While the local culture in Poland won’t be completely alien to Western expats, there are a few Polish cultural practices that may surprise you and may even cause some light culture shock.

Meeting and greeting in Poland

Meetings and greetings in Poland consist of a kiss on each cheek for those who are on close terms, and there’s the usual handshake between men and business acquaintances. Women shouldn’t be surprised if older men kiss their hands, although this practice is waning among younger generations, who usually prefer handshakes. 

Don’t say goodbye in doorways (including a handshake through a doorway), as it is thought to bring bad luck.

If you’re learning Polish, it is a good idea to master and use the polite forms of addressing people as soon as possible. For native English speakers, this often feels uncomfortably formal, but for Poles, it is second nature, and while they are generally forgiving of mistakes, it is an easy way of showing respect.

Polish people are not in the habit of smiling gratuitously at strangers; if you smile at a stranger, expect to be met with suspicion.

Gift-giving etiquette in Poland

Gift-giving etiquette in Poland is taken seriously as part of Polish social customs. When someone welcomes you into their home for a meal, bring something along – most people opt for flowers, alcohol, or maybe something sweet. Just remember to count the number of flowers (stick to odd numbers) and stay away from yellow chrysanthemums, since those are used at funerals.

If you're meeting for business, bring something nice from your home country, but skip anything with corporate branding. And don't forget about name days! Many Poles celebrate these even more than birthdays, with presents, cake, and perhaps a glass of bubbly.

Language barrier in Poland

The language barrier in Poland is one of the biggest issues for expats, although the situation is improving in major cities. Polish grammar and pronunciation make it difficult for speakers of Western European languages to learn, although it may be easier for someone who already knows another Slavic language.

If you’re staying in Poland for the long term, it is worth learning as much Polish as possible for the sake of convenience, as many services don’t operate in English. About 30 percent of Poles speak English at a communicative level, with Warsaw, Kraków, Wrocław, Gdańsk, and Poznań ranking highest for English proficiency.

Most locals appreciate it when you try speaking their language, no matter how badly you may butcher it. Learning a few basics goes a long way – greet people with ‘Dzień dobry’, say ‘Dziękuję’ when someone helps you out, and keep ‘Przepraszam’ handy for when you need to apologise or squeeze past someone on a crowded tram.

Dress in Poland

Business and work dress in Poland tends to be quite formal. Women generally wear shirts and suits, and men wear collared shirts and suit trousers. The tech sector and startups have begun adopting more relaxed codes, with casual Fridays becoming increasingly common. If doing business in Poland, it’s best to err on the side of formality. For teachers, the rules are a bit more relaxed, but in general, very casual work attire is not considered professional.

In most Polish houses, the homeowners don’t wear outdoor shoes inside, and it’s best to follow suit. Also, there is almost always a coat rack inside the door, where you will be expected to leave outerwear in winter. This practice becomes particularly important during Poland’s snowy months.

Doing Business in Poland

Bureaucracy in Poland

Bureaucracy in Poland can feel overwhelming if you’re applying for a residency visa or setting up a business. The government has made efforts to move its services online, but you'll still find yourself printing forms and standing in lines for many services. Remember to submit your paperwork in person before your legal stay expires. And don’t count on quick results – sometimes you’ll hear back quickly, but other applications can drag on for months.

Visas and Residence Permits for Poland
Work Permits for Poland

Racial identity in Poland

Racial identity in Poland is reflected in the country's overwhelmingly white, Polish-speaking population. Compared to other European countries, you won't find much ethnic or cultural diversity here. City dwellers and younger Poles who've travelled or lived abroad tend to have more cosmopolitan perspectives than their rural or older counterparts, many of whom are not used to interacting with foreigners. Non-European-looking expats may sometimes find themselves the object of stares and whispered commentary, especially from the older generation.

Support networks for non-European expats exist primarily in major cities like Warsaw, Kraków and Wrocław. International companies and universities typically provide more inclusive environments than traditional Polish workplaces. There is no easy way to deal with unwanted attention apart from developing a very thick skin and finding more internationally oriented social circles.

Religion in Poland

Religion in Poland is predominantly Catholic, with a fair sprinkling of Eastern Orthodox, especially in the eastern part of the country. Around 85 percent of Poles identify as Christian. If you’re visiting a church, you will be expected to behave in a quiet and respectful manner – keep your hands out of your pockets and your voice hushed. Men should remove their hats (this doesn’t apply to women).

Also, be aware of church and other public holidays in Poland, when almost everything will be closed. Unlike in many Western countries, Poles exchange presents and enjoy their big family feast on Christmas Eve, not Christmas Day.

The urban/rural divide in Poland

Poland’s urban/rural divide is quite pronounced, and there are huge lifestyle differences between city and countryside living. Public transport between major cities is well developed, with trains and buses connecting urban centres, but connections to rural areas can be limited and infrequent. Internet connectivity has improved nationwide and is basically universal, although rural areas still lag behind in connection quality and speed.

Life in the countryside in Poland is socially much different to urban life – people are generally much poorer and may not know how to deal politely with a foreigner. If you plan to spend time in rural Poland, learn some Polish and accept that interactions may be much more difficult for expats than in Polish cities.

Women in Poland

Women working in Poland straddle two worlds – facing traditional expectations while pursuing modern careers. The country’s family benefits are actually quite good, with plenty of time off for new parents through various leave options, including maternity, parental, childcare, and paternity leave for both biological and adoptive parents.

Despite some progressive policies, a gender pay gap persists across industries in Poland, with women statistically earning less for comparable work, particularly in multinational companies. Female expats working in Poland will find a generally respectful atmosphere, although gender roles may be more pronounced in traditional or rural settings.

Gender Equality and Women in Leadership in Poland

LGBTQ+ in Poland

LGBTQ+ people in Poland find themselves in a complicated social environment where acceptance varies widely across different regions. Poland remains one of only five EU countries that does not legally recognise same-sex partnerships, although the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Poland must legally recognise same-sex unions.

In October 2024, the government introduced draft legislation to allow civil unions, signalling some potential progress. Workplace protections do exist – since 2004, Polish labour laws forbid discrimination based on sexual orientation, and the European Court of Justice has ruled that employers cannot terminate contracts on this basis.

Cities like Poznań, Warsaw, Kraków, Wrocław, and Gdańsk are considered more tolerant and LGBTQ+-friendly. In general, city folks and younger Poles tend to be more accepting, but conservative views are common elsewhere. If you’re a member of the LGBTQ+ community, be mindful when travelling beyond places like Warsaw or Kraków – the warm welcome you get in a hip urban neighbourhood might not extend to smaller towns.

LGBTQ+, Diversity and Inclusion in Poland

Doing business in Poland has become increasingly attractive due to the country's strategic position in the heart of Europe and its strong and growing economy.

The Polish labour force is generally well educated and has a strong work ethic, and Polish business culture is largely similar to what you might experience in other European countries. The commercial centre in Poland is its capital and largest city, Warsaw, although cities like Krakow, Wrocław, and Poznań are emerging as significant business hubs, particularly in the tech sector.

Manufacturing and machinery remain Poland's primary exports, but the country has developed into a major EU agri-food producer, with approximately 80 percent of its agricultural exports feeding consumers in other EU countries. The services sector has grown significantly in recent years, with technology and financial services showing particular strength.

Fast facts

Business hours

Working hours in Poland are typically between 8am and 4pm, Monday to Friday. Many Poles do not usually take a formal lunch break during the working day, preferring to work through and finish earlier.

Business language

Polish is the official language of business in Poland, although English is widely understood and spoken in business circles, particularly in larger cities. A translator is not typically necessary for meetings in major cities but might be helpful when dealing with older executives or in smaller towns.

Dress

Business dress in Poland is formal and conservative. Businesswomen tend to wear suits with skirts or trousers, while businessmen generally wear dark suits and ties, especially for initial meetings. In tech companies and creative industries, dress codes have relaxed somewhat in recent years, but it's always better to err on the side of formality for your first interactions. 

Greetings

When meeting your business associates in Poland, greet them with a firm handshake and direct eye contact. Your handshake should be firm, and it's customary to shake hands with everyone present at a meeting. Introductions should include a person's full name and title. Some men (usually those in higher positions) may use both hands for the handshake.

Gifts

Gift-giving is an established practice in Polish business. Consider bringing gifts at the beginning of a relationship and at the completion of a project. Gifts are often opened immediately and should not be overly expensive. Alcohol (particularly good quality vodka) and items representing your home country are generally well received. When giving flowers, ensure they are in odd numbers and avoid yellow chrysanthemums (associated with funerals) and red or white flowers, which have specific cultural connotations.

Gender equality

Women have equal business opportunities to men in Poland; however, most high-ranking positions are still held by men. The gender wage gap is smaller than the EU average. Female expat businesswomen generally report being treated with respect in professional settings, particularly in international companies and the growing tech sector, where merit-based advancement is more common.

Business culture in Poland

Business culture in Poland is formal and relationship-focused. While Poles tend to be reserved, their communication style is direct, and you should maintain eye contact at all times, as it is seen as a sign of respect and trust. You are expected to say what you think and address matters directly, but always maintain a level of professionalism and courtesy.

Communication

Communication in Poland is typically direct but respectful, with a preference for clear, straightforward discussions. Email communication tends to be formal, especially in initial exchanges, and it's best to keep to the point while maintaining politeness.

Punctuality

Punctuality is highly valued in Polish business culture and is seen as a sign of respect and reliability. You should arrive on time for all appointments, as this demonstrates professionalism. Being late without notice can be interpreted as disrespectful or indicate a lack of interest. Meetings generally start and end on time, although some small talk is common at the beginning.

Hierarchy

Business structures in Poland tend to be hierarchical, and the style of management may seem authoritative as decisions are made at the top and the senior executives are highly respected. In line with this, education and personal titles are revered, and you should not move to a first-name basis with your Polish associates until invited to do so. More flat structures are being adopted in international companies and tech startups, particularly in companies with younger management.

Meetings

Meetings in Poland typically begin with some small talk so that trust can be established before any specific business negotiations commence. Topics of discussion usually include sports and family life, but issues such as money and Poland's history and relations with its European neighbours should be avoided.

Meetings tend to be structured and purposeful, with clear agendas in more formal settings. Come prepared with all the necessary information and be ready to answer detailed questions. 

Work ethic

Work ethic in Poland is strong, with rules, regulations, trust and honesty considered important. Poles have a good work ethic, and it's not unusual to work through the day without a lunch break to end earlier, which may take a while to get used to. There's a strong emphasis on completing tasks thoroughly and on time, with quality of work highly valued.

Overtime is relatively common, particularly in the private sector. The push for better work-life balance is gradually gaining traction, especially among younger workers and international companies, but traditional expectations of long hours remain prevalent.

Family and religion

Family and religion both play a central role in Polish society and culture, and this extends to the business environment. As such, most Poles prioritise their obligations to their family above others. Catholicism remains influential in Polish culture, and religious holidays are observed nationwide.

Dos and don'ts of doing business in Poland

• Do arrive on time and prepare fully for meetings
• Don't address Polish associates by their first name until invited to do so. Titles are highly respected in Polish society and should be used when making introductions.
• Do have business cards printed in both English and Polish. Have titles and qualifications printed on the card, as these are highly regarded. Present and receive business cards with both hands to show respect.
• Do try to build personal relationships and trust with Polish associates before trying to forge a business relationship
• Do be prepared for direct questions and straightforward feedback during negotiations
• Don't rush business deals. Decision-making can take time, as Poles are careful and thorough in their business approach.
• Do show appreciation for Polish hospitality, which is often generous. If invited to a Polish home, bring a small gift.
• Don't schedule important meetings during major Catholic holidays like Christmas or Easter
• Do be aware of significant state ownership in some key industrial sectors, which can create market entry challenges for foreign businesses

The Polish education system has undergone many positive reforms in recent years, marking an overall improvement in the standard of education in Poland. Your children can attend Poland’s public schools free of charge. That said, most foreigners choose to enrol their children in international schools instead due to the language barrier and a general preference among expat families for their children to continue their home country's curriculum. Poland has a wide selection of international schools available.

Public schools in Poland

Compulsory education in Poland begins at age six with a mandatory preschool year and continues for 12 years up to age 18. Students write standardised tests at 16, and these help determine the type of school they will attend at the next level of their education. Students can attend a general, technical or vocational high school.

The Polish school year runs from September to June. The three major holiday periods are over Christmas and Easter, as well as a winter break in late January or early February.

Public schools in Poland provide education to the majority of children in the country. Tuition is free for all children attending these schools, including expat children. This does not include the additional costs of textbooks, school uniforms, lunches, general stationery, and school supplies. Despite the high standard of education and free tuition, most expat families in Poland don't send their children to public schools due to the language barrier.

If you decide to use a public school in Poland, keep in mind that attendance is determined by where your family lives, and schools are required to accept all children residing in their catchment area. Children are not obligated to attend their nearest school, however, and you can request that your child be allowed to attend another school outside your residential area. In such cases, it is up to the school's director to determine whether your child will be accepted.

When enrolling your child, you'll need to provide their personal details, identity document information, and a declaration of your domicile. If your child doesn't have previous Polish education records, the school will conduct an interview to determine the appropriate grade level. For non-Polish-speaking children, this interview can be conducted in a language they understand.

Many public schools now offer support systems for foreign children, including preparatory classes, additional Polish language lessons (up to five hours per week), and intercultural assistants who speak the native language of international students. These resources aim to help your child overcome the language barrier, although support is typically limited to 12 months.

Useful links

• Ministry of Education – Education for Foreigners

Private schools in Poland

Private schools in Poland have grown in popularity since their introduction in the late 1980s. These schools are partly funded by the government and partly by fees and donations from parents and other organisations. Many private schools are affiliated with religious orders, with Catholic institutions operating about 50 schools in Warsaw alone.

The language of instruction at these schools is generally Polish or one of the country's minority languages. These schools are independent of the government and are not restricted to following the national curriculum. Fees at private schools in Poland can be quite steep but are typically lower than equivalent institutions in Western Europe.

Alternative education is gaining significant traction in Poland's private sector, with Montessori, Waldorf, and democratic schools opening across major cities. These institutions offer distinct pedagogical approaches that may suit children who thrive in non-traditional learning environments. Bilingual private schools have also become increasingly popular among both local families and expats, offering programmes in Polish combined with English, French, German, or other languages.

International schools in Poland

International schools in Poland cater to numerous nationalities, including American, British, German, French and Japanese expat families. Most international schools in Poland are based in Warsaw or Kraków, but there are also a handful in Poznan, Wrocław, and Gdańsk.

The curriculum offerings at international schools have expanded beyond traditional country-specific programmes. While most schools follow the curriculum of their home country, many now offer the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme at multiple levels. English remains the predominant language of instruction, although many schools offer bilingual or even trilingual programmes.

Places at international schools in Poland may be limited, so you should plan in advance when making arrangements for your child's education. Most selective schools recommend applying six to 12 months before the intended start date. Consideration should also be given to the cost of education at international schools, which is often an expat parent’s biggest expense.

Special educational needs in Poland

Special-needs education in Poland has significantly improved in recent years as part of the country's broader push toward inclusive education. If you have children with disabilities, you can rest assured that in Poland, assistance is available throughout the entire educational process. 

The Polish government has been working with the European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education to improve quality and access. Recent statistics show that approximately 10 percent of students with special needs are in integration settings and 20 percent in full inclusion programmes.

The process for obtaining an official diagnosis for learning difficulties in Poland typically begins at Psychological and Educational Centres. These public centres, run by district-level local governments, provide comprehensive assessments for conditions like ADHD, dyslexia, and autism spectrum disorders. School heads assist their institutions in performing psychological and educational support tasks, including planning and implementing measures aimed at improving the quality of support provided.

Several international schools in Poland offer support for children with special educational needs. While not all international schools offer comprehensive services equivalent to those in countries with long-established special education systems, many are working to create more inclusive environments for diverse learners.

Useful links

• European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education – Poland
• Special Needs Schools in Poland

Tutors in Poland

The availability of tutors in Poland has evolved into a sophisticated educational support system. It provides indispensable support for expat children adjusting to a new environment, language, or curriculum.

There’s been substantial growth in the availability of tutors who can teach in English and other foreign languages, particularly in major cities like Warsaw and Kraków. It's especially easy to connect with tutors on online platforms like Preply, italki, and LingRoom. These platforms report hundreds of Polish language tutors available for personalised instruction, with many offering specialised programmes for non-native speakers.

The tutoring scene in Poland has been transformed by online learning platforms, which have seen explosive growth since the pandemic. This shift has particularly benefited expat families, who now have access to a broader range of tutors regardless of their physical location.

Useful links

• Preply – Polish Tutors Online
• italki – Language Learning Platform
• e-polish.eu – Polish Language Teachers
• LingRoom – Tutoring Marketplace in Poland

Poland is a party to the Schengen Agreement, and therefore nationals of the European Union (EU), the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and those nationals of a designated country list drawn up by the Polish government, including US, Australian, New Zealand and Canadian nationals, are afforded visa-free entry into Poland for holiday or business purposes for up to 90 days.

Schengen visas for Poland

• Passport with at least two blank pages, valid for three months from the last date of travel
• Recent colour, passport-sized photo
• Round-trip air ticket or itinerary to/from Poland
• Proof of travel, health or accident insurance
• Proof of sufficient funds during travel (amount required varies)
• Proof of accommodation (hotel reservations, letters from friends, details of a tour, etc.)

Residence visas for Poland

Getting a visa for Poland is relatively straightforward, especially since the country is party to the Schengen Agreement. EU and EEA nationals (as well as those of designated countries such as the US, Australia, New Zealand and Canada) can enter Poland without a visa for up to 90 days within any 180-day period. Those from outside the EU/EEA and listed countries must apply for a Schengen visa to visit Poland. 

All travellers entering Poland should have a passport valid for at least three months past the date of entry, and it must have been issued within the last 10 years. 

The European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS), a new electronic travel authorisation for visa-exempt travellers, is expected to launch in mid-2025.

Schengen visas for Poland

If you're applying for a Schengen visa to Poland, you will need to gather the required documents, complete the visa application form, and submit these to the Polish embassy or consulate in your home country before you travel. All documents must be in English or Polish. The standard processing time is usually 15 to 21 calendar days, although this may vary during peak travel seasons.

If you're applying for a Schengen visa to travel to Poland for business, you may need to include a letter of invitation from the Polish business party and a letter from your local employer stating the purpose of your visit. For business invitations, it's advisable to attach an itinerary of planned activities. If you're attending a conference, proof of registration and accommodation may be required.

You'll also need to demonstrate sufficient financial resources to cover your stay and provide evidence of your intention to return to your home country.

Useful links

• Polish Consular Services

Residence permits for Poland

If you wish to stay in Poland for longer than 90 days for work, study, or family reasons, you'll need to apply for a residence or temporary residence permit. Applications can be made at the regional office (Voivodeship Office) for the area you intend to live in. Starting in 2025, Poland is implementing an electronic submission portal for residence permit applications, which should streamline the process.

Temporary residence permits are granted for a maximum of three years and can be subsequently renewed. Processing times typically range from six weeks to several months. Be prepared for potential delays, especially in major cities.

When applying, you must provide comprehensive documentation, including valid travel documents, proof of purpose for your stay, and evidence of accommodation arrangements. You'll also need to demonstrate sufficient financial resources to support yourself and provide proof of valid health insurance coverage for Poland.

Once your residence permit application is approved, you'll receive a residence card, which serves as confirmation of your identity and legal status during your stay in Poland.

If your residence permit is connected to work, particularly for intra-corporate transfers, you'll face certain requirements. These include proving shareholding or management connections between companies, confirming actual business activities of the home entity, and submitting service contracts and additional documentation. Fast-track processing will become available for certain employers with urgent staffing needs.

Useful links

• Office for Foreigners – Residence Permit Information
• Migrant Information Portal
• Immigration Poland

Visa requirements can change at short notice, and you should contact your respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

If you’re an expat looking for accommodation in Poland, you will be delighted to find that there are plenty of options across all budgets and preferences available. Despite the variety of options, housing demand significantly outweighs supply, so competition over rental accommodation can be fierce in desirable areas, and prices are blowing up quickly.

If you’re intent on buying property in Poland, be prepared for a maze of paperwork. For instance, if you’re not from the EU, you’ll likely need to wrangle a permit from the Ministry of Interior. Most expats in Poland prefer to rent during their stay.

Types of accommodation in Poland

There are a few different types of accommodation in Poland, including older as well as more contemporary styles. Fortunately, the quality of housing in Poland is on the rise, with newer builds meeting higher standards. Poland offers diverse housing options – from older Soviet-era apartments to standalone homes with gardens. You’ll also find duplexes, semi-detached houses, townhouses, and modern penthouse apartments, especially in the bigger cities.

Furnished vs unfurnished

When it comes to furnishings, you have both options, but unfurnished places are much more prevalent. A lot of expats prefer bringing their own furniture or purchasing locally after arrival.

Standard appliances such as a stove, refrigerator and dishwasher are often supplied, but air conditioning is still relatively rarer in Polish apartments than in Western Europe.

Short lets

If you’re looking for temporary accommodation in Poland while searching for a permanent home, short-term rentals are widely available through online platforms. Short-term furnished places give you more wiggle room with week-to-week or monthly stays, but you’ll pay for that freedom. They’re worth the extra złoty though, especially when you first land in Poland – utilities and internet are usually rolled into one bill, which can save you tons of hassle during your first few chaotic weeks here.

Useful links

• Airbnb Poland
• Booking.com Apartments Poland
• Rent Flat Poland

Finding accommodation in Poland

When looking for an apartment or a house in Poland, you can find property listings on popular websites like Otodom.pl, Nieruchomosci-online.pl, and Morizon.pl.

If you’re unable to speak Polish, navigating these mainly Polish-language listings may prove tricky, and you may want to hire a real estate agent. Once the lease is secured, agents typically ask for a fee equivalent to at least a month’s rent for their services. This is typically paid by the tenant rather than the landlord.

When choosing an area in Poland to live in, consider its proximity to your place of work and your children’s school, as well as access to public transport. The further away from the city centre, the cheaper the accommodation, but these areas typically have limited access to key services like hospitals, schools and public transport.

Useful links

• Otodom
• Morizon
• OLX Rentals

Renting property in Poland

You need to act fast after finding a suitable property in Poland, as the rental market is quite competitive, with demand outpacing supply in major cities.

Making an application

As a prospective tenant, you usually need to provide proof of employment, ID and bank statements to secure a lease in Poland. The landlord and rental agencies will then review applications before choosing a tenant they think is the best fit.

In Poland’s competitive rental market, references from previous landlords strengthen your application considerably. Non-EU citizens need to keep their legal residency documents handy during the apartment hunt – landlords will ask to see them.

Leases

After a landlord accepts your application, you’ll arrange a handover day to sign the lease and inspect the property. Take photos during this walkthrough and check the inventory list carefully. Most property owners use a standard Polish lease with boilerplate language. These are generally for 12 months, although you may be able to negotiate for shorter or longer terms.

Deposits

Be prepared for security deposits ranging from one to three months’ rent, with some landlords requesting as much as six months’ payment upfront from expats. This deposit should come back to you after your tenancy ends, barring any significant damage beyond normal wear and tear. Foreign renters sometimes face steeper requirements than locals do, so keep this in mind when budgeting.

Terminating the lease

You are required to give proper notice if you wish to terminate a lease early. The exact notice period should be specified in your rental agreement but typically ranges from one to three months. Some contracts may include a minimum stay period before early termination is permitted, and notice must typically be given in writing.

For indefinite-period contracts, the statutory notice period is usually one month for monthly rentals, if not otherwise specified.

Utilities in Poland

In Poland, utilities like gas, water, and electricity bills rarely come bundled with rent. You’ll need to manage these accounts yourself. Expect separate bills for each utility, which you’ll handle independently of your monthly rent payment.

Electricity

Electricity in Poland uses a standard European voltage of 230V with type C and E power sockets. Most modern properties have individual meters for accurate billing, with costs varying seasonally – expect higher usage during winter months when daylight hours are shorter. Depending on your provider, bills typically arrive monthly or bi-monthly.

Gas

Gas is commonly used for cooking and heating in many Polish homes. In urban areas, piped natural gas is the standard, while rural properties may rely on bottled LPG gas where piped infrastructure is lacking.

Most newer developments feature energy-efficient heating systems, although many Soviet-era buildings still have older systems that may be less efficient. Your gas bills will fluctuate significantly between seasons, with winter heating costs representing a major household expense, especially since gas prices have risen substantially in recent years.

Water

Water quality in Poland varies by region, but it is generally safe to drink in major cities. Many Poles still prefer bottled water due to the high mineral content (‘hard water’) that affects taste. Another alternative is to use water filters for drinking purposes.

Water bills usually arrive monthly or quarterly based on meter readings, although in some apartment buildings, water costs may be part of the building maintenance fee rather than billed separately. The water supply in urban areas is reliable and meets EU quality standards.

Bins and recycling

Poland has implemented a unified national waste management system based on EU directives, with standardised colour-coded recycling bins. As a tenant, you’ll need to sort your waste into several categories using specific coloured bins:

• Blue for paper
• Green for glass
• Yellow for plastics and metals
• Brown for bio-waste
• Black for residual waste

Your building should have designated collection points for each category, and fines may apply for improper waste disposal, so it’s worth familiarising yourself with local sorting requirements.

Useful links

• PGNiG (Polish Gas and Oil Company)
• Energa
• MPWiK (Warsaw Waterworks)
• Warsaw Waste Segregation Guide

Living in Poland can be a great adventure, but the country does pose its challenges for both foreigners and locals. Choosing to live in Poland, especially if you don’t have Polish roots or connections and know little about the country, will likely involve a steep learning curve but might very well be worth it. As is usually the case with any destination, there are some advantages and disadvantages to moving to Poland.

Below is our list of the pros and cons of moving to Poland.

Accommodation in Poland

+ PRO: Accommodation is affordable and generally easy to find

Accommodation in Poland, even in the capital of Warsaw, is affordable compared to other European countries. Polish cities also tend to have a variety of accommodation, from small apartments to freestanding houses, and you won’t have to search long to find something that suits your taste, budget and commute.

- CON: Small apartments and limited space

People in Poland generally live in apartments, and you may be surprised at how even small apartments can accommodate whole families. Consequently, many homes may be smaller than what you're used to.

+ PRO: English-speaking realtors available

You can generally find an English-speaking real estate agent to help in your search, although this might be a slightly more expensive option.

Accommodation in Poland 

Cost of living in Poland

+ PRO: Relatively inexpensive compared to other European countries

The cost of living in Poland compares favourably with other European countries. Food, eating out, public transport and rent are significantly cheaper than in Western Europe. Monthly average living costs are considerably lower than in major Western European hubs, making Poland one of the most affordable EU destinations.

- CON: Pricey clothing, electronics and petrol

Many Poles complain that items such as new clothes, electronics and imported goods are more expensive than in Western Europe. Petrol is also expensive and, along with parking fees as well as other related costs, should make you think twice before purchasing a vehicle in Poland.

- CON: Rising inflation impact

Despite Poland’s generally affordable cost of living, the country has experienced significant inflation in recent years, with rates reaching double digits. While inflation has now cooled somewhat, prices for everyday essentials are higher than they were, affecting budgeting for both locals and expats.

Cost of Living in Poland

Lifestyle and culture in Poland

+ PRO: Lively nightlife and entertainment in Polish cities

The lifestyle and culture in Poland offer something for everyone, from high culture to festive celebrations. Polish cities boast a diverse range of cultural events, including art exhibitions, concerts, talks, food events, and film and music festivals. Museums and galleries are plentiful.

There are also many outdoor activities that are easily accessed during the summer months, such as windsurfing, kayaking, hiking in the mountains, camping, going to the beach and bike riding. The Tatra Mountains near Kraków offer excellent skiing in winter, while Lake Malta in Poznań and the Baltic coast provide water-based recreation during warmer months.

Shopping, Entertainment and Outdoor Activities in Warsaw

- CON: Bureaucracy is rife

Bureaucracy and inefficient customer service prevail in some areas and government departments. As such, you should expect a fair amount of red tape when trying to organise your residency or work permit. Polish visa processing involves considerable paperwork, with temporary residence permits often taking several months to process – a common source of frustration among newcomers.

Visas and Residence Permits in Poland 
Work Permits in Poland

- CON: Long working hours and high pressure in the workplace

Poles work hard and spend long hours at the office, ranking second in the EU for weekly working hours. Whether this will be expected of you depends on your company’s culture and the nature of your role. There is a lot of competition for steady, well-salaried employment, and this can lead, on occasion, to strained relations in the workplace.

Working in Poland

- CON: Long winters

No matter how much you may love the cold and snow, the short winter days and large amount of time spent indoors can cause anxiety. In a bad year, the winter can last six months, and Poles often cite this as a reason for emigrating. Winter weather can also affect transport reliability, although major cities clear main routes quickly after snowfall.

Climate and Weather Charts in Poland

+ PRO: Poles are multilingual

Most younger Poles are multilingual, and many Poles will know English. This is particularly true in urban areas and university cities where international connections are stronger. Attitudes toward foreigners have been evolving positively in recent years, especially among the younger generation who travel and interact more with other cultures.

Healthcare in Poland

+ PRO: High standard of inexpensive private healthcare

Healthcare in Poland offers a mixed picture, with private options standing out for quality. Top-notch private healthcare is available from hospitals with superb medical staff and world-class equipment. Compared to other countries, private healthcare is relatively cheap, and if you work for an international company or a well-regarded Polish company, you’ll usually have a private healthcare package included in your employment. The vast majority of expats opt for private coverage, accessing specialists within days rather than the months-long waits typical in the public system.

Healthcare in Poland

- CON: Doctors can be somewhat brusque

Polish doctors are not known for their bedside manner and may come across as unsympathetic. It's not uncommon to be treated with brusqueness or impatience, even in the private system. Preventive care approaches also lag behind Western European standards, with less emphasis on patient education and health promotion.

Transport and driving in Poland

+ PRO: Developed and affordable public transport system

Transport and driving in Poland benefit from significant infrastructure investments. Most Polish cities have well-developed and wide-reaching public transport systems. Some of them, including Warsaw, also have public bike-sharing schemes, which allow you to rent, pick up and drop off bicycles at various dedicated sites across the cities. Cycling infrastructure has expanded dramatically, with Warsaw now boasting over 330 miles (530km) of bike lanes, alongside similarly impressive networks in Gdańsk, Wrocław, and Kraków.

Transport around the country is also affordable and available, and even small villages usually have a functioning bus line, even if it only runs a few times a day. There is also a well-developed rail network, and quick, reliable trains run between all major cities, as well as between Warsaw and other European capitals.

Transport and Driving in Poland

- CON: Underdeveloped road infrastructure

Although there are some highways, many main routes, such as the road from Warsaw to Gdańsk, often consist largely of a single lane in each direction, meaning traffic congestion can be an issue. Compared to the United States or even other Western European countries, it can be expensive to maintain a car in Poland, and petrol is pricey.

+ PRO: Expanding infrastructure projects

Poland is making significant investments in transport infrastructure, with the Solidarity Transport Hub representing the largest infrastructure project in the country’s history. Over 1,200 miles (2,000km) of new expressways, motorways, and ring roads have been completed in recent years. The Via Baltica connecting Poland to Lithuania and other Baltic states is also under development, promising improved regional connections in the coming years.

Education in Poland

- CON: Language barrier in public education system

While public schools offer free education for all residents, non-Polish speaking students face significant challenges due to instruction being primarily in Polish. Language support varies widely between schools and regions, with more solid programmes in major urban areas. The transition period can be challenging for older children who must simultaneously adapt to a new curriculum while learning a complex language.

+ PRO: High-quality international schools in major cities

Education in Poland provides several strong options for expat families. International schools are available in major urban centres, including Warsaw, Kraków, Poznań, Wrocław, Łódź, Gdańsk, and several other cities. These institutions typically offer curricula based on British, American, or International Baccalaureate systems, creating a smooth educational transition for globally mobile families. Standards are generally high, with many schools boasting excellent facilities and experienced international teaching staff.

Education and Schools in Poland
International Schools in Warsaw

Local culture in Poland

+ PRO: Rich cultural traditions and celebrations

Local culture in Poland offers expats a fascinating melange of traditions, celebrations, and customs dating back centuries. Polish holidays showcase the country’s deep cultural roots, from colourful Easter celebrations with decorated eggs (pisanki) and blessed food baskets (święconka) to Christmas Eve’s Wigilia dinner with its symbolic empty chair for unexpected guests.

Unique traditions like Fat Thursday (Tłusty Czwartek), when Poles indulge in doughnuts before Lent, or Śmigus-Dyngus, a playful water-throwing celebration on Easter Monday, provide charming glimpses into Polish cultural identity.

- CON: Conservative social attitudes in some areas

While attitudes are evolving rapidly, particularly among younger urban Poles, more traditional and conservative social viewpoints remain common in many parts of Poland. Some expats from more progressive societies may find certain social attitudes challenging to negotiate. Patience and cultural sensitivity are essential when engaging with topics where values may differ substantially from your home culture.

+ PRO: Warm hospitality and rich culinary traditions

Polish hospitality is legendary, with traditional greetings often including offerings of food and drink. It’s customary for hosts to serve alcohol with meals, although toasting typically only occurs when someone proposes 'Na zdrowie' (to your health).

The Polish kitchen delights with hearty, flavorful dishes utilising local ingredients. Garden products like cabbages, horseradish, and forest-foraged mushrooms feature prominently in traditional recipes like bigos (hunter’s stew) and diverse soups.

Poland has adequate road networks and an extensive public transport system that makes getting around Poland a fairly easy task for expats whether they prefer to drive, fly, or go by bus or train. It is also easy to travel to cities outside the country via plane or high-speed train.

Getting Around in Warsaw
Getting Around in Kraków

Public transport in Poland

There are wide-reaching and efficient public transport links in Poland’s large cities. There is also an exhaustive system of intercity trains and buses for travelling around the country and to other European countries.

Tickets are available for purchase from kiosks, machines at stations and aboard buses and trains. For planning your journey, the e-podroznik.pl website and the Jakdojade mobile app are excellent resources that provide timetables and allow you to purchase tickets online. Jakdojade covers most cities in Poland and offers real-time public transport navigation with ticket-purchasing functionality.

Trains

Trains are among the most popular ways to get around Poland. PKP Intercity operates high-speed services between major cities, with trains capable of reaching speeds up to 155 miles per hour (250 km/h).  The company is expanding its fleet and plans to introduce new, even faster trains in the coming years. PKP’s newer trains come with comfortable seating, free Wi-Fi, power outlets, and restaurant cars or minibar trolleys.

You can travel by train between all major Polish cities and to neighbouring destinations like Budapest, Prague, Berlin and Vienna. Intercity, EuroCity and express trains serve the larger cities in Poland, while the regional and local trains stop in smaller towns and villages. Fares will depend on the type of train, the class, and the route.

Buses

Poland boasts a far-reaching intercity bus system that covers areas not serviced by train routes. Tickets are reasonably priced and can typically be bought at kiosks, from the bus driver, or online for greater convenience. Most modern buses offer Wi-Fi, air conditioning, and power outlets.

PKS Polonus and FlixBus are reputable companies that offer well-priced tickets. FlixBus (which absorbed PolskiBus in recent years) provides extensive domestic and international connections with a user-friendly online booking system. PKS Polonus is a traditional Polish carrier with a vast network of routes throughout the country.

Useful links

• E-podroznik.pl Journey Planner
• PKP Intercity
• PKS Polonus
• FlixBus Poland
• Jakdojade Public Transport App

Taxis in Poland

There are many reliable and safe taxi services in Poland, but be wary of unofficial-looking taxis that hang around outside train stations and some hotels. They may be looking to take advantage of foreigners by overcharging. 

Legitimate taxi companies usually mark their cars with logos. Legally, the driver should have a meter and a cash register in the cab, and drivers are obligated to give you a receipt when you pay the fare.

Taxi fares are generally affordable but increase on weekends, holidays and late at night. You might secure a lower rate if you phone and book the taxi in advance.

Alternatively, ride-hailing apps such as Uber and Bolt operate in Poland's major cities. Many people prefer using these apps as they give you more control over routes and prices while eliminating language barrier issues. FreeNow is another popular taxi app available in major Polish cities.

Useful links

• Uber Poland
• Bolt Poland
• FreeNow Poland
• iTaxi

Driving in Poland

Expats driving in Poland tend to find the process fairly straightforward and enjoyable. Road conditions are satisfactory, although snow and ice in winter can be hazardous. Just take the proper precautions and abide by all road rules to ensure your safety when driving in Poland.

Polish law requires drivers to always keep their headlights on. Only use fog lights during fog or heavy rain, and rear fog lights only when visibility drops below 160 feet (50m). While winter tyres aren't legally required in Poland, they're strongly recommended for your safety during colder months. Snow chains are allowed but should only be used on snow or ice-covered roads.

Be aware that Poland uses an electronic toll system called e-TOLL for motorways and some national roads. Toll fees are mandatory on designated roads for vehicles weighing more than 3.5 tonnes, while lighter vehicles pay tolls only on certain motorway sections.

Poland has very strict drink-driving laws. The legal blood alcohol limit is 0.2 mg per 100 ml (0.02 percent), which is effectively a zero-tolerance policy. Penalties for drink-driving are severe and include heavy fines, licence suspension, and possible imprisonment.

Driver's licences

EU and EFTA citizens can use their home country's driver's licence in Poland. If you're from elsewhere, you will need an International Driving Permit (IDP) for the first six months you are in Poland, after which you'll need to apply for a Polish driver's licence. This involves passing a theoretical driving test and providing medical certificates, although a medical certificate is rarely required unless your driver's licence is near expiration.

Domestic flights in Poland

For quicker travel between major Polish cities, you can use domestic flights operated primarily by LOT Polish Airlines. LOT offers connections between Warsaw and cities like Kraków, Wrocław, Gdańsk, Poznan, Rzeszów, Szczecin, and Katowice. The airline is expanding its capacity for domestic routes, adding additional seats to accommodate growing demand.

Most domestic flights take less than an hour, making them an efficient option if you're short on time. LOT is also modernising its fleet, which will improve the comfort and efficiency of domestic services.

Useful links

• LOT Domestic Flights
• Ryanair Poland
• Wizz Air Poland

Poland’s approach to diversity and inclusion continues to develop as more expats settle in the country. According to the 2021 census, non-Polish nationals make up just 1.2 percent of the population, with Ukrainians forming the largest group.

Despite these modest numbers, when you move to cities like Warsaw or Krakow, you’ll find yourself part of a growing international community that adds a distinctive character to business and social life throughout the country.

Accessibility in Poland

Getting around Poland as someone with mobility challenges is easier than ever. The government has funded ramps, lifts, and accessible transport options – with the most visible changes in big cities like Krakow and Warsaw. Don’t expect perfect access everywhere, but the improvements even since the 2020 EU Access City Award went to Warsaw are definitely noticeable.

In larger cities, getting around is fairly straightforward, as buses and the Warsaw Metro are largely wheelchair-friendly. Most stations have ramps, and staff can help if needed. The train system isn’t quite as good yet – you’ll still need to book assistance about 48 hours ahead of your journey, and sometimes ramps might not be ready when you arrive at a station.

In 2024, Poland’s parliament passed their version of the Accessibility Act, which brings Polish standards in line with EU requirements. The new law doesn’t kick in until June 2025, so don’t expect immediate changes. When it does, businesses across Poland will need to adapt, making shop entrances more wheelchair-friendly and adding accessibility settings to websites.

Useful resources

• www.accessibletour.pl
• www.gov.pl

LGBTQ+ in Poland

Polish society is traditionally conservative when it comes to sexual orientation and gender identity. Attitudes toward the LGBTQ+ community are gradually shifting and becoming more accepting, although Poland still ranks poorly in European LGBTQ+ rights indices. On a legislative level, Poland made homosexuality legal back in 1932 – much earlier than many people realise. They also banned workplace discrimination against LGBTQ+ folks in 2003, although that hasn’t solved everything.

Same-sex couples are not yet permitted to adopt children, but Poland moved closer to legalising civil partnerships in 2024 with the publication of a draft law. Recent polls show growing public support, with about 66 percent of Poles favouring the introduction of civil partnerships. Transgender individuals still face challenges in changing their legal gender, although a landmark Supreme Court ruling has eliminated the requirement for transgender people to involve their parents in gender recognition proceedings. More good news – in 2024, a Warsaw court finally struck down the last of the ‘LGBT-free zones’ that had popped up across the country since 2019, a shift away from the anti-gay policies of recent years.

Poland's larger cities often have lively LGBTQ+ communities. Warsaw remains the home of the Equality Parade, the largest annual pride event in Eastern and Central Europe. The city is now home to the QueerMuzeum – Poland’s first LGBTQ+ museum – which opened in late 2024. 

Useful resources

• www.rainbow-europe.org
• lambda.org.pl

Gender equality in Poland

Gender equality in Poland is enshrined in the Polish constitution, but the reality is more complicated. There has been progress, but all kinds of challenges persist across different areas of life. Polish women working full-time earned 7.8 percent less than men in 2022, according to recent data. That’s actually not terrible when you look at other countries – the average gap across OECD nations is around 11.6 percent.

Poland’s overall gender equality rankings still lag behind EU averages, but the numbers have been improving steadily since 2005.

Useful resources

• www.karat.org
• aktywnekobiety.org.pl
• neww.org.pl

Women in leadership in Poland

Poland has seen a significant shift when it comes to women in leadership. About 48 percent of management roles are now held by women, putting Poland right up there with Latvia and Bulgaria as one of Europe’s leaders in this area. That’s well beyond the global benchmark of 30 percent.

The 30% Club in Poland has set ambitious targets: no all-male boards by 2025 and at least 20 percent female representation on the biggest company boards by the same year, aiming for 30 percent by 2030.

Women’s presence in parliament is growing. In the 2023 elections, women secured about 30 percent of the seats in the Sejm, Poland’s lower house.

Useful resources

www.30percentclub.org

Mental health awareness in Poland

Poland has made some real strides in mental health awareness. In 2023, the country took a significant step by adopting the WHO Mental Health Gap Action Programme, which aims to expand mental health services.

Navigating mental health can be particularly challenging for expats moving to a new home. A study revealed that 50 percent of US expats were susceptible to anxiety and depression – two and a half times the rate of their domestic peers.

More and more companies are becoming aware of the impact of mental health issues and adjusting their policies to better support those who experience difficulties. Depression, in particular, has received much-needed attention and is now more broadly discussed, although stigma remains a challenge.

There are many excellent private counsellors, and you can access the services of a private psychiatrist or psychologist when living in Poland. If you’re moving to Poland, double-check your international health insurance to ensure they cover mental health. Accessing mental health support is always a bit tricky, but you’ll find decent therapy options in bigger cities like Warsaw or Krakow.

Useful resources

• www.psychiatrists.pl
• www.findahelpline.com
• www.mhe-sme.org

Unconscious bias training in Poland

Unconscious bias is an implicit set of often stereotyped ideas that people carry about groups different to themselves. Everyone holds some unconscious bias – not due to a purposeful decision but rather as an unnoticed development over time. We are more likely to hold unconscious biases about groups we rarely or never come into contact with, and this is no different in Poland.

Unchecked bias can undermine a company’s interests, negatively affecting recruitment, employee retention, and performance. This has caused many companies to institute unconscious bias training. Many global corporations are implementing standardised training across their Polish branches as part of worldwide diversity initiatives.

Useful resources

• www.nonprofitready.org/unconscious-bias-training

Diversification in the workplace in Poland

Workplace diversification in Poland has expanded significantly in recent years. Poland’s job market has been changing fast since it joined the EU. More international companies are setting up shop, and you’ll hear more languages in Polish workplaces these days. In 2024, around 1.1 million international workers were registered – about seven out of every 100 workers.

Poland’s economic success and continuing internationalisation are contributing to a better working environment for all. Progressive firms, particularly the global players, are working to ensure that there is no discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender and gender identity, religious beliefs or physical ability.

Useful resources

• cms.law

Safety in Poland

Safety in Poland is a big draw for expats, and the country has a reputation as one of the safest in Europe. Poland is, by and large, a safe country with low rates of violent and non-violent crime compared to other European capitals.

Still, every big city has its risks, and those in Poland are no exception. Just use the same street smarts you would in any major European city. A little awareness goes a long way – keep your wallet secure, don’t flash expensive gadgets, and stay alert in crowded spaces.

Useful resources

• www.travelsafe-abroad.com/poland
• www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/poland/safety-and-security

Calendar initiatives in Poland

4 February – World Cancer Day
8 March – International Women’s Day
7 April – World Health Day
19 May – Global Accessibility Awareness Day
10 September – World Suicide Prevention Day
8 October – World Mental Health Day
14 November – World Diabetes Day
18 November – End Child Sex Abuse Day
25 November – International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women
1 December – World AIDS Day

Living in Poland as an expat

Moving to Poland, you can look forward to an extremely safe country with picture-perfect cities and quaint villages. Situated in Central Europe with a long stretch of coast on the Baltic Sea, Poland is strategically positioned for trade, and its growing economy is evidence of that.

Poland has never been the most popular expat destination, and when the country officially joined the European Union (EU) in 2004, emigration statistics skyrocketed, leading to a population decrease as thousands of Poles left their homeland for greener pastures. But you might start to realise the merits of living in Poland and that there are many more pros than cons to living here.

A history of foreign occupation, repeated post-war partition and high unemployment rates left a sizeable grey cloud on Poland’s horizon. The dissolution of the USSR, followed by a rapid liberalisation programme known as ‘shock therapy’ has led to an initially struggling market economy that has only truly become successful in recent years.

Poland has transformed dramatically from an emigration to an immigration country, particularly since it welcomed nearly two million Ukrainian refugees in 2022. The country also attracts expats from Western and Eastern Europe. Major cities like Warsaw, Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, and the Tri-City area (Gdańsk, Gdynia, Sopot) are being recognised as hotspots for expats seeking economic stability and quality living at reasonable costs.

Pros and Cons of Living in Poland 
Living in Warsaw 
Living in Kraków

Working in Poland

There is an increase in work opportunities for enterprising internationals, and expats usually find work in industries such as IT, finance, human relations, manufacturing and English-language teaching. The IT sector in Poland is particularly fast-growing.

Finding a Job in Poland 
Work Permits in Poland 
Visas and Residency Permits in Poland

Polish culture

When moving to Poland, you need to prepare yourself for a relatively conservative environment, as strong family values and a powerful traditional Catholic undercurrent still characterise the social milieu.

Another potential difficulty is that, except for Poland's younger population, very few Poles speak English. This can complicate just about everything, from assimilation into the working environment to solidifying meaningful social connections.

On the upside, Poland’s largest cosmopolitan centres, Warsaw, Kraków, Gdańsk, Wrocław and Poznań are gradually making their names on the international cultural stage, with a growing café culture, a thriving nightlife and an increasingly cutting-edge cuisine scene. Poles are known for their ability to have a good party, and a long legacy of vodka is only one part of the whole.

Local Culture in Poland

Finding accommodation in Poland

Accommodation in Poland presents newcomers with a mix of opportunities and challenges. The rental market has changed significantly since 2022, largely influenced by the influx of Ukrainian refugees. Major cities like Warsaw, Kraków, and Gdańsk command the highest prices.

You’ll typically find better deals during spring and early summer, while September to October and January see peak rental costs due to academic calendars and post-holiday moves.

Finding and Renting Expat Accommodation in Poland

Cost of living in Poland

The cost of living in Poland offers an attractive balance for expats – salaries may be among the lowest on the continent, but the cost of living in the country is also exceedingly low. Although offering limited space, accommodation in Poland is fairly affordable, and you’re likely to find something suitable for your budget and style.

Public transport is also extensive and reasonably priced, so you probably won’t need to purchase a vehicle. If you decide to invest in a set of wheels, you’ll need to account for the cost of petrol, insurance and winter tyres, which can all add up quickly.

Although public healthcare provision is adequate, the government spends the lowest percentage of its GDP on healthcare, and you should research private health insurance options and include the cost of monthly premiums in your budget to access private healthcare facilities. Most expats opt for supplementary private coverage, which provides faster access to specialists and English-speaking doctors.

Cost of Living in Poland

Living in Poland with children

Living in Poland with children offers a rich experience for expat families seeking a balance of traditional values and modern amenities. With strong family values, a religious societal foundation and an emphasis on quality education, Poland is a wonderful country to raise your family in.

As a parent, you’ll also have plenty of weekend entertainment for your tots and teens, even during the brutal winter months. Historical sites and museums abound while there are myriad outdoor spaces for hiking, swimming, kayaking and winter surfing. 

Winter offers excellent skiing in Zakopane, while summer brings Baltic beach adventures and water sports opportunities at the numerous lake districts. There are also tons of year-round attractions like the Copernicus Science Center in Warsaw and the famous salt mines in Wieliczka.

Finding a school in Poland

Finding a school in Poland offers various options for expat families. As Polish is the language of instruction in public schools, the majority of expats opt to send their children to international schools in Poland. As an expat parent, you should, however, be prepared for the high costs often associated with international schools.

Poland’s public education system has undergone many positive changes in recent years, and tuition is free to all resident children, including expats. Poland's public bilingual programmes offer a practical option for budget-conscious expat families, providing partial English instruction at no cost while following the national curriculum. That being said, bilingual programmes are more robust at some schools, so it's worth doing research if you plan to rely on language support.

Schools and Education for Expats in Poland

Getting around in Poland

With an extensive public transport network on offer, getting around in Poland is straightforward and efficient. Poland has invested significantly in its transport infrastructure over the past decade, with modern tram systems, bus networks, and the expanding Warsaw Metro. Cities such as Warsaw, Kraków, Gdańsk, and Wrocław offer extensive coverage, and month-long transit passes cost just a fraction of Western European prices.

If you prefer driving, note that foreign licences from EU countries remain valid until their original expiry date, while non-EU licences can be used for only six months before requiring conversion to a Polish licence.

For intercity travel, Poland’s modernised train network provides comfortable connections between major destinations.

Public Transport, Driver’s Licences and Driving in Poland

Climate and weather in Poland

The climate in Poland is a source of frustration for many Poles and expats alike. Spring typically runs from March to May, summer extends from late May/June through August, autumn spans from September to November, and winter dominates from December through February. Temperatures can drop as low as 14°F (-10°C) during winter months, while summer highs typically reach a pleasant 77 to 86°F (25 to 30°C).

Climate Charts for Poland

If you move to Poland with an optimistic attitude, you can certainly succeed and enjoy a fun life here, and its central location means travel to the rest of Europe is a doddle.

Prehistory and early tribes

• 2000 BCE: There is evidence of early settlements in present-day Poland, including the Lusatian and Corded Ware cultures.
• 1st–5th century CE: Various tribal groups, including the Vandals and the Goths, pass through the region during the Migration Period.
• 6th–9th century: West Slavic tribes, notably the Polans, the Vistulans, and others, settle in the area. These groups form early proto-states and engage in trade, warfare, and cultural exchange with neighbouring regions.

Formation and rise of Poland

• 966: Poland is established as a sovereign state, with Mieszko I as its first recorded ruler.
• 1025: Bolesław I the Brave becomes the first king of Poland.
• 1138–1320: Poland enters a period of fragmentation as Bolesław III Wrymouth divides the kingdom among his sons. This weakens central authority until reunification under King Władysław I the Elbow-High in the early 14th century.
• 1385: Jogaila, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, signs a document known as the Union of Krewo shortly before his marriage to Poland’s Queen Jadwiga.

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

• 1569: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is established, officially uniting the two nations. At its peak, it is the largest European country and one of the most powerful.
• 1648–1666: The Commonwealth is invaded by Sweden and Russia in a period of military campaigns known as the Deluge. Historians estimate that the Commonwealth lost about one-third of its population during this period.
• 17th–18th century: The Liberum Veto, which allows any member of parliament to veto legislation, contributes to political paralysis and internal decline. Nobles often use it to preserve local autonomy and elite privilege, which limits reform efforts.
• 1772: The First Partition of Poland takes place, with Russia, Prussia and Austria dividing and annexing significant portions of the country. The Commonwealth loses about one-third of its territory and population.
• 1793: The Second Partition of Poland takes place, with Russia and Prussia taking over and dividing over half of the remaining Polish territory. This time, Austria does not participate.
• 1795: The Commonwealth is entirely dissolved, and its remaining territory is divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Poland ceases to exist as an independent state for the next 123 years.

Partitioned Poland and uprisings

• 1807: To gain Polish support, Napoleon creates the Duchy of Warsaw, a client state of France, from some of the partitioned Polish territories.
• 1815: After Napoleon’s exile, the Duchy of Warsaw is again divided among Russia, Prussia and Austria, with the majority falling under Russian rule. Russia establishes the Congress Kingdom of Poland, a theoretically semi-independent state, although it is functionally governed by Russia, with periodic crackdowns on national activity.
• 1848: The Poznań Uprising occurs in the Prussian Partition in reaction to the Prussian leadership’s anti-Polish policies and efforts to suppress Polish culture and language in favour of Germanisation. The rebellion ends when its leaders are captured and jailed.
• 1863: One of many uprisings against Russian Empire rule, the January Uprising is the longest-lasting insurgency during the partitions. Reprisals are harsh, including execution and exile.
• Late 19th century: Despite foreign rule, Polish intellectual life thrives. Romantic-era poets such as Adam Mickiewicz become cultural icons, and underground education movements help preserve Poland’s national identity.

Independence and World Wars

• 1918: Poland regains independence and forms the Second Polish Republic following the end of World War I and the collapse of the Russian Empire.
• 1919–1921: Poland fights the Polish-Soviet War, ultimately expanding its eastern borders through the Treaty of Riga, incorporating territories with large non-Polish populations.
• The interwar period sees cultural revival and innovation, particularly in literature, the arts, and science. However, the era is also marked by political instability, rising authoritarianism under the Sanation regime, and increasing tensions with national minorities, particularly Jews, Ukrainians, and Belarusians.
• 1939: Nazi Germany invades Poland on 1 September, prompting Britain and France to declare war. Shortly afterwards, the Soviet Union invades from the east as part of a pre-arranged division under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, claiming to be protecting Ukrainian and Belarusian populations in the absence of a functioning Polish state.
• 1939: The Siege of Warsaw results in significant damage and numerous casualties. Despite fierce resistance, Warsaw surrenders, leading to German occupation.
• 1941: Operation Reinhard, a secret Nazi German plan for the mass murder of Jews, is launched. By the war’s end, approximately 3 million Polish Jews are killed in the Holocaust.
• 1944: The Warsaw Uprising, led by the Polish resistance, seeks to liberate Warsaw but ultimately fails. Roughly 200,000 civilians die, and the city is largely destroyed.
• Throughout the war, a Polish government-in-exile operates from London. Polish forces contribute significantly to the Allied war effort, and resistance movements conduct extensive operations.
• 1945: World War II ends. In the end, Poland has suffered the loss of approximately 5.6 to 5.8 million people, including about 3 million Jews. Postwar borders are redrawn by the Allied agreement at Yalta and Potsdam, leading to significant population displacements.

Cold War Poland

• 1945: Following World War II, Poland becomes a socialist state within the Soviet sphere of influence. The new government embarks on rebuilding a country devastated by war and genocide.
• 1950s–1970s: The People’s Republic of Poland undertakes a programme of centralised economic planning. Shortages and inefficiencies are persistent issues, but the era also brings rapid industrialisation, universal access to education and healthcare, and expansion of housing and infrastructure. Religious and cultural tensions occasionally arise, particularly with the Catholic Church, which maintains strong societal influence.
• 1956: The Poznań protests highlight widespread frustration with working conditions and economic shortages. The unrest leads to the installation of Władysław Gomułka, whose early reforms are initially welcomed.
• 1978: Polish Cardinal Karol Wojtyła is elected as Pope John Paul II. His elevation energises opposition groups and becomes a symbolic challenge to the socialist state’s authority.
• 1980: Amid growing economic struggles, the Solidarity movement forms as a trade union at the Gdańsk Shipyard. It quickly becomes a broader social movement advocating for workers’ rights and democratic reform.
• 1981–1983: The Polish government imposes martial law in an effort to maintain social order and limit foreign interference. Thousands of activists are detained, and dozens of people are killed in associated crackdowns.
• 1989: The Round Table Talks – negotiations between the government and opposition – lead to partially free elections. This marks the beginning of a negotiated transition to a pluralistic political system.

Post-Socialist Transition

• 1990s: Poland undergoes rapid political and economic transformation, transitioning from a socialist system to a liberal-democratic, market-oriented model. This process, often called ‘shock therapy’, involves mass privatisation, deregulation, and austerity measures.
• Significant emigration occurs during this period, as economic insecurity drives many Poles – particularly younger workers – to seek employment in Western Europe. Entire regions face long-term structural unemployment and depopulation. Despite social dislocation, democratic institutions develop, and civil society flourishes. A multi-party parliamentary system and free press become established features of Polish political life.
• 1999: Poland joins NATO, reflecting a new geopolitical orientation aligned with the United States and Western Europe. The move is welcomed by many as a guarantee of security but criticised by some as a loss of strategic autonomy.

Modern Poland

• 2004: Poland joins the European Union on 1 May, opening its borders to labour mobility and foreign capital. EU membership leads to infrastructure investment and modernisation, but also exposes the country to global market volatility and intensifies migration and regional inequality.
• 2010: The Smolensk air disaster kills President Lech Kaczyński and dozens of political and military leaders. The event becomes a point of national trauma and political division, with conspiracy theories and partisan tensions shaping the public response.
• 2015: Andrzej Duda is elected president, supported by the nationalist Law and Justice (PiS) party. The party embarks on judicial reforms, cultural conservatism, and welfare expansion, gaining strong rural and working-class support while drawing criticism for undermining democratic institutions.
• Rising political polarisation dominates public life. Civil society and opposition movements grow in response to the government’s restrictions on judicial independence, media freedom, and reproductive rights.
• 2020: Poland’s first case of Covid-19 is confirmed. The pandemic greatly strains the public healthcare system and widens socioeconomic inequalities. By 2023, the country records over 118,000 Covid-related deaths. Frontline workers, educators, and caregivers play a critical role in maintaining daily life.
• 2020–2021: Massive protests erupt following the tightening of abortion laws. The mobilisations, led mainly by women and youth, mark one of the largest protest movements in Poland’s recent history and spotlight broader demands for bodily autonomy, democracy, and social justice.
• 2022: Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, over 10 million Ukrainian refugees enter Poland. While many move onward, nearly 2 million remain under temporary protection. Poland plays a leading role in supporting Ukraine, although the crisis also tests the country’s housing and welfare infrastructure.
• 2023: Donald Tusk returns to power after his Civic Coalition wins parliamentary elections. His administration pledges a more pro-European stance and attempts to reverse some controversial reforms enacted under PiS.
• 2024: Poland assumes the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union. The country focuses on European security, energy independence, and restoring ties with EU institutions strained during the previous government.

If you’re considering working in Poland, you may find that salaries won’t offer you the same purchasing power as Western Europe, with Polish purchasing power still around 30 percent below the European average.

In Poland, most jobs require a five-day work week with working hours generally from 8am to 4pm, although international companies often uphold a 9am to 5pm day. Polish employers are increasingly trying out flexible working arrangements, with four-day work weeks and hybrid options gaining traction across sectors.

Job market in Poland

The job market in Poland features primary industries like automotive manufacturing, food processing, banking and construction. However, expats are most likely to find opportunities in fast-growing sectors, including IT, finance, human relations, business services and management.

As most of the population speaks Polish, there is a significant shortage of native English speakers. Many private international schools and kindergartens actively seek native English teachers, with these positions often offering competitive salaries.

Foreign investment continues flowing into Poland, with energy and industrial sectors receiving significant capital. Manufacturing, e-commerce, food production, and logistics sectors are actively recruiting international workers.

That being said, working in Poland as a foreigner isn’t always straightforward. There are significant bureaucratic challenges, with immigration processes taking months to complete. The language barrier can also be a significant hurdle in some industries.

Finding a job in Poland

Finding a job in Poland requires different approaches depending on your nationality. Citizens of the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA) do not need a work permit to be legally employed in Poland. Non-EU citizens must obtain a work visa, which typically requires a job offer from a Polish employer.

If you haven’t been headhunted for a specific position, job portals remain the most effective search method. The EURES network is particularly useful for foreigners, providing job placement services across EU/EFTA countries. Specialised portals like Pracuj.pl, Jobs.pl and EnglishJobs.pl cater specifically for English-speaking professionals.

Processing times for work permits typically take 10 to 12 weeks, while visa processing averages 15 days but can extend to 30 days in some cases.

Visas and Residence Permits in Poland
Work Permits in Poland

Useful links

• Pracuj.pl
• Jobs.pl
• EnglishJobs.pl
• EURES (European Job Mobility Portal)
• Careers in Poland

Work culture in Poland

The work culture in Poland centres around hierarchy and formality, with pronounced differences from other European workplaces. Polish business environments tend to be more hierarchical, with a strong respect for senior positions and academic qualifications.

When it comes to meetings, punctuality matters. Polish business meetings typically start on time and finish at the stated time, and they feature straightforward communication with a focus on concrete, measurable outcomes.

For your work wardrobe, traditional Polish companies expect formal attire, especially for business meetings. A smart suit makes the right impression and shows you understand local professional etiquette. International firms might be slightly more relaxed, but it’s always safer to dress formally until you learn the specific office culture.

Building trust with Polish colleagues requires time and social engagement. Polish workplaces celebrate certain holidays with special gatherings – Christmas and Easter are particularly significant, with many companies organising after-hours events featuring traditional dishes.

Business Culture in Poland

Healthcare in Poland consists of both private and public options. Approximately two-fifths of Polish residents use a combination of both systems, while another two-fifths rely solely on public healthcare. You will want to ensure you have some degree of private insurance, as costs associated with these services can become expensive if paid out of pocket.

Facilities and treatment are generally better in the larger cities like Warsaw, Kraków and Wrocław, and emergency services are less reliable in the rural areas. Poland has fewer medical professionals per capita than in many European countries. Most of these healthcare professionals are concentrated in major urban centres, with many working at multiple facilities to meet demand.

Public healthcare in Poland

Public healthcare in Poland is regulated by the Ministry of Health, which oversees the state-financed National Health Fund (NFZ) system that supports it. State care is compulsory for all Polish nationals and all official residents. Contributions are usually deducted directly from salaries, with self-employed individuals required to make personal payments to the NFZ.

The standard of public healthcare in Poland is adequate, although many hospitals may be of a lower standard than those in Western Europe. Poland ranked 32nd out of 35 countries in the European Health Consumer Index, lagging behind many of its neighbours. Despite this, there are excellent public facilities that cover more treatment plans than might be available at private medical centres. For example, there are often no private options for cancer cases in Poland.

You will need to obtain a personal identification number (PESEL) before officially applying for public health insurance. To get your PESEL, you’ll need to register your residence at the district office corresponding to where you live. This can be done in person or through a proxy, and the process typically takes several days to a few weeks. Once your application is approved, you and your dependants are given an official medical insurance card and are entitled to free health services in Poland.

One disadvantage of public healthcare is that the NFZ issues quotas on the number of free state procedures doctors can perform. For this reason, if you need either consultation or minor treatment, you may find yourself on a waiting list for months before receiving service.

A further issue is that it is necessary to first get a referral from a General Practitioner (GP) in order to consult a medical specialist, further increasing the waiting time before receiving treatment. Many expats report that this referral system is particularly challenging when language barriers exist.

EU citizens can use their European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) to access state healthcare here during a short-term visit. UK citizens can use their Global Health Insurance Card (GHIC), which replaced the EHIC for UK citizens post-Brexit. If you’re a UK national living in Poland, you’ll be entitled to healthcare on the same basis as Polish citizens.

Private healthcare and insurance in Poland

Private healthcare in Poland is often used to supplement the public sector. Many Poles choose this option to avoid the long waits of the state system. In fact, many of the same doctors who work for the NFZ have private practices on the side, in which they can bypass the limits of the quota system and treat patients as they see fit.

Private treatment costs vary but are relatively affordable compared to Western European standards. However, continuous treatment will certainly pull at your purse strings. You should explore your private healthcare insurance options and consider securing a comprehensive policy.

Comprehensive private insurance policies typically cover GP and specialist consultations, diagnostic tests, and outpatient care. However, most standard packages exclude dental treatment, rehabilitation services, and specialised treatments like cancer care. Many expats praise the efficiency and English-language support of private healthcare. Note that you may still need to use the public system for serious conditions.

Pharmacies and medication in Poland

Pharmacies (Apteka in Polish) are widely available in Poland and are easily recognisable by the green cross on a white background symbol. Some in the major cities are open 24/7, although you may need to check online for their locations when outside urban centres.

You’ll find a wide selection of over-the-counter medicines in Poland, many of which are reasonably priced, although still often more expensive than in other EU countries. Interestingly, some medications like dextromethorphan (in cough syrups), codeine, pseudoephedrine, and certain nasal decongestants can be purchased without a prescription in Poland, whereas they require one in many other countries. Conversely, some antibiotics and stronger pain medications that might be available over the counter in other parts of the world will require a prescription in Poland. 

Medication in Poland may cost you more than you're used to. The state does not sponsor most prescription drugs, and some medicines associated with long-term illnesses, such as asthma, depression, heart disease and diabetes, are only partially funded.

Health risks in Poland

Although there are few health risks in Poland, you should visit a health specialist to ensure you have the latest vaccine information.

When walking outdoors, particularly in wooded areas, you should be careful of tick-borne diseases such as encephalitis. Poland has several endemic regions for tick-borne encephalitis. Tick bites can be avoided by using appropriate insect repellent and wearing long trousers.

Air pollution presents another health concern, particularly in major cities during the autumn and winter months. Poland has some of the worst air quality in the European Union, with 36 of the EU’s 50 most polluted cities located in the country. This is primarily due to coal burning for home heating and vehicle emissions. 

The pollution is particularly severe from October through March when many cities are covered in smog. If you have respiratory conditions, consider monitoring air quality apps and limiting outdoor activity on poor air quality days.

Vaccinations in Poland

Vaccination requirements in Poland follow European standards, and the CDC doesn’t recommend any additional country-specific vaccines for most travellers. For expats with kids, the Polish vaccination schedule is comprehensive and includes protection against tuberculosis, hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib, pneumococcal disease, measles, mumps, rubella, and rotavirus.

An additional vaccine to consider is the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine if you plan to spend time in forested areas, as Poland has endemic regions for this disease. Seasonal flu vaccines are also recommended, particularly if you live in major cities with air pollution issues.

Expats can access vaccination services through the public health system if insured with NFZ or through private clinics. In most cases, you’ll need a PESEL number to access public vaccination services. For children under 19 staying in Poland for longer than three months, vaccinations on the standard Polish schedule are compulsory regardless of nationality or residency status.

Emergency services in Poland

Emergency services in Poland are often prone to time delays, especially in areas outside the major urban centres. In some cases, it might be faster to make your own way to treatment centres if your condition allows. Poland’s emergency medical system includes paramedic-led ambulances for most calls, with physicians being dispatched to critical cases, similar to the Anglo-American model.

Poland has both service-specific emergency numbers and a unified European emergency number. You can call 112 for all emergencies, which is available free of charge throughout the country from both landlines and mobile phones, even without a SIM card. Operators at emergency notification centres typically speak Polish and English.

Alternatively, you can use the service-specific numbers:

• 997 (police)
• 998 (fire)
• 999 (ambulance)
• 0608 599 999 (multilingual emergency line for foreign tourists)

Many private insurance companies offer 24/7 helplines with English-speaking staff and can help coordinate emergency care. The Alarm112 mobile application is also available for sending emergency reports to notification centres.

The requirements surrounding work permits in Poland vary depending on your nationality, with the Polish government continuously refining the system to meet labour market demands.

European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) citizens do not need a work permit to be legally employed in Poland, while non-EU citizens are required to hold a work permit. Citizens of certain countries, including Moldova, Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, Russia, and Belarus, may have simplified procedures under specific circumstances.

Since Poland officially joined the EU in 2004, efforts have been made to standardise the work permit process. Rules and regulations are becoming more closely aligned with the directives used by other EU countries. Significant changes are happening, including a new electronic submission portal for permit applications to streamline the process and major reforms to intra-corporate transfers and labour market requirements.

Types of work permits for Poland

There are several types of work permits for Poland, but most new arrivals wanting to work in Poland will apply for a Type A permit, which allows you to work in Poland if a Polish company employs you. If you sit on management boards, you would typically apply for a Type B permit, which allows you to live in Poland for six months or more during the course of a year. Otherwise, the Type C work permit allows you to work for a non-Polish company in Poland. The Type D permit is specifically for those who work in export services for a non-Polish company.

Work permits in Poland are typically issued for a maximum of three years and can be renewed. A national Type D visa for work purposes is usually valid for up to one year. For seasonal workers, Poland offers special permits valid for up to nine months within a 12-month period, particularly in sectors like agriculture and tourism.

Highly qualified professionals can also apply for an EU Blue Card, which offers additional benefits. These include the ability to work in other EU member states for 90 days within a 180-day period without requiring an additional permit after one year of residence in Poland. This permit is particularly attractive for specialists in high-demand sectors like IT, engineering, and healthcare, requiring proof of higher education or at least five years of professional experience at a comparable level.

If you’re working remotely or in a hybrid arrangement, Poland introduced new regulations in April 2023 that formally recognise these work styles, although you’ll still need a standard work permit if staying beyond 90 days. While Poland has not yet introduced a specific digital nomad visa, the government is considering new permit types for remote workers as part of upcoming immigration reforms.

Useful links

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• European Commission – Work Permits in the EU
• Entry Conditions for Working Purposes
• Migrant Information Portal – Work Permits

Applying for a work permit for Poland

Most employers apply for their employees’ work permits on their behalf. First, your employer must first establish your ‘permission to work’ from a provincial government office, known locally as a Voivode office. This must be done at the office in the district where you are to take up employment.

The hiring company must present a great deal of documentation detailing its legal status, income and losses, and information relating to the number of employees in the company.

Most importantly, they need proof that there are no qualified Polish workers who could adequately fill the position in question. Although this removes a lot of pressure from the employee, it also means that companies often choose not to hire foreigners, as the process of filing paperwork can be resource-consuming.

Poland has replaced the labour market test with a ‘protected professions’ list. This means employers will be able to hire international workers for any profession not listed as protected, simplifying the work permit application process. Employers will no longer need to advertise open positions and provide evidence of local recruitment efforts, reducing administrative burdens and speeding up the hiring process.

The processing time for work permits can vary significantly, but is typically six to twelve weeks. Application fees vary by permit type. 

Once approved, work permits are issued for a maximum of three years (but this also varies by permit), at which point they can be renewed. Your employer should submit the renewal application no earlier than 90 days and no later than 30 days before the expiration of your current permit.

One restriction that many people are unaware of is the fact that work permits in Poland are job- and employer-specific. Consequently, if you wish to change employers while living in Poland, you must reapply for a work permit. This reapplication process requires your new employer to initiate a new permit application on your behalf.

Stricter contract requirements have been introduced, ensuring that employment terms are clear and legally binding. Employers must submit signed employment contracts for employees holding work permits. Enhanced notification requirements are also coming into effect, requiring employers and workers to notify the government of changes in residence, work hours, or termination of employment.

Once ‘permission to work’ is granted by the Voivode office, you can apply for a formal visa at the Polish embassy or consulate in your home country or apply for a residency card within Poland. Non-EU citizens entering Poland for work purposes will typically need to meet minimum salary requirements.

Regulations for work permits are subject to change at short notice, and you should consult your respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Banking, money and taxes in Poland offer various options as the financial system has evolved substantially in the last decades. You’ll find numerous local and international banking choices, each with different fee policies and account options. It’s highly recommended you do some preliminary research to find which will work best for your situation.

Money in Poland

Money in Poland revolves around the Polish Złoty (PLN), which remains the official currency despite Poland’s European Union membership since 2004. The złoty is divided into 100 groszy, with no current plans to adopt the euro in the near future.

• Notes: PLN 10, PLN 20, PLN 50, PLN 100, PLN 200 and PLN 500
• Coins: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 groszy and PLN 1, PLN 2 and PLN 5

You can change money in banks or kantors (exchange offices). For the best rates, seek out kantors in city centres rather than airports or tourist areas. Banks typically charge a commission, while kantors offer more competitive rates with no commission. Many expats now use mobile apps to compare rates between different exchange services.

Near border regions, particularly with Germany, Czech Republic and Slovakia, euros may be accepted in some establishments, but typically at less favourable rates than official exchanges.

Banking in Poland

Banking in Poland gives you access to both national and international institutions. PKO BP remains the largest and most popular national bank, and Millennium Bank, mBank, and Citibank (Bank Handlowy) are also frequently used by the expat community. Most major banks offer English-language services in urban areas, with digital banking interfaces also available in English.

Smaller, more traditional Polish banks and branches in rural areas may not have English-speaking staff readily available, so it’s worth checking language support before choosing a bank if you’re settling outside a major city.

Banking hours in Poland are generally from 9am to 4pm, Monday to Friday, and 9am to 1pm on Saturdays. Many branches located in shopping centres offer extended hours that match the mall’s operating times, sometimes until 8pm on weekdays.

Opening a bank account

You’ll likely need to open a bank account in Poland for your day-to-day expenses and to receive your salary. The process works smoothly if you have the right documentation.

You can use your passport and residency card to open a bank account. In cases where you don’t have a residency card yet, some banks will accept a passport and proof of address with a signed declaration of residency. Documentation requirements vary between institutions, with some requiring additional verification for non-EU citizens.

ATMs and credit cards

ATMs and credit cards in Poland are widely accessible throughout Poland’s major cities but may be less common in rural areas. Polish bank ATMs typically don’t charge withdrawal fees, even for international cards, although your home bank might apply international fees.

Credit cards are broadly accepted in urban areas, with contactless payment options becoming increasingly prevalent. For the best exchange rates, always choose to be charged in local currency (PLN) when using foreign cards.

Independent ATM operators like Euronet may charge higher fees than bank-operated machines, so try to use ATMs attached to banks whenever you can.

Taxes in Poland

Taxes in Poland operate on a residency-based system that impacts all residents. You qualify for tax status based on how much time you spend in the country or the nature of your employment contract.

Expats who are residents or spend more than 183 days of the tax year in the country will be taxed on their worldwide income. Poland has a progressive tax system with two main brackets at 12 percent and 32 percent, along with a substantial tax-free allowance that benefits most taxpayers.

Poland has established double-taxation agreements with over 90 countries, including major expat source countries like the US, the UK, and most EU countries. These treaties provide mechanisms to avoid paying tax twice on the same income.

Expats must register for a tax identification number (NIP) upon arrival. This 10-digit number is required for tax filings and social security payments. You can apply at your local tax office by submitting an NIP-7 identification form along with your passport and residence documentation.

Tax returns must be filed by April 30th each year for the previous calendar year. Unlike some countries, Poland doesn’t offer automatic extensions specifically for expats, although case-by-case extensions may be granted with proper justification.

If you’re working remotely in Poland for a foreign company, your income is generally taxable in Poland. The detailed rules depend on tax treaties, and if you’re in this situation, consider speaking to a tax advisor.

Working in Poland

Shipping goods to Poland can be a daunting task at first, but can be made simpler by planning well. Most expats find it best to split their household goods into two different shipments based on need. 

Items that will be needed immediately should be sent by air – a quick but expensive shipping method. Larger, heavier items such as furniture should be sent by sea. This can take several weeks, but is much more affordable, so it's best to send the shipment off as soon as possible.

Costs vary depending on the size of the container booked, and it’s recommended that you request quotes from several different service providers to find the best deal. Many expats find that comparing at least three quotes yields substantial savings.

Customs clearance for Poland

Customs clearance for Poland follows EU regulations, as Poland is part of a greater customs union. This means that goods and items shipped to Poland by EU citizens and residents are duty-free. Most used and personal items are also duty-free. If you are using more than one shipping medium (i.e. air and sea), all goods must be declared at the initial point of entry.

The paperwork required for customs clearance in Poland can be complicated, but shipping agents generally facilitate this process. Customs processing typically takes one to three weeks, although packages selected for inspection may be detained longer.

Shipping household goods to Poland

When shipping household goods to Poland, you’ll need to provide a detailed inventory of all items with approximate values. If you’re relocating from within the EU, your used household goods can be imported duty-free. For non-EU citizens, your shipment should be free of import duties as long as the items are for personal use.

It’s highly recommended to purchase comprehensive all-risk cargo insurance for your household shipments.

Shipping pets to Poland

Shipping pets to Poland is straightforward. Your animals must have an ISO-compliant microchip, and dogs and cats must have the appropriate vaccinations, with rabies being the most critical. The vaccine must be administered at least 21 days old prior to travel.

A veterinarian must issue an EU Health Certificate no more than four months before your travel date, and an International Health Certificate must be issued within 10 days of departure. For EU pet owners returning from outside the EU, you’ll need an export health certificate in addition to the EU Pet Passport.

No quarantine is required for pets arriving from most countries. Poland has breed-specific legislation restricting certain aggressive dog breeds, including American Pit Bull Terrier, Dogo Argentino, and Tosa Inu. Your pets must also travel in airline-approved crates that meet IATA specifications.

You will need to learn to cope with cold weather in Poland when moving to the country. Winters are chilly, with temperatures often plunging as low as 16°F (-9°C). 

Winter in Poland typically begins in November and ends in March, but it can be extended when eastern winds blow in from the Russian front. Snowfall is common in winter and can even continue as late as April. There are regional differences in climate across Poland, with the Baltic coast experiencing milder winters while the northeast faces harsher conditions.

Spring in Poland usually lasts two months (April and May) and is characterised by rain and cold nights. Daily springtime temperatures range between 41°F (5°C) and 59°F (15°C). Spring gives the country a welcome burst of activity after the long winter, and locals flock to Poland’s parks and outdoor spaces as temperatures rise.

Although precipitation falls year round in Poland, it is heaviest in summer. Summer (June to August) is moderate, and average temperatures tend to hover between 68°F (20°C) and 77°F (25°C). Excessive heat is rare, but droughts can occur from time to time, particularly in central and western regions. Without widespread air conditioning in Polish homes, you’ll find locals cooling off in urban parks, lakes, and Baltic beaches during hot spells.

Autumn in Poland begins pleasantly with warm days, but the temperature begins dropping dramatically in the second half of the season. September and early October offer the perfect conditions for outdoor activities before chilly November sets in. Mushroom picking in forests becomes a popular weekend pursuit for many Polish families during this colourful season. During autumn, temperatures gradually fall from 68°F (20°C) in early autumn to freezing by late November.