Expats moving to Romania are sure to encounter many interesting people and places on their travels. Locals are friendly and welcoming, and it’s always a good idea to be informed of any potential sensitivities. Here are some aspects of diversity and inclusion in Romania to keep in mind.

Accessibility in Romania

As an EU country, Romania is required to uphold certain levels of accessibility. The European Accessibility Act, which came into full effect in June 2025, harmonises accessibility standards across member states. In practice, the availability and upkeep of accessible buildings and pavements varies widely across the country. Generally speaking, larger cities will be easier to navigate.

That being said, wheelchair users are still likely to face challenges when getting around in Romania. Some pavements are poorly maintained, and their cut curbs may be irregular. Drivers also sometimes park on pavements, blocking the way. If in need of a quick lift onto or off the pavement, wheelchair users will find that Romanian people are largely friendly and happy to assist.

Public transport is only partially accessible, with buses being the best and sometimes only option for wheelchair users. All buses have lowered floors and are equipped with fold-out ramps at the centre doors, with one wheelchair securement space available on each bus. The city’s trolleybus network is largely accessible, and most of the trolleybus lines are wheelchair accessible and feature amenities similar to those of standard buses.

The Bucharest subway presents significant challenges for wheelchair users. Large gaps exist between trains and platforms, and trains aren’t generally level with the platform. Many stations still lack lift access, although Line M4 is fully equipped with lifts.

Useful resources

• Public Spaces Without Barriers Guidelines – Romania, European Commission
• Wheelchair Accessible Public Transportation in Bucharest
• European Accessibility Act, European Commission
• National Authority for Persons with Disabilities (Romania)

LGBTQ+ in Romania

In the early 2000s, Romania made significant progress in terms of improving rights and protections for its LGBTQ+ populations. During this period, homosexuality was decriminalised, the age of consent was equalised, and discrimination based on sexual orientation was banned.

In more recent years, however, the government seems to be less tolerant of the LGBTQ+ community. In 2022, the use of ‘gay propaganda’ in schools was banned, as was the discussion of gender identity and sexual orientation in public areas. Both laws have been criticised as censorship, and a large-scale march took place in Bucharest to protest them.

Same-sex marriage isn’t specifically banned in Romania, but there’s no legal equivalent to heterosexual marriage for gay couples. In 2023, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ordered Romania to establish legal frameworks to recognise same-sex civil unions, but the Romanian government has appealed the decision and indicated resistance to implementing it.

Transgender rights are extremely limited in Romania. Surgery is required to legally change your gender, even though the ECHR ruled this requirement illegal. Additionally, the EU’s top court ruled in 2024 that Romania must recognise legal gender changes made in other EU member states. According to ILGA-Europe’s 2025 Rainbow Map, Romania fell behind Poland and is currently the worst-ranked EU member state for LGBTQ+ rights.

Despite the difficulties faced by the LGBTQ+ population in Romania, there are still lively gay scenes in certain cities. Bucharest holds an annual pride parade that has grown substantially over the years, with events regularly drawing tens of thousands of participants. Cluj-Napoca also hosts an annual pride festival and has active LGBTQ+ venues. There are gay nightlife scenes in these cities and a few others dotted around Romania.

Useful resources

• ACCEPT Association (Romania’s main LGBTQ+ rights organisation)
• ILGA-Europe Rainbow Map
• Cluj Pride Association
• Gay Travel Guide: Romania

Gender equality in Romania

As a largely Catholic country, Romania tends towards a traditional view of women as homemakers and men as breadwinners. According to the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Romania scored 57.5 out of a possible 100 on the 2024 Gender Equality Index. This represents a gradual improvement but keeps Romania well below the EU average of 71.

One area of progress is Romania’s low gender wage gap, but this can be looked at in a few different ways. EU statistics show Romania has one of the lowest gender wage gaps in Europe at around 3.6 percent, well below the EU average of 12 percent. But broader compensation analyses show that wider gaps exist when considering total compensation packages, work time, and career progression opportunities. 

A recent World Bank study showed that four in five Romanians believe a woman’s primary role is to care for her family and home, and this can be seen in women’s education choices: 90 percent of education graduates and more than 70 percent of healthcare and welfare graduates were female. 

On the other hand, Romania actually performs better than many EU countries in STEM gender balance, with women representing over 40 percent of STEM graduates – one of the highest shares in the EU.

Useful resources

• Gender Equality Report, 2024, European Institute for Gender Equality
• Global Gender Gap Report, 2025 (PDF), World Economic Forum

Women in leadership in Romania

One of Romania’s main challenges is its unequal representation in the domains of economic and political decision-making. In 2023, just 19 percent of Romania’s parliament members were women. National statistics show that over 36 percent of leadership positions in Romania are held by women, but women are still underrepresented in the highest corporate positions.

Mental health awareness in Romania

Romania has some stigma around mental illness. Diagnoses are considered shameful and are usually kept secret, and as a result, mental illness tends to be underdiagnosed as sufferers either refuse to seek treatment or aren’t aware of how to access care. This can present problems for expats from more open societies.

Studies show that expats are at higher risk of depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders than the general population, with increased stress and loneliness being common precipitating factors. Tackling mental health difficulties early, rather than waiting to seek help, is associated with better treatment outcomes – so expats should keep an eye on their mental wellbeing and take action if needed. Resources for mental healthcare are limited in Romania’s public healthcare system, with significant waiting times and resource constraints, so expats will likely need to seek private treatment to receive timely and comprehensive care. 

English-speaking mental health professionals are available in major cities like Bucharest, although options may be more limited in smaller towns. To ensure ease of access, expats should check that the health insurance provided by their employer offers comprehensive coverage for both psychiatric and psychological services, including therapy sessions and medication if needed.

Useful resources

• Mental Health for Romania NGO
• English-Speaking Psychology Services in Bucharest
• PsihoPlan – English-Language Therapy Services
• Find Therapists in Bucharest – It’s Complicated

Unconscious bias education in Romania

Unconscious bias is an implicit set of stereotyped ideas that an individual carries about groups of people different to themselves. These ideas are not usually purposefully adopted but rather develop subtly over time, and people tend to hold unconscious biases about groups they never or rarely come into contact with. As a result, these perceptions are often inaccurate and based on assumptions.

Unconscious bias can profoundly affect both personal and work conditions. In the workplace, unchecked bias undermines vital aspects of the company, with negative effects on employee performance, retention, and recruitment. In a bid to create a better work environment, many companies are beginning to institute unconscious bias training. There are also several online resources that can be used to improve self-awareness regarding bias.

The Romanian government has identified unconscious bias as one of the main obstacles towards equal gender representation in leadership positions, as men continue to hold the majority of such positions in politics, courts, and the workplace. Romania’s 2022–2024 Action Plan included commitments to tackle this problem through analysis of gender balance in public administration, electoral and labour processes, although implementation faced significant challenges, including limited high-level political support.

Useful resources

• Implicit Association Test: Harvard University
• Unconscious Bias Training: NonprofitReady

Diversification of the workforce in Romania

Expats moving to Romania may struggle to find fellow expats, as only about 3 percent of Romania’s population is foreign born. The typical Romanian company won’t be particularly diverse, but multinational companies that frequently bring employees to the country may have a wide range of nationalities working there.

That being said, Romania’s government continues efforts to expand the number of non-EU workers in the country. The government maintains an annual quota of 100,000 foreign worker permits, although these quotas have not been fully utilised in recent years.

Studies show that diversification of the workplace is hugely beneficial to companies and employees alike. In recognition of this, companies across the world are setting up diversity and inclusion programmes to represent a wide variety of people among employees.

Safety in Romania

Romania is a very safe country, ranking 36th out of 163 countries on the Global Peace Index, and you’ll have little to be concerned about apart from taking normal precautions against petty crime. This includes keeping valuables out of sight, being aware of your surroundings and avoiding walking alone at night. Keep an eye out in busy places with lots of people, such as tourist areas and public transport, to avoid falling victim to petty theft.

Safety in Romania

Calendar initiatives in Romania

4 February – World Cancer Day 
March – TB Awareness Month 
8 March – International Women’s Day 
19 May – Global Accessibility Awareness Day 
10 September – World Suicide Prevention Day 
October – Breast Cancer Awareness Month 
10 October – World Mental Health Day 
14 November – World Diabetes Day 
1 December – World AIDS Day

Living in Romania as an expat

Moving to and living in Romania puts you between the Black Sea and the Carpathians, with beaches, ski slopes, forests and farmland all within reach. Bucharest sits on the Dambovita River and is often expats’ first stop for planning a base for work or study.

Romania ranks among Europe’s safest countries with very low crime rates, and new arrivals soon learn that Romania has much to offer as both an international tourist destination and gateway to business in Eastern Europe. Expats moving to Romania are treading somewhat off the beaten track when it comes to worldwide expat destinations, but the country is an EU member state since 2007 and joined the Schengen Area in 2024. Romania has access to strong business and trade connections throughout both Western and Eastern Europe.

Moving to Bucharest

Working in Romania

Working in Romania often means you’ll be based in the capital. Many foreign professionals land roles in construction, engineering, IT, software development, telecommunications, teaching English, or the rapidly growing tech outsourcing sector.  Romania now hosts major international companies, including Microsoft, Oracle, and UiPath. 

Romania’s economy centres on the services sector, which accounts for over 60 percent of GDP and employs nearly half the workforce. As an EU member state, Romania provides businesses with access to the European Union’s internal market on equal terms with other member states.

Visa and work-permit rules are clear but involve heavy paperwork, so plan ahead and allow time for approvals. Non-EU nationals require work permits to work in Romania, and the government maintains an annual quota of 100,000 permits for foreign workers. EU and EEA citizens enjoy freedom of movement for employment, although UK citizens have faced new requirements since Brexit and must apply for residence permits for stays beyond 90 days.

Finding a Job in Romania
Work Permits for Romania
Visas for Romania 

Romanian culture

Romanian culture is a feature of its position at the crossroads of Eastern and Western Europe, and it reflects its people's Latin heritage and Central European and Balkan influences. There are some adjustments that new arrivals will have to make, and most expats experience some elements of culture shock. You’ll notice strong family ties, generous hospitality and a direct communication style. 

Romanian is the official language. German and Hungarian are spoken in some regions.  English is less common once you leave major centres, although you’ll hear it more in Bucharest, Constanța and Brașov, as well as in tourist areas. A few phrases in Romanian go a long way.

Business culture tends to be formal and hierarchical, with clear respect for authority and seniority. Romanians value straightforward, honest communication, but wrapped in courtesy and respect. Dress smartly for meetings and follow up in writing. Relationship building takes time and patience, as trust develops gradually in professional settings. Interactions may begin formally, but Romanians are known for their hospitality towards foreigners.

Local Culture in Romania
Business Culture in Romania
Diversity and Inclusion in Romania

Finding accommodation in Romania

Finding accommodation in Romania is straightforward once you choose your neighbourhood. There are varied options to suit different professional needs and budgets, from modern apartments and renovated Communist-era blocks to suburban villas.

The rental market shows clear regional differences, and Bucharest and major cities like Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, and Iași command higher rents than smaller towns. In Bucharest, the apartments near metro stations are especially sought after.

The rental process typically requires written tenancy agreements authenticated by a notary, and properties may be furnished or unfurnished. Many expats find success through local property portals and networking, and some employers provide housing allowances or relocation assistance to help figure out the market.

Accommodation in Romania

Cost of living in Romania

The cost of living in Romania is comparatively low within the European Union. Salaries run lower than in Western Europe, yet day-to-day expenses can be manageable, especially outside the biggest cities. Regional differences are notable, and living in Bucharest and major cities like Cluj-Napoca and Timișoara is costlier than living in the smaller towns.

Housing typically represents the largest expense, whereas local produce, public transport, and utilities are relatively affordable. Imported goods, private healthcare and international schooling push budgets higher, so factor these in. On the whole, expats generally find that their purchasing power increases substantially compared to their home countries.

Cost of Living in Romania

Living in Romania with children

Living in Romania with children is workable and often pleasantly low-key. Parks, playgrounds, and weekend escapes to the mountains or the Black Sea help keep families active. Romanian cities are generally child-friendly, with numerous parks, family attractions, and recreational facilities available.

The Romanian public healthcare system provides universal coverage for residents, although many expat families opt for private healthcare insurance for faster access and English-speaking services. When choosing a home, consider how close you’ll be to clinics and emergency facilities.

 Family benefits are available to residents, and the country’s central European location makes it easy to explore neighbouring countries for weekend trips and school holidays.

Safety in Romania
Healthcare in Romania

Finding a school in Romania

Finding a school in Romania presents expats with several educational options. The public education system is free and follows the Romanian curriculum, although most international families prefer private or international schools for English-language instruction and familiar curricula.

International schools are concentrated primarily in Bucharest, offering programmes such as the International Baccalaureate, British, and American curricula. These schools cater to the international community but represent a significant expense, so expats should either ask their employers for a school allowance or budget for a considerable sum. Some bilingual schools offer both Romanian and international programmes and provide a middle ground for families planning longer-term stays.

Education and Schools in Romania

Getting around in Romania

Getting around in Romania is easiest in Bucharest, which has a metro system alongside bus and tram networks. The national rail network connects most cities, although journey times can be lengthy due to ageing infrastructure, and coaches serve smaller towns.

Romania’s road network spans over 53,000 miles (85,000km). Many expats choose to drive, although road conditions can drop off considerably outside major cities. Cars drive on the right-hand side, and international driving permits are typically required for non-EU residents. Winter tyres are required when roads are snowy or icy, and a rovinietă (road vignette) is mandatory for most national roads outside city limits.

Transport and Driving in Romania

Climate and weather in Romania

Romania has a continental climate with four distinct seasons, including mild springs and autumns, sunny summers and chilly winters. Expats will be able to practise their skiing in winter, with snow typically falling from December through to March throughout the country and especially in the mountainous interior. Generally, expats can look forward to summers spent in the sun, enjoying the Romanian countryside and the Black Sea coast.

Climate and Weather Charts for Romania

Fast facts

Official name: Romania

Population: Around 18.7 million

Capital city: Bucharest (also the largest city)

Other cities: Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, Iași, Constanța, Brașov

Neighbouring countries: Ukraine to the north and east; Moldova to the east; Bulgaria to the south; Serbia to the southwest; Hungary to the west; the southeast borders the Black Sea.

Geography: This Eastern European country sits on the Black Sea and is characterised by mountainous terrain, with the Carpathian Mountains dominating the country’s interior. The Danube River, which forms part of the border with Serbia and Bulgaria, flows into Romania, ending with the Danube Delta (the second-largest river delta in Europe) in southeastern Romania.

Political system: Semi-presidential representative republic

Main language: Romanian (official). English is widely spoken in larger cities and tourist areas.

Major religions: Christianity is the largest religion in Romania, with Eastern Orthodox being the largest denomination.

Money: The Romanian Leu (RON) is divided into 100 bani. ATMs are widely available in the country’s urban areas, and credit cards are accepted at most establishments.

Tipping: Restaurants and hotels typically expect 10 to 15 percent for good service. Service charges may be included in the bill, so check before tipping.

Time: GMT+2 (GMT+3 for daylight savings, from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October)

Electricity: 230V, 50Hz. Type F (Schuko) sockets with two round pins are used; Type C plugs also fit.

Internet domain: .ro

International dialling code: +40

Emergency contacts: 112

Transport and driving: Cars drive on the right-hand side of the road. Public transport is well-developed in major cities, particularly Bucharest, and there are good connections between cities.

Romania has a continental climate with four distinct seasons, including mild springs and autumns, sunny summers, and chilly winters. Expats moving to Romania will be able to practice their skiing in winter, with snow typically falling from December through to March throughout the country. Winter temperatures average 26°F (-3°C), with the potential for heavy winds that can make the cold rather unpleasant.

Spring, from the end of March to June, has cool mornings and nights. This gives way to warm summers, during which expats may experience some rain. Generally, they can look forward to summers spent in the sun, enjoying the Romanian countryside, especially as daily temperatures range between 77°F (25°C) and 86°F (30°C). Autumn begins at the end of September, bringing both cool and dry weather.

Romania’s climate varies considerably across its regions, shaped by the Carpathian Mountains that divide the country. The mountainous areas experience cooler temperatures year-round, with snow at higher elevations lasting from December through April and temperatures plummeting well below -4°F (-20°C).

The Black Sea coastal region benefits from maritime influences that moderate both summer heat and winter cold. Western and central Romania typically see milder winters and more rainfall.

The eastern and southern lowlands can be particularly sweltering during peak summer, with temperatures frequently soaring above 100°F (38°C) in July and August. These areas also tend to be drier, with less precipitation than the mountainous western regions.

There is a good supply of accommodation in Romania, and there is enough variety to suit almost any budget. Certain factors will have to be taken into consideration, including size, cost, transport options and distance from work or school.

Bucharest is home to the largest enclave of expats in Romania, and although it has the country’s priciest accommodation, it’s still reasonably cheap compared to the US and Western European capitals. No matter where in Romania they end up, expats can save a few pennies by living in outlying suburban areas rather than city centres.

Types of accommodation in Romania

Accommodation within cities is usually limited to either modern or old Soviet-style apartment blocks, while housing beyond the city limits varies but tends to be more spacious. Accommodation for expats moving to Romania includes bachelor and multi-bedroom apartments, as well as small cottages and larger villas.

When looking to rent property in Romania, keep in mind that phrases such as ‘three-roomed apartment’ in property advertisements typically refer to the total number of rooms in the entire apartment, not the number of bedrooms (this applies to houses too).

Furnished or unfurnished

You can find both furnished and unfurnished accommodation in Romania. Short-term accommodation is typically fully furnished and serviced, while it’s somewhat rarer, but not impossible, to find fully furnished homes in long-term accommodation. The extent of furnishing available can vary widely – sometimes everything down to bedsheets and cutlery is included, while other times, furnishing is limited to basic appliances and large pieces of furniture such as couches and beds.

In some cases, you may be able to choose whether to rent a particular house or apartment with furniture, without furniture or partially furnished. Including furnishings does push up the rent, but if an expat is staying for a limited period of time, it’s more cost-effective to rent rather than buy furniture or ship goods from home.

Short lets

When first arriving in Romania, it’s a good idea to first rent short-term accommodation. In doing so, you’ll have time to get to know the city’s various neighbourhoods and will be able to arrange everything in person. Short lets can last from a few days to a few months, allowing you flexibility and convenience. Airbnb is a popular option for short lets, or you could use a property management company.

Useful links

• Airbnb
• Vrbo
• Booking.com
• Expedia

Finding accommodation in Romania

Online property portals are a good starting point for finding accommodation in Romania. You can use them to get a broad idea of cost and availability. Real estate scams can occur on these portals, so always view the property in person before handing over any money.

Another option is to use the services of reputable English-speaking real estate agents who are familiar with the local market. They can assist with paperwork and lease negotiations, and are also helpful in negotiating with prospective landlords who don’t speak English.

Some people moving to Romania will be lucky enough to have a relocation company working on their behalf, who will assess their preferences and shortlist properties for them to view. 

Relocation Companies in Romania

Useful links

• Imobiliare.ro
• Storia.ro
• Publi24.ro
• White Mountain: Real estate agency
• RE/MAX Romania: International agency

Renting accommodation in Romania

The cost of renting in Romania will make up the bulk of most living expenses. This cost is on par with, or sometimes cheaper than, accommodation in other Eastern European countries. Renting accommodation in a city centre will generally cost more than in smaller towns and outlying areas, and the rent will obviously be much higher in a modern apartment block than in a 1950s communist building.

Making an application

You may need to undergo a background check or supply references as part of the application process. This can be tricky when you’re new to the country with no rental history. If you can convince your employer to act as a reference, this will be to your advantage.

Those who secure their lease through estate agents may have to pay agency fees based on the monthly rent cost, although in some cases the landlord covers this expense. It’s important to clarify who pays the commission before engaging an agent.

Those with a car should make sure where they can park and what the fees involved will be. Not all accommodation automatically includes a parking space.

Leases

Lease agreements in Romania tend to last for at least 12 months or can have an indefinite length, but you may be able to negotiate shorter leases. Rent is paid monthly and may include basic utilities. Furnished accommodation is also available at a higher price.

Deposits

In order to secure a lease, you typically pay a deposit equivalent to one or two months’ rent – the legal maximum is three months’ rent. The deposit must be held at the landlord’s bank. At the end of the contract, the landlord may deduct expenses from the deposit for repairs to the property and unpaid bills. Unless otherwise stipulated, there may be a penalty for terminating the lease with less than one to two months’ notice.

Terminating the lease

If the contract has a defined period, such as 12 months, then you can terminate the lease for any reason as long as you give notice. Landlords can only terminate a defined lease early to meet their or their family’s personal housing needs. Contracts without defined periods can be cancelled by either party. In all cases, each party must give at least 60 days’ notice to the other party.

Utilities in Romania

Utility fees may or may not be included in the monthly rental fee. This usually depends on the landlord. Ask which items (for example, gas, water or electricity) you would have to pay yourself before signing the lease agreement.

The electricity grid in Romania is managed by the state-owned transmission company, Transelectrica, but the retail market is deregulated. Romania’s water services and garbage removal are both managed by various private companies, so ask your landlords for a recommendation.

Electricity

Romania has a deregulated electricity market, so you’ll need to choose your supplier once you move in. The grid is generally reliable in urban areas, although the country has faced some supply security concerns in recent years due to an increased reliance on electricity imports. 

Romanian properties use standard European plugs (Type C and Type F).

Gas

Natural gas is widely available through pipelines in Romanian cities and larger towns, sourced primarily from domestic production – Romania is actually the EU’s largest natural gas producer. Most apartments use gas for heating and cooking rather than electricity. You’ll need to arrange your own contract with a gas supplier if utilities aren’t included in your rent. In rural areas where piped gas isn’t available, some properties may use bottled LPG gas for cooking and heating.

Water

If it’s not included in your rent, you’ll need to transfer the water account into your name when moving in. Romanian tap water meets EU safety standards and is technically safe to drink, although many locals and expats prefer the taste of bottled water due to the level of chlorine in the supply. Water quality varies by region, and it’s mostly Bucharest and other city-dwellers who report strong chlorine tastes. In apartments, hot water is sometimes supplied through central heating systems. 

Bins and recycling

Romania follows the standard EU recycling norms with colour-coded bins: yellow for plastic and metal packaging, blue for paper and cardboard, green for glass, and grey/black for general waste. Fines can be imposed for improper waste sorting, so make sure to check with your building manager or local authorities if there are any specific regional rules. Most apartment buildings have designated collection areas.

Internet

Romania has some of Europe’s fastest internet speeds, and fibre optic connections are widely available in cities. Major providers include Digi (formerly RCS & RDS), Orange, Telekom Romania, and Vodafone. 

Most providers offer bundled packages including internet, cable TV, and phone services. You can typically arrange installation within a few days of moving in, and many properties already have the infrastructure in place.

Read more about Keeping in Touch in Romania

Useful links

• Electricity: Enel, Engie, E.ON
• Gas: Engie, E.ON, Petrom
• Water: Apa Vital (Bucharest), Apanova (Cluj)
• Waste: Romprest (Bucharest), Bucharest Municipality

Expats planning on finding a job and working in Romania will find the country’s job market is experiencing labour shortages, and the country is actively looking for international workers to fill key roles. Salaries in Romania are relatively low compared to Western European standards, but there are growing opportunities across quite a few sectors.

Foreigners who wish to work in Romania will need to have a relevant work permit and visa. EU and EEA nationals are exempt from this requirement, although they’ll still need to apply for a residence permit.

Work permits are related to a specific job, and the employer will usually take care of all the details for the application. To employ a foreigner, the hiring company typically needs to demonstrate that there are no EU or EEA candidates able to fill the role.

Job market in Romania

The job market in Romania has a wealth of relatively untapped economic potential. Large areas of the country are undeveloped or dedicated to agriculture. Paired with its natural beauty, a wide selection of cultural attractions underscores a tourism industry that is open for development and investment.

Other areas where expats may find opportunities in Romania include the resource and energy sectors, along with industrial and manufacturing roles. The country also has a strong services sector with potential for growth and a demand for qualified expats with experience in finance and business services. There has been growth in the area of human resources too. Many HR agencies look to hire expats in executive positions at some of the larger companies and multinationals.

Expats looking to work outside a corporate environment should consider working in the NGO sector or teaching in Romania. The ESL industry has also been growing in recent years. Regardless of industry, most expats in the country work in the capital, Bucharest.

Finding a job in Romania

The Romanian government is actively promoting foreign worker recruitment, and a lot of Romanian companies view international hiring as a strategic necessity. Romanian employers are more willing than before to assist with work permit processes, especially in sectors experiencing significant gaps in the workforce.

Expats can search for employment via online job portals. As the state requires that Romanian companies announce their vacancies, many jobs are also listed on the Romanian National Employment Agency. Otherwise, expats should consider approaching a recruitment agency, as many focus on placing expat workers.

Work Permit in Romania 
Visa in Romania

Useful links

• Romanian National Employment Agency
• eJobs Romania
• BestJobs Romania
• Hipo Romania

Work culture in Romania

Romanian business culture is formal and hierarchical, with an emphasis on respect for seniors and elders. Decisions are made from the top down and are rarely questioned by junior associates.

Despite the layers of formality, relationships are central to success in the Romanian workplace. Romanian culture is quite collectivist, and expats from more individualistic cultures may have to get used to thinking of the group’s needs over their own.

Direct communication is valued, but you should also be sensitive and patient, especially when providing an opposing viewpoint. Part of this is maintaining eye contact, which is a sign of respect and interest. Formality tends to soften as individual relationships form, but this isn’t a process that can be forced or rushed. Allow your Romanian associates to set the tone of discussions.

Business Culture in Romania

Getting a work permit for Romania is a fairly complex process, with a lot of documentation requirements and potential delays. The official processing time is 30 days, but recent challenges have made applications more difficult – the online appointment system was paused for most of 2025 after fraud was detected. Always check the current procedure with the immigration office before planning dates.

Romania sets an annual quota for non-EU workers – fixed at 100,000 in 2025 – and demand has run high in recent years, with quotas often fully taken up before year’s end. Rule changes in 2024 introduced tighter employer timelines – such as finalising contracts within 15 business days of a worker’s arrival – alongside more flexible EU Blue Card rules.

The laws governing work permits for Romania are similar to those of most European Union member states. After securing a work permit, you’ll need to obtain a long-stay visa for employment purposes if you’re a non-EU citizen, which is also known as the D/AM employment visa. To start this process, you’ll first need to have been offered a job.

Finding a Job in Romania

Types of work permits for Romania

Standard work permit

The standard work permit for Romania covers most regular employment situations and is the most common route for non-EU professionals. These permits are valid for up to two years. Your employer must apply for this permit on your behalf and prove that no Romanian or EU/EEA citizen can fill the position.

Your employer must have operated in the same field for at least one year before sponsoring you, and they must finalise your employment contract within 15 business days of your arrival or permit receipt.

EU Blue Card

Romania’s EU Blue Card has changed quite a bit. You can now qualify based on professional experience alone – five years for most roles, or just three years for IT specialists – without requiring formal academic qualifications.

The permit is valid for up to three years, and your salary must be at least the Romanian gross average. Family reunification applications can be processed simultaneously with your Blue Card application, and you can work in other EU countries for up to 90 days per 180-day period without additional authorisation.

Intra-company transfer permit

If you’re being transferred within a multinational company as a manager, specialist, or trainee employee, the intra-company transfer (ICT) permit provides a more straightforward process. This permit type applies only to internal company transfers and has fewer requirements than standard work permits.

These permits are valid for up to three years for managers and specialists, or one year for trainees, but unfortunately cannot be extended beyond these limits. Managers and specialists will need at least three years of relevant professional experience and a university degree. Processing usually takes four to five months, although employers sometimes report longer waits.

Secondment permit

Secondment permits are for employees temporarily assigned by their foreign company to work in Romania, typically through a subsidiary, branch office, or service contract arrangement. These permits are valid for up to one year within a five-year period and have a 180-day validity. Processing time is up to 20 days. You must notify the Romanian Labour Inspectorate at least five days before starting work.

After your secondment period ends, you can convert to a standard work permit without leaving Romania if your employer wishes to retain you permanently.

Useful links

• EU Immigration Portal: Highly-qualified worker (EU Blue Card) in Romania
• Euraxess Romania: Work permits overview
• National Agency for Employment (ANOFM)

Applying for a Romanian work permit

Applying for a work permit in Romania is entirely employer-driven. It’s up to your prospective employer to submit the application on your behalf to the General Inspectorate for Immigration (IGI).

Your employer must demonstrate through labour market testing that no qualified Romanian, EU/EEA citizen, or permanent resident is available for the position. This involves obtaining certificates from the Labour Force Agency and providing proof of recruitment efforts through regional employment services.

Your employer applies on your behalf and must collect documents from you, including:

• A CV and a signed affidavit affirming you have no criminal record, are medically fit, and have some (minimal) Romanian language skills;
• A medical certificate and a criminal record check (translated and legalised);
• Your educational qualifications, validated by Romania’s Ministry of Education;
• Copies of your passport or ID, plus two recent ¾-size photos.

Once your work permit is approved, you have 60 days to apply for a long-stay employment visa (D/AM) at the Romanian diplomatic mission in your home country. After entering Romania on your visa, you must apply for a temporary residence permit at your local IGI office – typically within 90 days of arrival. Some missions may also ask for proof of accommodation, health insurance, or evidence of financial means.

Your work permit ties you to that one specific employer and job. If your circumstances change, even if it’s with the same company, you usually need a new permit. If you’re travelling with your family, you’ll have to apply for a separate visa for each family member, and they are not allowed to work in Romania unless they also have their own work permit.

See our guide to Visas and Residency in Romania for more on long-stay visas and residence.

Useful links

• General Inspectorate for Immigration (IGI)
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Long-stay D/AM employment visa
• EU Immigration Portal: Employed worker in Romania
• CNRED: Recognition of diplomas in Romania

Visa regulations are subject to change at short notice, and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Managing banking, money and taxes in Romania is a relatively straightforward process. There are a number of options when it comes to managing expat finances in Romania, with both local and international banks operating in the country.

Currency in Romania

The Romanian Leu (RON) is the national currency, subdivided into 100 bani. The country has postponed its euro adoption plans several times, and Romania does not currently meet the EU’s convergence criteria.

The Romanian currency is available in the following denominations:

• Banknotes: RON 1, RON 5, RON 10, RON 50, RON 100, RON 200, and RON 500
• Coins: 1 ban, 5 bani, 10 bani, and 50 bani

Banking in Romania

Banking in Romania is relatively easy. Expats will find all the services they are familiar with, such as internet banking.

To open a bank account, expats will need their passport, proof of address, previous bank statements, and an initial deposit. You don’t need to be a Romanian resident to open an account. Sometimes copies of an employment contract or a salary slip are also required. Requirements may differ between banks.

Some of the more popular banks in Romania include Banca Transilvania, Alpha Bank, BRD, ING Bank, and Citibank.

Banking hours are typically from 9am to 5pm, Monday to Friday, with most banks having a lunch break between 1pm and 1.30pm.

ATMs and credit cards

ATMs (bancomat) are widely available in larger cities, especially at bank branches and shopping centres. There are very few or no ATMs in remote areas and villages, though.

Shops in larger cities accept major international credit cards. Romania is primarily a cash-based society, and cards are rarely accepted in rural areas and with smaller vendors, as credit fraud in Romania is an unfortunate reality. Expats should take appropriate precautions to avoid being scammed.

Useful links

• National Bank of Romania
• BCR
• Banca Transilvania
• ING Bank Romania

Taxes in Romania

The tax system in Romania is an excellent incentive for expats who want to move to Eastern Europe. Romania has a flat personal income tax rate of 10 percent. Additionally, employees may be subject to social security contributions that include health insurance contributions, with specific thresholds and rates that can vary based on income levels.

For tax purposes, an individual is considered a resident if they reside in Romania for at least 183 days within a 12-month period. Romanian residents and companies are required to pay taxes on their global income as well as their income within Romania. On the other hand, non-residents are taxed only on their income derived from within Romania.

Romania has double-tax avoidance agreements in place with several countries, so it’s worthwhile to check with a local tax office to see whether your home country has such an agreement in place with Romania.

Useful links

• Romanian National Tax Administration Agency
• PWC Romania Tax Summary
• US-Romania Tax Treaty
• UK-Romania Tax Treaty

On the whole, safety in Romania presents few concerns for international professionals. Expats will rarely come into contact with crime, and if they do, it will likely be of the petty and non-violent variety. Corruption remains an ongoing concern and is an unfortunate reality across many aspects of life in Romania. Despite this, you’ll feel secure in your new home once you familiarise yourself with the country.

Crime in Romania

Like in most countries, crime in Romania does occur, but it’s generally opportunistic in nature and is therefore often avoidable. The most common forms of crime are petty theft and pickpocketing, especially in crowded areas and on public transport in the larger cities.

Sometimes organised groups of criminals work together, one person distracting the target while another lifts their purse, wallet or jewellery. To avoid becoming a target, don’t wear flashy valuables, always stay aware and don’t engage with strangers in known target areas.

Credit card fraud is an ongoing problem, with foreigners being specifically targeted, and ATM fraud can also occur. Digital fraud and cybercrime have increased significantly in recent years. This includes online payment fraud, phishing attempts, and malware targeting banking information. Although most shops and services in urban centres accept card payments, many expats prefer to use cash when making purchases in the countryside. If paying by card, don’t let it out of sight, and when entering the PIN, be sure to cover the PIN pad. When drawing cash, use ATMs in well-lit public areas.

Corruption in Romania

Institutional crime, such as corruption in Romania, continues to be a concern, and new arrivals are advised to be wary of officials demanding bribes or issuing fines.

The Romanian government has tried to crack down on all forms of crime, including corruption and institutional crimes. Although the anti-corruption measures have not always been effective, there is evidence of some high-profile arrests in recent years.

The local culture of Romania has been shaped by a difficult history. Locals value privacy and may initially seem reserved with strangers. Romanians often appear more formal at first when dealing with foreigners, but expats who get past this initial reserve find Romanians to be exceptionally warm, friendly and welcoming.

The country has opened up to the world at large, meaning that the challenges expats face when adjusting to life in Romania are diminishing as it becomes increasingly Westernised. Still, there is much that makes Romania unique and that might inspire some degree of culture shock. Preparation and learning about the local culture beforehand help you handle some of these stresses.

Language barrier in Romania

The country’s official language is Romanian, which is spoken by nearly 90 percent of the population. The second most common language is Hungarian, which is spoken by about 6 percent and is most prominent in the Transylvania region.

Expats will be relieved to find that the major cities have a lot of English speakers who are generally extremely helpful when a foreigner gets lost. English-speaking expats sometimes find they can shop and complete basic transactions by saying no more than bună ziua (hello) and mulţumesc (thank you) in Romanian.

Finding a job will likely require a few months of language training. The good news is that there are several language schools in Romania.

Dining in Romania

Romanians are proud of their local cuisine and enjoy hosting. It’s a treat to be invited for dinner at a Romanian’s house, and guests can expect to be fully catered to.

It’s polite to take your shoes off at the front door. You should look to see if your host or fellow guests are wearing shoes and follow suit. Bringing a small gift for the host, such as flowers, a box of chocolate or liquor, is a nice touch and shows appreciation for the invitation.

When eating, be sure to finish the entire plate. Leaving anything behind implies that the food wasn’t good enough. Expect to be offered a second or even third helping. You may wish to politely decline at first – the host will then offer again, at which point you should accept the offer. Once full, it’s okay to say no to additional helpings, but you should emphasise your enjoyment of the meal in order to reassure hosts that the refusal is not due to dissatisfaction with the food.

Time in Romania

In Romania, sticking to precise timing for dinner and business appointments is important. For more casual social gatherings or parties, you should aim to arrive about 15 minutes after the starting time. Showing up right on time for social gatherings, especially those hosted at someone’s home, can be awkward and will likely inconvenience the host.

Roma people in Romania

Western expats may hold different views about Romania’s Roma community than many locals do. Romania’s Roma population makes up nearly 4 percent of the total population, and they have some representation in Parliament. But the community faces measurable challenges: only about one-quarter of Roma children attend early childhood education, compared to the national average of over 90 percent, and about one-third of Roma people who are unemployed have been without work for over a year.

Expats may encounter casual prejudice or hostile comments about Roma in everyday conversations with Romanian locals. Many Romanians view Roma through the lens of long-standing stereotypes about employment, education, and social integration.

European surveys consistently show that most EU respondents consider discrimination against Roma the most widespread form of discrimination, with particularly strong negative attitudes documented among Romanian youth and the general population.

Bureaucracy and corruption in Romania

The most significant cause of culture shock often comes from the bureaucracy and lingering corruption issues in Romania. That said, Romania has made substantial improvements in recent years.

Since 2014, the country has undertaken significant anti-corruption efforts. There has been a history of informal payments expected by service providers in healthcare and other sectors, but recent reforms and enforcement have substantially reduced these practices, and one-third of Romanians today report never paying bribes.

When dealing with government channels and business bureaucracy, you may encounter some inefficiencies, although processes have streamlined considerably with Romania’s integration into the EU. If you regularly interact with government agencies, understanding local administrative procedures and having patience with paperwork requirements will serve you well.

Safety and Crime in Romania

Women in Romania

Romania ranks well in some areas of gender equality but lags in others. The country has over 30 percent of women in top executive positions in the EU, well above the EU average. Romania also has one of the smallest gender pay gaps in Europe, nearly non-existent at 4 percent. However, women hold only 19 percent of parliamentary seats.

Female expats generally find Romanian workplaces welcoming, particularly in Romania's biggest cities. Professional environments tend to be more progressive than social attitudes in rural areas. The tech, finance, and services sectors show strong female participation. That said, traditional gender expectations persist in some industries and family contexts, where women are still expected to handle most domestic responsibilities.

Read more: Gender Equality and Women in Leadership in Romania

LGBTQ+ in Romania

Homosexuality was decriminalised in Romania in 2001, but the country still does not recognise same-sex marriage or civil unions. The government has declared that it is not prepared to make changes, despite the European Court of Human Rights ruling that this violates same-sex couples' rights to legal recognition. A recent survey showed over two-fifths of Romanians favour legal protection for same-sex relationships.

Bucharest Pride draws tens of thousands of participants annually, with attendance growing steadily. People in the LGBTQ+ community are enjoying growing visibility in major cities, but discrimination is unfortunately still not uncommon, with some incidents of discrimination occurring in public spaces and social venues. Open homosexuality isn't common outside of cities, and most LGBTQ+ people in rural Romania keep their sexuality a secret. Romania ranks in the lower half of EU countries on LGBTQ+ rights indices.

Read more: LGBTQ+, Diversity and Inclusion in Romania

There are numerous ongoing challenges for the education system in Romania, including low state expenditure, significant disparities in quality between urban and rural schools, student underachievement, and resource constraints in many schools. As public education is taught in Romanian, most expats choose to send their children to international or private schools, especially as the quality of education is higher in these schools.

All children in Romania must attend school from the age of four or five for 15 years to Grade 12, but many children also attend kindergarten at three years old.

Public schools in Romania

Public education in Romania is free for residents. There aren’t many first-class schools in the country, and those schools with a good reputation often have long waiting lists. As a result, overcrowding at these schools is common.

Schools in Bucharest and other large cities significantly outperform those in rural areas. Urban schools have better equipment, staffing, educational programmes, and learning resources. Rural schools tend to struggle with teacher shortages and may offer limited grade levels. Students must often travel to nearby towns for a complete secondary education.

Given that students are taught in Romanian, public schools might not be the best option for expats unless their children are young and the family intends to stay in the country for the long term.

The Ministry of Education provides Romanian language introductory courses for foreign children to help them integrate into the public school system, although availability may vary by location.

Education and Schools in Bucharest

Useful links

• Romanian Ministry of Education
• CNRED: National Centre for Recognition and Equivalence of Diplomas
• Study in Romania: Official Government Portal

Private and international schools in Romania

The number of private schools in Romania has increased since the 1990s. Private education is available from kindergarten to high school and does not usually follow the national curriculum. Romanian private schools can be expensive.

For expats in Romania, international schools are the most popular choice. These schools are concentrated in Bucharest, with additional options in cities like Cluj-Napoca and Constanța. Although there isn’t an extensive selection, there are a few to choose from. Tuition is expensive, but these schools all offer quality education for the expat community. International schools in Romania can benefit parents too, as they can help them make new acquaintances and form social connections.

International schools in Romania offer various curricula, like the International Baccalaureate and British (Cambridge IGCSE and A-Levels) and American curricula. Some schools provide bilingual or trilingual education. In order to enrol in a Romanian international school, expats will have to provide a selection of documents, including application forms, prior school records, references and the child’s birth certificate.

Best International Schools in Bucharest

Special educational needs in Romania

The Romanian government has an inclusion policy which aims to integrate children with special educational needs in Romania into mainstream schools. The actual implementation is an ongoing challenge, and only a small proportion of these learners actually attend mainstream schools alongside their peers. There are some recent initiatives to improve inclusion, including new teacher training toolkits launched by UNICEF and the National Association for Special Educational Needs.

Several schools in Bucharest, especially international schools, have facilities and trained staff to assist children with special needs. Many schools also have specialised occupational therapists and other special needs professionals in place to help these children. Only if a child cannot adapt to mainstream schooling will they be transferred to a special-needs school.

Useful links

• UNICEF Romania: Inclusive Education
• NASEN Inclusive Education Toolkit
• Eurydice Special Education Needs Provision

Tutors in Romania

Private tutoring in Romania has become a significant part of the education system, and many families use it to supplement their children’s education both in public and private schools. Private home or online tutors are available in Romania to assist children with particular subjects and additional school support. Expats moving to rural areas will most likely struggle to find an in-person tutor and should opt for online tutoring instead.

Those living in Romanian cities may find it helpful to hire a tutor to help their child adapt to their new school curriculum, if different from their schooling at home, as well as the language of instruction. Romanian can be a challenging language to learn, and it may be helpful to have extra Romanian lessons with a tutor.

There are many websites and companies that advertise private online or home tutors in Romania. Popular platforms include Verbling, Tutoroo, Preply, italki and LanguaTalk, which connect students with qualified Romanian and subject tutors online.

Useful links

• Verbling
• Preply
• italki
• Tutoroo

Healthcare in Romania is universally free for those working there, but it may not be up to the standards that expats have come to expect in their home countries.

Some hospitals are better equipped than others. These are usually found in the larger cities. Hospitals in Bucharest, for example, tend to offer a decent standard of care, but supplies in small-town hospitals are limited.

Stressful conditions and low salaries mean that bribery remains an issue among some medical staff. Some patients still give gifts or money in exchange for better service, although anti-corruption efforts have been increasing. That said, this is less likely to occur in the private sector.

Health insurance in Romania

In order to be issued a visa, expats moving to Romania typically need to have private medical insurance. This should provide full coverage and allow patients to use private facilities.

As public facilities aren’t up to the standards of most Western countries, it is recommended that expats ensure that they are covered by a thorough private health insurance policy when moving to Romania. International health insurance companies are recommended, as they are experienced in expat healthcare matters and often offer the most appropriate coverage.

Public healthcare in Romania

Public medical care in the country is managed by the National Health Insurance House (NHIH), which provides free or subsidised care to all Romanian residents, including expats. Those working in Romania will have their public healthcare contributions automatically deducted from their salaries.

Many expats find that the standard of public healthcare in Romania is inadequate. Public medical facilities tend to be understaffed and have outdated equipment. Long waiting times to receive treatment are another common complaint.

During short visits, EU citizens can use their European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) to access public healthcare in Romania, provided it was issued in another EU country. UK citizens can use their Global Health Insurance Card (GHIC), which replaced the EHIC for UK citizens post-Brexit.

Useful links

• National Health Insurance House (CNAS)
• Ministry of Health Romania

Private healthcare in Romania

Private healthcare is an ever-expanding industry in Romania. Private hospitals are the best option for expats looking for world-class healthcare in Romania, while private clinics are a good option for less severe conditions. Private medical facilities are primarily concentrated in major cities such as Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, Constanța, and Iași, and staff are typically well-trained and can generally speak English.

Payment procedures vary between private hospitals – some require upfront cash payment with later insurance reimbursement, while others work directly with international insurance providers.

For a list of private hospitals in the capital, see our guide to Healthcare and Hospitals in Bucharest.

Pharmacies and medication in Romania

Pharmacies are available throughout Romania. They can be found attached to some hospitals and should stock most medicines. Pharmacies in Romania are known as ‘farmacie’ in the local language and are identified by a green cross on a white background.

Most common over-the-counter and prescription medications are available in Romania, but if you prefer a specific brand, you should bring a supply with you, as generics may be the only option in Romania. It’s also important to be aware that certain medications available over the counter in some countries may be prescription-only in Romania, and vice versa. All antibiotics now require prescriptions as of 2024, and some pain relievers available in stronger doses OTC in other countries may require prescriptions in Romania.

Health hazards in Romania

Romania has some health considerations to be aware of. While tap water meets EU standards, many prefer bottled water due to taste and local infrastructure variations. The country has a high rate of tuberculosis (six times higher than the EU average), so avoid close contact with infected individuals. Sandflies are present and can carry leishmaniasis, although cases are rare. West Nile virus cases have been reported, transmitted by mosquitoes during warmer months.

Useful links

• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

Vaccinations in Romania

No specific vaccinations are required to enter Romania. All routine vaccinations, including MMR (mumps, measles, rubella), polio, shingles and tetanus, should be up to date before travelling to Romania. Additional recommended vaccinations include hepatitis A and B. Tick-borne encephalitis vaccination is recommended if you plan extensive outdoor activities in rural or forested areas where ticks are present.

Useful links

• CDC: Romania
• NHS Fit for Travel: Romania

Emergency medical services in Romania

In an emergency, call the EU emergency line (112), which operates 24/7 with assistance in numerous languages. The service connects you to appropriate emergency responders, including ambulances, police, fire brigade, and the specialised emergency response unit SMURD.

Emergency response times can vary depending on the area in Romania. In some cases, and if possible, it might be faster to make your own way to medical treatment facilities. Romania has a fleet of medical aircraft for serious emergencies, and international insurance providers often provide lists of recommended hospitals for their members.

Although far from home, you’ll soon find that keeping in touch in Romania and staying connected with loved ones abroad is relatively hassle free.

You can expect access to all the amenities of modern communication when living in Romania. Signing up for mobile subscriptions is easy, and a range of service providers offer internet packages. Those who prefer more traditional forms of communication will find that the Romanian postal service, although slow-moving, is highly dependable.

Mobile phones in Romania

The largest mobile providers in the country are Orange, Vodafone, Digi and Telekom Romania. In terms of internet access, 4G has near-universal coverage, but 5G is also expanding rapidly and is now available in over 50 cities across the country.

Shops are widely distributed, and there are plenty of deals on offer, with both prepaid and contract options. You may be asked to provide documentation proving your identity and place of residence.

Useful links

• Orange Romania
• Vodafone Romania
• Digi Romania
• Telekom Romania

Internet in Romania

The four major mobile providers in Romania (Orange, Vodafone, Digi and Telekom Romania) also dominate the internet market.

The industry is highly competitive; accessing the internet and connecting to a broadband service provider in Romania is cheap and easy. You can enjoy some of the highest connection speeds in the world, and you’re sure to find a connection package that suits your budget and needs.

Postal services in Romania

The Romanian postal service (Poșta Română) is not too reliable and doesn’t have a very favourable reputation, particularly when it comes to international deliveries. Many people have reported letters and packages taking months to arrive at their intended destination, and in some cases not arriving at all. Sending and receiving postage within Romania is slightly better, although still slow. Tracking numbers are highly recommended.

Many residents use private courier services like FAN Courier, Sameday, or international options like DHL and UPS for the most critical shipments.

Useful links

• Poșta Română
• FAN Courier
• Sameday
• DHL Romania

English media in Romania

You’ll find several English-language media options available in Romania. Romania Insider serves as the primary English-language news source, covering business, politics, and lifestyle topics relevant to expats and international readers.

Radio Romania International broadcasts English-language programming, although with limited daily hours. For television, most international cable and satellite packages include the big English-language channels like BBC, CNN, and others through providers like Orange, Digi, and UPC.

Streaming services like Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Disney+ are widely available and offer content in English with Romanian subtitles. Many expats also use VPN services to access their home country’s streaming platforms.

Useful links

• Romania Insider: English News & Features
• Radio Romania International: English Service

Obtaining visas for Romania is relatively straightforward for most nationalities, although the process varies depending on your purpose and length of stay. Romania became a full member of the Schengen Area in 2025, so expats with Schengen visas can now travel freely to Romania as part of the borderless zone.

Aside from those from EU/EEA countries, citizens of plenty of countries enjoy visa-free entry to Romania, including the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and the UAE. These visa-free visitors can typically stay for 90 days within a 180-day period.

Expats have various options for getting a Romanian visa to suit their specific needs. Whether you’re planning a business trip or moving to Romania to join family or for work, there’s a process you’ll need to work through to get your visa. This can be time-consuming, but organised expats with the right supporting documents should get through the process quite smoothly.

Short-stay (Schengen) visas for Romania

There are different categories of short-stay visas in Romania that cater for different travel purposes and typically limit visits to 90 days. For business visits, Romania offers separate short-stay business visas that require an invitation letter from a Romanian company or institution, endorsed by the General Inspectorate for Immigration (IGI).

Romania now offers an eVisa system for online applications, which can streamline the process for eligible applicants. Single-entry visas allow one entry into the Schengen area, while multiple-entry visas permit multiple entries during the validity period. 

You should apply for a visa at your closest Romanian embassy or consulate. A variety of supporting documents need to be provided, like application forms, passport photos, bank statements, proof of health insurance and proof of onward travel. The process can take up to 30 days, and application fees vary by country.

Tourist visa extensions are possible but must be applied for at the Romanian Immigration Office before your current visa expires.

Useful links

• Romania eVisa System
• Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• General Inspectorate for Immigration (IGI)
• Romania Tourism: Entry Requirements

Long-stay visas for Romania

Romania offers several long-stay visas for stays exceeding 90 days, each designed for specific purposes. The key difference from short-stay visas is that long-stay visas allow you to apply for a residence permit after arrival.

The main categories include economic activities for business ventures, employment requiring prior work authorisation, studies at Romanian institutions, family reunification, and specialised activities like religious or humanitarian work. Processing typically takes 30 to 45 days, as most categories require prior authorisation from Romanian immigration authorities.

Bear in mind that the long-stay visa is just your entry ticket – you’ll need to apply for a residence permit within 90 days of arrival to legally remain in Romania long-term.

Digital nomad visas

Romania has a long-stay visa for digital nomads who want to live in the country while working remotely for companies or clients based outside Romania.

To qualify, digital nomads must demonstrate they earn at least three times the Romanian average monthly salary from their remote work activities for the six months prior to application, and maintain this income level throughout their stay. The work must be performed remotely for either an employer registered outside Romania or through their own company established abroad.

Work permits

Work permits for Romania operate through a streamlined process where your employer takes the lead. The employer must apply for your work permit at the General Inspectorate for Immigration (IGI), demonstrating they cannot fill the position with a Romanian or EU national.

Work Permits for Romania

Useful links

• Romania Visa Types

Residence permits for Romania

Residence permits for Romania come in two main types: temporary and long-term permits. Temporary residence permits are your first step for extended stays beyond 90 days. These are typically valid for one year initially and can be extended for periods ranging from one to five years, depending on your circumstances. You must apply for renewal at least 30 days before your current permit expires.

After maintaining continuous legal residence in Romania for five years, you become eligible for a long-term residence permit. This permit is valid for five years and can be renewed (it’s valid for 10 years if you’re married to a Romanian citizen). The five-year qualifying period requires you to have spent no more than six consecutive months outside Romania during this time.

For long-term residence applications, you’ll need to undergo health checks, provide Romanian criminal clearance, and submit documents relating to your civil status, financial situation, and medical insurance.

Family-joining visas

Family-joining visas allow eligible family members to reunite with sponsors already living in the country. The sponsor (the person already in Romania) must hold a temporary residence permit valid for at least one year, an EU Blue Card, a long-term residence permit, or be a Romanian or EU citizen.

Eligible family members include spouses, unmarried minor children (including adopted children), and dependant parents or first-degree relatives who cannot support themselves. The process involves two stages: first, the sponsor applies for approval from the General Inspectorate for Immigration (IGI), which takes up to 90 days. Once approved, family members have 60 days to apply for their long-stay visa at Romanian diplomatic missions.

Required documentation includes proof of family relationship (marriage certificates, birth certificates), evidence of adequate accommodation and financial support, health insurance, police clearance, and medical certificates.

Useful links

• Family Reunification – IGI
• Residence Permits – IGI
• Long-term Residence – IGI

Visa regulations are subject to change at short notice, and you should contact your respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

You have several options when it comes to transport and driving in Romania. Buses and trains can be used for cross-country travel as well as within cities. Although some expats drive in Romania, many prefer not to due to poor-quality roads, especially outside of large cities.

Public transport in Romania

Public transport in Romania is well developed, especially in Bucharest. Tickets are affordable, and between bus and rail, most of the country is accessible via public transport.

Buses

Bus services in Romania are widely available. Passengers should buy tickets before boarding, and they can usually be purchased at bus stations. In major cities like Bucharest, contactless payment with bank cards is also available on many buses. Buses can be crowded during peak hours, and petty theft is common. Expats should guard their valuables at all times.

Privately run express buses are a good option for intercity travel. Terminals are often located close to city train stations. Euroline buses can be faster than trains when travelling to other parts of Europe.

Trains

Trains are an inexpensive way to travel in Romania. The rail network is dense and covers most of the country, but the infrastructure is old in many places, so trains may be slow at times or experience delays.

The country’s train network was once run entirely by CFR (Căile Ferate Române), but today numerous private companies operate rail services throughout Romania, including Grup Feroviar Român (GFR), Regio Călători, and Transferoviar Grup, alongside CFR for commuter trains, intercity trains and international trains.

Trains are an efficient means of travelling to Romania’s neighbouring countries, including Hungary, Serbia and Bulgaria. You can buy tickets online or at stations before boarding.

Metro

Bucharest is home to Romania’s only metro system, although a second metro system in Cluj-Napoca is currently under construction. The Romanian metro is reliable and is a commonly used form of transport within the city, consisting of more than 60 stations.

Read more: Getting Around in Bucharest

Useful links

• CFR Călători: Romanian Railways
• Grup Feroviar Român (GFR): Private Railway Operator
• Regio Călători: Regional train services
• Eurolines Romania: International bus services

Taxis in Romania

Taxis in Romania are affordable. Expats should be careful not to use unauthorised taxis, however, because they are known to inflate their fares. Authorised taxis usually have their company’s name and phone number on the car. It’s best to use metered taxis and to insist that the driver switch it on at the beginning of the journey.

Ride-hailing apps operate widely across Romania, with Uber available in over 20 cities, including Bucharest, Brașov, Timișoara, Cluj-Napoca, Iași, and Constanța. Bolt operates in major Romanian cities and has broader coverage than Uber. Romanian alternatives include Star Taxi and FreeNow (formerly Clever Taxi).

Useful links

• Uber Romania
• Bolt Ride-Hailing Services
• FreeNow (formerly Clever Taxi)
• Star Taxi

Driving in Romania

Some expats, especially those living in rural areas, buy cars to get around Romania. The driving laws in Romania are strict. Drivers should stick to the speed limit and follow road rules. This includes having the correct documents in the car at all times.

Driving in Romania can be hazardous as the driving culture can be reckless, and roads in some areas may not be well maintained. Parking is also a problem in Romanian cities, and reserved parking is usually expensive.

Winters in Romania can be especially treacherous for drivers. Ice on the roads is not always cleared away regularly, so drivers should ensure they have fitted winter tyres between November 1st and March 31st, as required by law. Snow chains are mandatory in mountainous areas when conditions require them. Romanian law also requires dipped headlights to be on at all times, including during the day.

Driver’s licences

Most expats from outside the EU will need an International Driving Permit (IDP). Although UK licence holders can use their licence for short-term visits, they require an International Driving Permit for longer stays due to post-Brexit regulations. This can be used for up to 90 days, at which point the driver must obtain a Romanian licence to continue driving. Drivers with a licence from any EU or EEA country can continue to use this licence until its expiry.

Useful links

• UK Government: International Driving Permits
• Your Europe: Road rules and safety in Romania
• DRPCIV: Romanian Driver’s Licence Authority
• Romanian Police: Traffic Regulations

Domestic flights in Romania

There are domestic flights in Romania that connect major cities, although the network is relatively limited. The national airline, TAROM, offers flights between Bucharest and important cities like Timișoara, Cluj-Napoca, and Iaşi. Smaller operators like Animawings and LAR have routes between Bucharest and the largest cities.

Flight frequency varies by route, with some destinations served daily while others have more limited schedules. Domestic flights can be helpful for business travellers or those covering long distances, particularly between Bucharest and cities in the Transylvania or Moldavia regions.

Useful links

• TAROM
• Animawings
• LAR

Expats doing business in Romania are often attracted by its large domestic market, its young and educated workforce, and its prominent position in Eastern Europe. Functioning for many companies as a gateway to the Balkans, the country is expected to continue growing at a steady pace.

Fast facts

Business hours

The Romanian working week is from Monday to Friday, with business hours typically being from 8am to 6pm, often with a lunch break from 12pm to 2pm.

Language of business

The language of business is generally Romanian, although many people also speak other major European languages such as English, French or German.

Greeting

Shaking hands when meeting business partners is customary. Neglecting to do so would be seen as an insult.

Business dress

Dress code varies according to the situation. In formal business settings, dressing conservatively is recommended – suits for men and a skirt that falls below the knee for women. Business casual is acceptable for more relaxed settings.

Gift giving

Giving small gifts to business partners is considered polite and is pretty standard. A traditional gift from the expat’s home country is usually a safe bet in a business context. Being invited to a colleague’s home is a special honour, and a gift of chocolates or wine is customary. Gifts are often opened in the presence of the giver.

Gender equality

While gender equality is guaranteed by Romanian law, most executive and management positions are still held by men.

Business culture in Romania

Romanian business culture is formal and hierarchical, with an emphasis on respect for seniors and elders. Decisions are made from the top down and are rarely questioned by junior associates.

Communication

Interactions in business are usually formal, and associates address each other using formal titles. Should an expat develop a more informal relationship with a Romanian associate, it’s still expected that they would address them appropriately in formal situations. The most common formal titles in Romania are domnul (Mr), doamnă (Mrs) and domnişoară (Miss).

Meetings

This extends to meetings in Romania, which often follow a strict protocol. Expats should wait to be seated and only take off their jackets after the most senior person in the room does so. Small talk should be avoided unless initiated by local associates. Punctuality is essential, especially in the private sector, although expats should be prepared to wait.

Direct communication is valued, but expats should also be sensitive and patient, especially when providing an opposing viewpoint. Part of this is maintaining eye contact, which is a sign of respect and interest.

Formality tends to soften as individual relationships form, but this isn’t a process that can be forced or rushed. Expats should allow their Romanian associates to set the tone of discussions.

Relationships

Despite the layers of formality, relationships are central to success in the Romanian workplace. As a result of traditional cultural values, the collective is valued above the individual.

Attitude to foreigners

Romanians have a reputation for being hospitable and are generally known to be friendly towards foreigners. Locals who live in urban areas are often able to speak foreign languages such as English, French or German, making communication a lot easier for many expats. At the same time, many Romanian businesspeople are wary of being taken advantage of by foreign companies, meaning that expats will have to work hard to build trust.

Dos and don’ts of doing business in Romania

• Do be direct but sensitive, and focus on business, unless otherwise prompted
• Do exchange business cards formally, including your title and qualifications on the card, as hierarchy matters in Romanian business
• Do allow Romanian colleagues to set the pace for developing informal relationships – this process cannot be rushed
• Don’t make jokes or generalisations about the communist regime or the Roma people
• Don’t be late for meetings, and call ahead and apologise if it is unavoidable
• Don’t boast about achievements or make exaggerated claims
• Don’t make assumptions about Romania based on outdated stereotypes or other Eastern European countries
• Do display courtesy at all times