian or Kazakh. Verify the availability of any essential medication before travelling. Some controlled substances may need to be declared at customs, and certain strong painkillers or narcotics may be restricted or banned.

Social media discussions and forums indicate that imported medication prices can be high, and counterfeit drugs may be a concern in smaller, unverified pharmacies. When purchasing medication, stick to reputable pharmacies in major cities.

Health hazards in Kazakhstan

Health concerns in Kazakhstan range from chronic conditions like cardiovascular disease, respiratory illnesses, and cancer to infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV. Approximately 40,000 people in the country are living with HIV, with new cases mostly linked to high-risk populations.

Environmental factors also play a role. Air pollution in major cities like Almaty and Astana has worsened due to industrial emissions and coal heating in winter, leading to respiratory issues. Frostbite and hypothermia are risks in the north, where temperatures can drop below -30°C (-22°F). Travellers spending time in rural areas should be aware of tick-borne encephalitis, especially in spring and summer.

Kazakhstan has also banned the sale of energy drinks to individuals under 21 to combat rising concerns over heart health and addiction.

Pre-travel vaccinations in Kazakhstan

Ensure your routine vaccinations are up-to-date before travelling to Kazakhstan. Recommended vaccinations include hepatitis A and B, typhoid, and rabies, especially if you plan to visit rural areas or engage in outdoor activities.

Travellers spending extended time in Kazakhstan may consider tuberculosis (TB) vaccination. Those planning outdoor adventures in forests or mountainous regions should get vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis. Polio vaccination is required for travellers arriving from polio-endemic countries.

Emergency services in Kazakhstan

In a medical emergency, dial 103 for an ambulance or 112 for general emergency assistance. Ambulance response times vary: in Almaty and Astana, they typically arrive within 10 to 20 minutes, but in rural areas, delays of 30 minutes or more are common due to resource limitations.

Many expats report challenges with emergency services due to a lack of English-speaking staff. As a result, private hospitals and international insurance policies offering emergency medical evacuation are popular options for foreigners seeking faster, higher-quality care.

Private ambulance services are available in major cities and generally provide quicker response times, although at a cost. For serious medical emergencies, air ambulance services can arrange evacuations to nearby countries with higher healthcare standards.

With Kazakhstan’s rich oil and gas reserves and rapidly growing economy, you’ll find doing business in Kazakhstan attractive. The country offers significant investment potential, from mineral resources and space technology to agriculture and finance.

Expats in Kazakhstan commonly complain about its labyrinthine bureaucracy. It’s a factor that you should account for when planning business operations. Despite these challenges, Kazakhstan boasts the largest economy in Central Asia, and it’s a strategic hub for regional business expansion.

Fast facts

Business hours

The standard workweek runs from 9am to 6pm, Monday to Friday, with a one-hour lunch break typically starting at 12pm or 1pm. Retail, hospitality, and industrial sectors may operate on extended or shift-based schedules. Networking often extends beyond office hours, with business discussions frequently taking place over dinners or tea.

Business language

Russian remains the dominant business language, especially in corporate settings. The official state language, Kazakh, is increasingly used in government and local enterprises. English is gaining importance in multinational corporations, particularly in finance and tech, but is not universally spoken across all industries.

Dress

Formal business attire is expected in corporate, finance, and government sectors – suits, ties, dresses, or business suits. In tech and startup environments, the atmosphere is often more casual, and smart-casual clothing is frequently seen. In more traditional industries or formal situations, conservative dress is advised.

Gifts

Exchanging gifts in a business context is a usual practice and can foster strong connections. Appropriate gifts include high-quality chocolates, corporate souvenirs, or fine pens. Avoid overly expensive gifts, as they may be perceived as bribery, and steer clear of clock-related items, which are considered bad luck. Always present gifts with both hands as a sign of respect.

Gender equality

Kazakhstan has made strides in promoting gender equality, with increasing female representation in middle and senior management. Traditional gender roles remain strong in certain industries, but entrepreneurship among women is rising.

Greetings

A firm handshake with direct eye contact is the standard business greeting among men. When greeting a woman, it’s best to let her initiate the handshake or opt for a slight nod if preferred.

In younger, multinational workplaces, informal greetings such as nods or even light hugs are becoming more common. Learning a few Kazakh phrases, such as ‘As-Salamu Alaykum’ (a respectful greeting), can leave a positive impression.

Business culture in Kazakhstan

Meetings

Meetings in Kazakhstan tend to start with casual conversations, as there is an emphasis on personal connections within business. Be prepared for inquiries about your wellbeing and family life before any negotiations begin. Face-to-face meetings are preferred over emails or phone calls, and patience is key – trust must be established before deals progress.

Business people in Kazakhstan are tough negotiators and can be rather loud when engaging in discussions. Stand your ground, but do not argue with a senior officer in public.

Hierarchy

Seniority carries great weight in Kazakhstani business culture. Decision-making is typically top-down, with higher management making critical business choices. Employees look to their supervisors for direction, and a clear respect for rank is expected in interactions.

Hospitality

Kazakhstani hospitality is legendary. You will likely be invited to a business associate’s home at some point. Accepting such invitations is key to building rapport. Bring a small gift, such as sweets or local crafts, but avoid alcohol unless you’re sure your host drinks.

Expect multiple rounds of tea and formal toasts during dinner. Removing your shoes at the entrance is customary, and seating arrangements may reflect hierarchy. Leaving too soon after a meal is considered impolite – stay for tea and engage in friendly conversation.

Dos and don’ts of business in Kazakhstan

• Do ask about your associate’s family and health at the start of meetings
• Don’t rush through small talk – it’s essential to business etiquette
• Don’t ask about ethnicity or political topics
• Do have your business cards printed in English on one side and Russian on the other
• Do maintain eye contact when shaking hands
• Do accept multiple rounds of tea when offered – it’s a key part of relationship-building
• Don’t leave a business dinner too quickly; stay for informal discussions over tea

As the world’s largest landlocked country and one of its most sparsely populated, getting around in Kazakhstan is not always easy. Due to the country’s vastness, your experience of driving and transport in Kazakhstan will vary from place to place.

While large cities such as Almaty and Astana (previously Nur-Sultan) have various public transport options and well-developed roads, the country’s rural areas are likely to have considerably less to offer in this regard.

Public transport in Kazakhstan

Buses

Buses are the most widely used public transport option in Almaty and Astana. There are some ongoing modernisation efforts, such as the introduction of newer vehicles in the main cities. On the other hand, issues such as unreliable schedules and overcrowding continue to be common complaints, especially during rush hour.

Train

Trains can be a scenic way for expats to travel locally and regionally in Kazakhstan. They even reach neighbouring countries such as Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan, provided time isn’t an issue. While long-distance trains offer a comfortable ride on newer Talgo models, regional services can be slower and less predictable, particularly during peak seasons when tickets sell out quickly.

Marshrutkas

A marshrutka is a type of shared minivan that operates on fixed routes. They are often more frequent and faster than buses, but they can be overcrowded and are not always the safest option. Some cities are gradually phasing them out in favour of larger, more regulated buses.

Metro

Almaty has the country’s only metro system, and although there are plans for expansion, progress has been slow. The metro is clean, reliable, and affordable, making it a practical choice for short trips. Its coverage remains limited, with just one line spanning 14 miles (23km) and 11 stations.

The country will also unveil the newly constructed Astana Light Rail Train (LRT) in 2025. This new transport system will have 18 stations and span almost 14 miles (23km). 

Tram

Tram services exist in Pavlodar and Temirtau. Almaty’s tram system was shut down in 2015, and while there have been talks about reinstating it, no solid plans have materialised yet.

Useful links

• Almaty City Bus and Astana Bus Service
• Kazakhstan Railways
• Yandex Transport
• Talgo Trains
• Kazakhstan Temir Zholy

Taxis in Kazakhstan

Getting around by taxi in Kazakhstan is straightforward, but the experience can vary. Traditional street taxis are available outside bus and train stations, but most travellers prefer using ride-hailing apps like Yandex Go and Bolt due to their pricing transparency and reliability.

Many street taxi drivers speak only Russian, so brushing up on key phrases can help avoid misunderstandings or fare disputes. Most traditional taxis do not have meters, so you will need to negotiate the price before starting your journey. Unauthorised taxis may overcharge tourists, making ride-hailing apps a safer and more predictable option.

Ride-hailing services dominate the market. Yandex Go is the most widely used app in Almaty and Astana, offering various ride options, including economy, comfort, and business-class vehicles. Although slightly less widespread, Bolt is a growing competitor. 

Uber is no longer operational in Kazakhstan, as Yandex Go acquired its regional operations. Indriver, another popular option, allows passengers to negotiate fares directly with drivers, making it particularly useful for long-distance and intercity travel.

Useful links

• Yandex Go Kazakhstan
• Bolt Kazakhstan
• Indriver
• Astana Taxi Services

Driving in Kazakhstan

Driving in Kazakhstan can be a mixed experience. While major highways, such as the Western Europe–Western China transport corridor, have seen significant upgrades, rural and remote roads often remain in poor condition. Mountainous areas, especially around Almaty, can be treacherous in winter due to ice and snow. Traffic congestion is another issue, particularly in Almaty and Astana during peak hours.

Road safety is a concern, as local drivers are known for aggressive manoeuvres and unpredictable behaviour. While traffic police enforcement is improving through digitalisation and body cameras, occasional bribery and selective enforcement still occur, especially in rural areas.

All drivers in Kazakhstan must have Mandatory Third-Party Liability Insurance (OSAGO). This can be purchased from local insurers at border crossings or in major cities. While OSAGO covers third-party damage, comprehensive insurance (KASKO) is recommended for additional protection.

Driver’s licences

If you wish to drive in Kazakhstan, you will need an International Driving Permit (IDP) alongside your national driving licence. For stays exceeding six months, you will need to convert your licence to a Kazakhstani one, which requires a medical examination, a theoretical test in Kazakh or Russian, and submission of required documents.

Useful links

• Kazakhstan Government Portal (Driving & Licensing)
• Ministry of Internal Affairs (Traffic Police)

Cycling in Kazakhstan

Cycling in Kazakhstan is growing in popularity, but infrastructure remains limited. In Almaty, bike lanes have been expanded in the city centre, and a bike-sharing programme has been introduced. Although they are far from comprehensive, Astana also has some dedicated cycling paths. For the most part, you will need to cycle on the road, where drivers are not always accustomed to sharing space with cyclists.

Recreational cycling is more common than commuting, especially among expats and fitness enthusiasts who take advantage of Almaty’s parks and scenic routes. Safety remains a major concern, as parked cars or pedestrians often obstruct bike lanes. In winter, extreme cold and snow make cycling impractical in many parts of the country.

Useful links

• Almaty Bike Sharing
• Astana City Cycling Initiatives

Air travel in Kazakhstan

Given Kazakhstan’s vast size, air travel is typically the most practical way to move between major cities. The country’s two main aviation hubs, Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport in Astana and Almaty International Airport, handle most domestic and international flights.

Air Astana is the national carrier and has a reputation for safety and reliability. FlyArystan, a budget airline, offers affordable domestic routes but has received mixed reviews on punctuality. SCAT Airlines also serves regional airports, providing connections to more remote locations.

The busiest domestic routes include flights between Almaty and Astana and services to Shymkent, Aktau, and Aktobe. While air travel is generally reliable, winter weather can cause delays and cancellations, particularly on regional routes.

Useful links

• Air Astana
• FlyArystan
• SCAT Airlines