Living in South Korea provides plenty of unique opportunities, sometimes at a cost. If you’re flexible and open-minded, you should easily adjust to the change of scenery.

Below are a few pros and cons of moving to South Korea.

Accommodation in South Korea

+ PRO: Accommodation is often pre-arranged

It’s often the case that if you’re moving to South Korea with a job contract already in place, you’ll have an apartment provided and paid for. You’ll then only need to worry about your utility bills.

+ PRO: Futuristic locks

Many apartments and homes have done away with traditional locks and keys and use electronic locks that require either a magnetic door key or a keypad combo instead.

+ PRO: Modern amenities and facilities

Apartment complexes frequently have facilities like gyms, security systems, playgrounds, and ondol underfloor heating. These amenities are standard in most buildings and add a significant amount of comfort and convenience to daily life.

- CON: Cramped and expensive

If you’re renting in Seoul, expect apartments to be tiny by Western standards. The farther away you move from the city, the more spacious the accommodation becomes. Apartments are almost exclusively built in blocks with little to no architectural variation. Despite this, rental prices, especially in Seoul, will be high for a small space. Deposits are typically much steeper than in other countries, with Korea’s traditional jeonse system requiring substantial upfront payments.

Renting Accommodation in South Korea

Cuisine in South Korea

+ PRO: Abundance of traditional fare

Even in the tiniest towns, there will always be one or more traditional Korean restaurants to satisfy your appetite for authentic dishes. The fierce competition also means a quality Korean meal is always affordable.

- CON: Lack of Western comfort foods

Unless you’re living in an urban area, it’s difficult to find food that isn’t Korean or Asian-inspired. International cuisine options are hard to come by outside the city and are often disappointing in quality.

+ PRO: Ultra-convenient food delivery

South Korea has an exceptional food delivery infrastructure available around the clock. Getting food delivered to your door is remarkably quick and efficient.

Local Culture in South Korea

Safety in South Korea

+ PRO: Little to no crime

Crime rates throughout South Korea are low. While you still need to use common sense, crime won’t be a serious concern.

- CON: Technically still at war

North Korea and South Korea haven’t engaged in open hostilities since the Korean War ceasefire, but they are technically still at war. In 2024, North Korea formally rejected unification and declared South Korea a hostile state, so it looks like the conflict will go on. 

Despite this, day-to-day life is safe. It’s still advisable to keep up with news regarding the two neighbours and know where your nearest embassy is.

Safety in South Korea

Culture shock in South Korea

+ PRO: Tight-knit expat communities

Making friends with other foreigners can help alleviate any initial culture shock you may feel. In Seoul especially, there are many meet-ups and parties aimed at bringing foreigners together. In smaller cities, groups meet up regularly and are generally very welcoming of newcomers.

- CON: Strict age hierarchy

South Korea has a deeply rooted Confucian age hierarchy that can be jarring for Westerners. Elders expect deference regardless of competence, and seniority matters significantly in all social contexts. You’ll need to constantly consider someone’s age to determine appropriate language and behaviour.

Work culture in South Korea

+ PRO: Friendly work environment

Koreans value their interpersonal relationships with co-workers and will prioritise getting to know each other. The standard corporate atmosphere can be highly social, with employees often gathering for company dinners called hoesik. These gatherings traditionally involve dining and drinking after work, sometimes followed by a trip to a karaoke bar, although this culture has been shifting in recent years with younger employees pushing back against obligatory after-work socialising.

- CON: Unpredictable scheduling

Korean work culture can sometimes involve last-minute adjustments to meetings and schedules, so you’ll need a degree of flexibility. Expect occasional unplanned meetings, projects, and cancellations, as well as after-work social gatherings that may be announced shortly before the end of the day.

- CON: High-pressure work environment

There’s a lot of pressure put on employees working in South Korea to perform. This can lead to working longer hours than you may be contracted for. Taking sick leave is also frowned upon, as it shows a lack of commitment to your job. It isn’t uncommon to see people coming in for work or children going to school while sick.

Working in South Korea
Business Culture in South Korea

Cost of living in South Korea

+ PRO: Cheap basic amenities

The cost of living in South Korea varies depending on the city you live in. That said, groceries, utilities, public transport and even alcohol are all reasonably priced compared to prices in most Western countries. Most people find living in South Korea an efficient way to save money.

+ PRO: Affordable dining and services

Eating out at Korean restaurants is remarkably affordable, often cheaper than cooking at home. Services like haircuts, saunas (jjimjilbang), dry cleaning, and repairs are also reasonably priced compared to Western countries.

- CON: Expensive non-essentials

There’s an expectation in South Korea to follow the newest trends, dress well and have the latest gadgets. These items tend to be pricey, and keeping up with fashion and technology expectations can significantly increase your monthly expenses.

- CON: Expensive imported goods

Western food products, cheese, cereal, and non-Korean items are typically 30 to 50 percent more expensive than in Western countries. If you prefer imported goods or have specific dietary requirements, your grocery bills will be significantly higher.

Cost of Living in South Korea

Education and schools in South Korea

+ PRO: Excellent education

Public Korean primary and secondary schools are generally quite good and focus on science and mathematics, as well as English and Korean. South Korean schools often hire native English speakers to teach the language, even in rural areas. Hagwons, private after-school institutions, are extremely popular.

- CON: Stressful atmosphere

South Korea has the highest suicide rate among OECD countries, with the stressful atmosphere surrounding education playing a significant role. Students are constantly pressured to perform better and study longer to get into a reputable university. Academic stress contributes to a notable portion of youth suicides, with surveys showing that over a third of adolescents have had suicidal thoughts due to educational pressure.

Schools in South Korea

Healthcare in South Korea

- CON: Travel and wait times

If you don’t live in an urban area, you may need to make a long trip to see a doctor at one of the major university hospitals. Resources are heavily concentrated in Seoul and other cities, and rural areas have considerably fewer medical professionals. Wait times vary – emergency care is typically very fast, but appointments at popular university hospitals can involve waits of several weeks.

+ PRO: Cheap public healthcare

If you’re employed, you’ll be covered by the public healthcare system, which costs little and offers excellent medical care. South Korea’s National Health Insurance covers around 97 percent of the population and ranks among the world’s most accessible systems. In urban areas, many doctors will also speak English, although bringing a friend to translate is still advisable.

Public Health Care System in South Korea

Korean society is more homogeneous than most, and as a result, foreign investors and expat employees doing business in South Korea are expected to adjust and conform.

While most expats wanting to work in South Korea do not start a business or need to register property, they still have challenges to address. This includes overcoming the language barrier, adapting to the nuances of local business culture, and avoiding a faux pas that could be the difference between success and failure in the Korean business world.

Fast facts

Business hours

Typically 9am to 6pm, Monday to Friday. Legislation has limited the maximum working week to 52 hours (40 standard hours plus 12 overtime hours), although it’s still common for employees to work longer hours than this.

Business language

Korean, but English is often spoken at a senior level. Translators can be hired if necessary.

Dress

Koreans take dressing well seriously, and modesty and subtlety are values that inform business dress. Wearing a suit is almost always a safe choice for men. Women should avoid wearing revealing clothing.

Gifts

Gift-giving is a common practice. Give and receive gifts with both hands and do not open them in the giver’s presence. If you receive a gift, reciprocate with a gift of similar value.

Gifts are best wrapped in bright colours and not dark colours or red. Avoid giving expensive gifts, as the receiver will feel obliged to reciprocate. Gifts in sets of four as well as knives or scissors should also be avoided as these are seen as symbols of death.

Gender equality

South Korea has the largest gender wage gap in the OECD, with women earning approximately 30 percent less than men. Men still dominate leadership positions in Korean workplaces. Foreign businesswomen may encounter traditional expectations (behaving in an elegant, refined and ‘feminine’ manner), but are generally treated as professionals.

Greetings

Men in South Korea often greet each other with a slight bow accompanied by a handshake. Supporting the right forearm with the left hand is seen as a sign of respect. Some Korean women may not shake hands with Western men, while Western women typically do offer their hands to Korean men.

Business culture in South Korea

Traditional social practices and etiquette still have an important role in South Korean business. Personal relationships, hierarchy and saving face are all major factors in the Korean work environment. If expat businesspeople want to be accepted by their colleagues, they need to display an awareness of these and a willingness to engage in the social codes that are at the foundation of business culture in South Korea.

Meetings

Koreans need to be able to trust the people they are doing business with, and social relationships are directly linked to business success. For this reason, prospective business partners spend a lot of time getting to know each other. Expats should not be surprised if no business is discussed at their first meeting, and they should not try to rush things along. Despite this, workers are expected to be on time for meetings and social engagements.

Social situations

Dinner invitations, after-dinner drinks and karaoke (hoesik) may feature at some point. Declining is more acceptable than in the past, but attending shows a commitment to building relationships. 

On such occasions, it’s common for people to fill each other’s drinks, and it’s bad manners to refuse a drink if your glass is empty. To get around this, leave a bit at the bottom of your glass. Korean hosts always appreciate a spirited karaoke performance, regardless of how good or bad your singing voice is.

Names

Names in South Korea work in reverse to those in the West. A person’s family name comes first, followed by their given name. Many traditional Korean names include a generational element shared by siblings or cousins. For example, if a man’s family name is Park and his given name is Min-Jun, he would be called Park Min-Jun.

Saving face

For Koreans, the idea of ‘saving face’ is less about preserving oneself and more about saving others from embarrassment, especially those of a higher social or professional ranking. In doing so and by controlling their emotions, an individual maintains their honour and dignity.

This affects business dealings in tangible ways. For instance, disagreements are rarely solved by direct communication, while rejection is rarely delivered through a simple ‘no’. Instead, rejections may be communicated through delays and ambiguous answers, such as ‘maybe later’.

Hierarchy

While South Korea’s place in the global business circuit changed the way business is conducted in the country, there is still an elaborate hierarchy system based on position, age, prestige, and to an extent, gender that imbues business culture.

Exchanging business cards

Businesspeople in South Korea usually exchange business cards when they first meet. Newcomers should ensure they have a large enough supply of their personal business cards. These should contain the your job title, with an accompanying Korean translation printed on one side. When exchanging cards, both give and receive them with both hands.

Dos and don’ts of business in South Korea

• Do expect Koreans to ask personal questions, as they are showing polite interest
• Do give an enthusiastic performance at karaoke bars
• Do protest slightly when paid a compliment
• Do be prepared for negotiations to take time
• Don’t talk about politics or belittle Korean culture
• Don’t expect a direct negative answer from Korean people if they can’t help or don’t know
• Don’t make small talk about North Korea

Living in South Korea as an expat

Moving to South Korea means discovering a fiercely competitive modern country still steeped in ancient history and tradition. This mountainous country is dotted with valleys and wide coastal plains in the west and south, with over 51 million inhabitants populating its many large cities and smaller rural towns scattered throughout its varied terrain.

South Koreans enjoy entertainment, and the country’s nightlife is fantastic, especially in the larger cities. There are several cultural festivals celebrated throughout the year, and the country has a bustling K-pop scene that frequently attracts international stars.

The country is incredibly safe with low crime rates. While South Korea isn’t the most foreigner-friendly Asian country when it comes to institutional support, locals are generally kind to foreigners, and you’ll find a tight-knit expat community ready to help you settle in.

Moving to Seoul 
Moving to Busan 
Safety in South Korea

Working in South Korea

Most foreigners find employment teaching English in Korean schools or working in electronics, finance, IT, engineering, and technology sectors. As the home of industry giants such as Samsung and LG Electronics, South Korea has a tech-centric economy. The country has one of the world’s fastest internet infrastructures, ranking among the top globally for mobile speeds. This proves useful for doing business and helps you keep in touch with family and friends back home.

Teaching English in South Korea 
Doing Business in South Korea 
Keeping in Touch in South Korea

Finding accommodation in South Korea

The Korean rental system works differently from Western markets, and finding accommodation in South Korea can be challenging if your employer hasn’t arranged housing. The traditional jeonse system requires a large lump-sum deposit (often 50 to 80 percent of the property value) instead of monthly rent, but this system is thankfully on the decline. The more common wolse system involves a smaller deposit and monthly rent payments.

Many expats move to Seoul, the country’s capital, its most densely populated city and the chief industrial centre. Like many Asian cities, it’s dominated by high-rise buildings and apartment blocks. Between all the high-tech, modern buildings, though, is an interesting array of temples, palaces and museums, all conveniently connected by Seoul’s efficient subway system.

Apartments tend to be compact, especially in Seoul, and rental prices remain high. Many expats benefit from employer-provided accommodation, which is standard practice and removes much of the stress from the moving process. Those searching independently should expect a competitive market where properties move quickly.

Renting Expat Accommodation in South Korea

South Korean culture

Korean culture is rooted in Confucian values of hierarchy, respect and collectivism. It is crucial to understand age and seniority – these factors shape everything from how you bow to who speaks first in meetings. The workplace follows strict hierarchical structures, and senior members hold decision-making power while junior staff defer to their superiors.

After-work socialising, known as hoesik, forms an important part of Korean business culture. These gatherings typically involve food and drinks (often soju) and serve as team-building exercises where hierarchies can relax slightly. Learning at least basic Korean greatly improves your daily life and shows respect, although English speakers can manage in major cities. The culture values humility, group harmony and adherence to social norms over individual expression.

Local Culture in South Korea 
Diversity and Inclusion in South Korea

Cost of living in South Korea

The cost of living in South Korea is relatively high, particularly in the capital, Seoul, which ranks among the world’s more expensive cities for expats. While the rest of the country tends to be more affordable, you should still be prepared for certain high expenses, especially in major cities.

That said, salaries are competitive, and many employment contracts include benefits such as accommodation and schooling, helping to ease the financial burden. Korean staples like rice, kimchi and local produce are affordable, but imported items such as cheese, beef, chocolate and Western groceries can cost 20 to 30 percent more than you might expect. Transport is cheap and efficient. Eating out at local restaurants often costs less than cooking at home, while international dining will stretch your budget. Electronics and locally manufactured goods offer good value, although Western toiletries and imported products carry premium prices.

Cost of Living in South Korea

Living in South Korea with children

The healthcare system in South Korea is excellent, with high-quality facilities and easy access to physicians. The country leads in medical technology innovation and digital healthcare adoption, giving families peace of mind about healthcare provision.

South Korea has many family-friendly activities. Seoul has theme parks like Lotte World, aquariums such as COEX Aquarium, and public spaces including the Cheonggyecheon stream walk. Parks and outdoor spaces are plentiful, though parents should watch for seasonal air quality issues. Yellow dust and fine dust from China can affect outdoor activities during certain months, particularly in spring.

See and Do in Seoul
Healthcare in South Korea

Finding a school in South Korea

The standard of education in South Korea is excellent, with international schools often sending a high percentage of graduates to prestigious universities. Expats typically enrol their children in international schools, as the language of instruction at local public schools is Korean. Seoul and major cities offer numerous international school options with various curricula, including the International Baccalaureate (IB), British (IGCSE and A-Levels), and American systems.

Applications for international schools typically open in late fall or early winter for the following academic year. Admission decisions come through by spring, although popular schools may have waitlists. Planning ahead is essential, particularly for Seoul’s most sought-after institutions.

Korean education culture emphasises academic excellence, creating significant pressure on students to perform. The hagwon (private tutoring) industry is extensive, with around 80 percent of Korean students attending these after-school academies. Many international school families also engage tutors to support their children’s learning, particularly for entrance exams or specific subjects.

Education in South Korea 
International Schools in South Korea

Getting around in South Korea

Getting around in South Korea is straightforward thanks to the country’s extensive and efficient transport network. The KTX and SRT high-speed trains connect Seoul, Daejeon, Daegu, and Busan, and the journey from Seoul to Busan can take just over two hours. These trains link the nine provinces through an extensive rail system that makes intercity travel fast and convenient.

Urban public transport in major cities is excellent. Seoul’s metro system is consistently rated among the world’s best, with English signage throughout and smartphone apps providing route information. The T-money card works across buses and subways nationwide, making payment seamless. Free transfers between subway lines and buses make commuting economical.

You can get around major South Korean cities easily without a car. Taxis are plentiful and affordable, and apps like Kakao T have English-language service. Those living in suburban areas or planning frequent travel outside major cities may want a vehicle, although parking in Seoul can be challenging and expensive. International driving permits are valid for short stays, while longer-term residents can convert their home country licence after meeting certain requirements.

Transport in South Korea

Climate and weather in South Korea

The climate in South Korea comprises four distinct seasons. Winters run from December to March. Temperatures average around 32°F (0°C), although Seoul can drop well below freezing. The traditional ondol floor heating system keeps homes warm during the coldest months. Summers from June to August are hot and humid, with temperatures often reaching up to 86°F (30°C). The monsoon season brings heavy rainfall during these months. July and August see the most precipitation.

Spring and autumn have the most comfortable weather, but they pass by quickly. Spring temperatures range from 50 to 68°F (10 to 20°C), and cherry blossoms typically bloom in late March to early April. Autumn has similar mild temperatures from September through November, and the season is marked by spectacular fall foliage. Most expats consider these transitional seasons the best times to arrive.

Air quality can fluctuate, particularly in spring when yellow dust from China affects outdoor activities. Typhoon season runs from June through October, although most storms occur in August and September. The dramatic seasonal changes mean you’ll need a varied wardrobe, but they also offer distinct experiences throughout the year.

Climate in South Korea

Despite certain challenges, Korean culture is intriguing and rewards those who seek an understanding of its traditions. The country is incredibly safe with low crime rates, and expats moving to South Korea can expect a warm welcome from locals and other foreigners.

Fast facts

Official name: Republic of Korea

Population: Over 51.7 million

Capital city: Seoul (also the largest city)

Other cities: Busan, Incheon, Daegu, Daejeon

Neighbouring countries: North Korea, Japan, and China

Geography: South Korea occupies the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. The country shares a border with North Korea to the north. It’s separated from China by the Yellow Sea to the west, and from Japan by the Korea Strait and Sea of Japan to the east. Mountains and hills cover about 70 percent of the land, with coastal plains along the west and south coasts.

Political system: Presidential constitutional republic

Major religions: Christianity, Buddhism, but largely secular

Main language: Korean/Hangul (official). English is widely spoken in business circles in large cities, but less so elsewhere.

Money: The South Korean Won (KRW) is divided into 100 jeon. The banking system in South Korea is modern and efficient, and ATMs can be found almost everywhere.

Tipping: It isn’t usual to tip in South Korea. Top restaurants and luxury hotels sometimes add a service charge of 10 percent to the bill.

Time: GMT+9

Electricity: 220V, 60Hz. ‘Type C’ and ‘Type F’ rounded, two-pin plugs are used. Adapters are widely available at the airport and city convenience stores.

Internet domain: .kr

International dialling code: +82

Emergency contacts: 112 (police), 1345 (foreigner information service), 119 (fire and ambulance)

Transport and driving: Cars drive on the right-hand side of the road. South Korea has a reliable and efficient transport system, with buses and taxis in all cities and metro stations in the main cities.

When it comes to the weather in South Korea, the country has a continental climate of freezing, dry winters and humid, hot summers, with short, mild spring and autumn months in between. South Koreans pride themselves on their country’s distinctive and beautiful four seasons.

Summer arrives in June and extends through September, beginning rainy before humidity levels build towards the middle of the season. Humidity can reach uncomfortable levels of 80 to 90 percent, making the air feel sticky and oppressive. This season is marked by warm, moist winds from the Pacific. 

The monsoon season begins in mid-to-late June and typically runs through late July. While South Korea doesn’t experience extreme monsoons like those in Southeast Asia, southern South Korea does experience considerable rainfall during this time. Typhoon season runs from August through September, with about one typhoon impacting the country each year.

From late September through to November, autumn is spectacularly beautiful in the mountainous areas as leaves turn to vivid shades of red, orange, and gold. The season lasts longer in southern cities than it does in the north.

Starting in December, winters tend to be quite harsh, particularly as you move further north. Temperatures drop below freezing, with icy winds blowing across the country from Siberia. The north, especially in Seoul and in the mountains, experiences snowfall, while the milder south coast rarely does.

Spring occurs in late March and early April and offers pleasant temperatures. March and early April bring the yellow dust season when fine dust from Chinese and Mongolian deserts affects air quality. May typically offers clearer conditions. As in neighbouring Japan, South Korea hosts cherry blossom festivals each spring. These blooms attract visitors from across the country.

There are regional climate differences across the country. Jeju Island in the south has a subtropical climate with milder winters that rarely drop below freezing, and spring arrives earlier with cherry blossoms appearing in late March. The east coast generally experiences better air quality compared to western regions, particularly during the spring months.

Weather in Seoul
Weather in Busan

Expats moving to South Korea, may not be sure what to expect of day-to-day life and societal norms here. Read on to learn about diversity and inclusion in South Korea. 

Accessibility in South Korea

South Korea is not particularly easy to get around, especially outside the capital. Since 1998, buildings with more than 300 square metres of floor space have been required to have accessibility ramps, but there are no requirements for smaller businesses to be wheelchair accessible. Many restaurants and smaller businesses don’t have ramps, so if you use a wheelchair, check before visiting one. Pavements in urban areas are generally wide and flat, but this isn’t true in more rural parts of the country. 

Public transport in Seoul has significantly improved and is mostly wheelchair accessible, although there are still some challenges. The Seoul Metro is accessible, and over 99 percent of stations have full lifts, and stairway lifts are available in the remaining stations. Subway cars are nearly flush with the platforms, so gap ramps are typically unnecessary. Over 70 percent of Seoul city buses are low-floor – more than double the national average of 34 percent – although wheelchair users sometimes face challenges with driver cooperation and kerb accessibility. Taxis specifically for people with disabilities are also available in Seoul, although these are in high demand and should be booked well in advance.

Useful links

• Seoul Danurim: Korea Accessible Tourism
• Visit Seoul: Accessibility Information

LGBTQ+ in South Korea

LGBTQ+ rights are limited in South Korea. Homosexuality isn’t illegal, but there’s no same-sex marriage, and gay couples cannot adopt. There is also generally less public support for LGBTQ+ rights than in many other Asian countries. The last decade has seen some growth in LGBTQ+ support in South Korea, particularly among younger generations.

There’s no comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation protecting LGBTQ+ individuals, and legal gender change requires surgery, which is a significant burden on transgender individuals. In July 2024, South Korea’s Supreme Court ruled that same-sex couples should receive spousal health insurance benefits, marking the first legal recognition of social benefits for same-sex couples in the country. 

Some cities are more LGBTQ+ friendly than others. In Seoul, for instance, people speak of a gay scene "hiding in plain sight". ‘Homo Hill’ in Itaewon is a hotspot for the international crowd, and LGBTQ+ locals favour Jongno.

There's an annual Pride parade in Seoul, although organisers have faced challenges getting their preferred venue at Seoul Plaza, with the city government denying permits. Anti-LGBTQ protestors are unfortunately a frequent feature at the event, but turnout is strong and growing, with over 150,000 attendees in 2024.

Useful links

• Korea Rainbow Foundation
• Queer Archive
• Ddingdong Crisis Intervention Center

Gender equality in South Korea

Women account for 46 percent of tertiary education enrolment in South Korea, and over 55 percent of Master’s-level students are female. There’s increased enrolment of young women in higher education and the growth of women’s participation in the labour force, which reached 56 percent in 2024.

Despite this, the country has the highest gender pay gap among OECD states. South Korea raised its minimum wage by 5 percent in both 2022 and 2023, 2.5 percent in 2024, and 1.7 percent in 2025, in an attempt to narrow the gender wage gap.

Landmark parental subsidies introduced in 2025 doubled paternity leave from 10 to 20 days and increased parental leave benefits to 2.5 million won per month, up from 1.5 million won. This would allow professional women to return to work sooner and mitigate the risk of further increasing the gender pay gap while on maternity leave.

Alongside the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, several organisations are collaborating to advocate for the protection and empowerment of women across society and in the workplace.

Useful links

• Korean Women’s Associations United
• Korea Women’s Fund

Women in leadership in South Korea

Although South Korea is an established democracy that elected its first female president in 2013, South Korean society holds some traditional views about the role of women in the home and workplace.

Female representation on corporate boards in South Korea remains low, with women holding just 3 percent of inside director positions and 24 percent of outside director positions at top companies in 2024. Since the implementation of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act in 2022, which effectively outlaws all-male boards for large corporations, female board membership has been gradually increasing.

Mental health awareness in South Korea

Rates of mental illness, particularly depression, are high in South Korea, especially considering its status as a developed country. About 25 percent of South Koreans experience mental illness at least once in their life.

The high rates of mental illness, as well as the severity of symptoms, can be partially attributed to the avoidance of mental health treatment. When left untreated, symptoms of mental illness tend to worsen over time. Only 7 percent of those with a mental disorder diagnosis seek treatment.

Moving abroad can take a toll on mental health. Expats face higher risks of depression and anxiety due to factors like loneliness, cultural adjustment stress, and work-related burnout. Recognising these challenges and seeking support early can make a significant difference.

Universal health insurance provided by the government covers psychiatric treatment and medication, although psychotherapy and counselling sessions are typically not covered and must be paid out of pocket. Check whether your insurance policy requires a referral before seeing a psychiatrist. If you have international insurance, you’ll most likely be able to skip this step and go directly to a psychiatrist.

English-speaking psychiatrists are available in Seoul and other major cities. Seoul has several private specialised counselling services aimed at expats that are run by professionals from abroad.

Useful links

• Seoul Counseling Center
• National Center for Mental Health

Unconscious bias education in South Korea

In South Korea’s traditionally homogeneous society, unconscious bias toward foreigners and ethnic minorities can affect workplace dynamics. As the country’s foreign population grows, awareness of these biases becomes increasingly important for creating inclusive work environments.

Unconscious bias refers to the automatic stereotypes or attitudes an individual holds about groups of people different to themselves. These ideas are not purposefully adopted but rather develop subtly over time, and people tend to hold unconscious biases about groups they never or rarely come into contact with. As a result, they’re often inaccurate and based on assumptions.

Unconscious bias can profoundly impact both personal and work conditions. In the workplace, unchecked bias undermines vital aspects of the company, negatively impacting employee performance, retention and recruitment. In a bid to create a better work environment, many companies are beginning to institute unconscious bias training. There are also a fair few online resources that can be used to improve self-awareness regarding bias.

Useful links

• Harvard Implicit Association Test
• Nonprofit Ready: Unconscious Bias Training

Diversification of the workforce in South Korea

South Korea is home to 2.65 million foreigners (5 percent of the population), most of whom come from China (36 percent), Vietnam (12 percent), and Thailand (7 percent), with the United States accounting for 6 percent. Western expats moving to South Korea are frequently drawn by competitive salaries in sectors like technology and education, along with a relatively affordable cost of living compared to other developed Asian economies.

You can expect to encounter a reasonably diverse work environment in the large multinational companies based in Seoul. The offices of international firms buzz with a blend of languages, with staff sourced from all over the world.

Studies show that workplace diversification is hugely beneficial to companies and employees alike. In recognition of this, many of South Korea’s largest companies are setting up diversity and inclusion programmes.

Safety in South Korea

Although there are incidents of bag-snatching, pickpocketing, and petty theft in larger cities such as Seoul and Busan, the crime rate in South Korea is low. As with any major city, some areas are considered unsafe at certain times, even though, for the most part, cities such as Seoul are safer than most large American cities.

Follow standard safety precautions, such as locking doors, being aware of personal belongings in crowded areas and tourist hotspots, avoiding walking alone at night through isolated areas, and only using reputable taxi companies.

Read more: Safety in South Korea

Calendar initiatives in South Korea

4 February – World Cancer Day 
March – TB Awareness Month 
3rd Thursday of May – Global Accessibility Awareness Day 
10 September – World Suicide Prevention Day 
October – Breast Cancer Awareness Month 
10 October – World Mental Health Day 
14 November – World Diabetes Day 
1 December – World AIDS Day

South Korean cuisine is very different from quintessential Asian food and may initially challenge expats’ palates. Perseverance is crucial and there are many regional delicacies worth sampling.

Western food is readily available in the major cities like Seoul and Busan, with a multitude of restaurants to choose from. However, if it's Korean food you're after, you'll be spoiled for choice even in the smaller towns.

Barbecue-style restaurants, serving beef or pork that you cook at your table, can be found on almost every street corner. There are also faster kimbap (rolled rice in seaweed, much like sushi) take-aways every few hundred metres or so and it's easy to find places serving piping hot soups (jigae) and rice dishes such as bibimbap.
 

Where to eat in South Korea

Some of the better restaurant areas in Seoul are Gang-nam district, Itaewon and Nopsakyeong. While in Busan, eating options with sea views can be found in Haundae and Gwangan. The area around Pusan National University has a fair amount of both Western and Korean delights and is perfectly situated for those who enjoy a drink or two after dinner. The blocks around Seomyeon subway station have a number of restaurants, bars and entertainment venues as well as numerous shopping opportunities.

Managing banking, money and taxes in South Korea can seem overwhelming at first. That said, the banking system in South Korea is as advanced as in most Western countries, and also relatively simple and user-friendly.

That said, language barriers may make it harder for you to set up your account or get your internet banking up and running. Some banks, such as KEB Hana, are more expat-friendly than others, but it’s best to ask a friend or employer to assist with setting up your banking needs in South Korea.

Currency in South Korea

The official currency of South Korea is the won, which is abbreviated to KRW or ₩. Foreign currency can be exchanged at banks, airports, and some hotels or tourist spots, and most major international currencies are accepted. You will have a more difficult time exchanging won for other currencies outside of South Korea.

• Notes: KRW 1,000, KRW 5,000, KRW 10,000 and KRW 50,000
• Coins: KRW 10, KRW 50, KRW 100 and KRW 500

Useful links

• Bank of Korea – Currency

Banking in South Korea

Some popular banks in South Korea include KEB Hana, Woori Bank, Kookmin Bank (KB), and Shinhan Bank. International banks such as Citibank, HSBC, Standard Chartered Bank and Bank of America also operate in the country.

Banking hours in South Korea are generally from 9am to 4pm during the week. A few bank branches will also open on weekends.

Opening a bank account

To open a bank account in South Korea, expats will need their passports, and long-term residents will need a Residence Card. Some banks may also request a copy of your working visa and certificate of employment. Although the Residence Card has your address printed on it, it’s also helpful to bring in a copy of your address written in both Korean and English for the bank to capture it properly.

Once you’ve filled in the necessary forms, the bank will issue you a bank card. This may be a domestic-only debit card. Should you require international card facilities or a card that works overseas, you will need to ask the bank for one specifically.

Internet banking also isn’t necessarily included. You should also ensure your bank creates a digital certificate for you, which allows you to complete online transfers. Have banking staff set up all of your banking needs when your account is first created.

Credit cards and ATMs

ATMs are plentiful in cities and are primarily found in convenience stores, hotels, banks, post offices or train stations. Although some ATMs are available 24/7 and accept foreign cards, many are only online during the day, between 8am or 9am and midnight, and only accept Korean bank cards. Look for ATMs marked ‘Global ATM’ for the best chance of using foreign cards.

Although Koreans themselves usually pay with debit or credit cards, international credit cards may only be readily accepted in larger hotels and stores; smaller stores and restaurants may have trouble processing a foreign credit card. ATMs affiliated with the leading Korean banks often accept foreign cards.

South Korea is increasingly moving toward digital payments like Kakao Pay and Naver Pay. These services require a Korean phone number and local bank account, so most newcomers will rely on physical cards initially.

Visas and Residence in South Korea

Useful links

• Korea Federation of Banks
• KEB Hana Bank: English Services
• KB Kookmin Bank: Foreign Customers
• Shinhan Bank: English Website

Taxes in South Korea

You will be considered a tax resident if you live in South Korea for 183 days or more in a tax year. South Korean income tax is calculated based on a progressive scale and ranges from 6 to 45 percent. Those in the top income bracket will be taxed 45 percent of their salary. In addition to income tax, you are also charged a residents’ tax, which amounts to around 10 percent of the income tax amount. High earners will be taxed up to 49.5 percent of their income in total.

Some expats receive a partial or complete exemption from paying tax for a specified number of years of their stay in South Korea. These include English teachers working in state schools and qualified foreign engineers. As of 2023, certain foreign nationals working in South Korea can apply for a flat income tax rate of 20.9 percent (comprising 19 percent income tax and 1.9 percent local tax) for up to 20 years, which has been increased from an initial five years. This may be beneficial for high earners compared to progressive rates.

Foreigners are also expected to pay a percentage of their salary into the National Pension Scheme. By law, employers must match this contribution. Depending on your nationality, you can claim some of your taxes back at the end of each tax year, and you can claim a lump-sum refund of your pension contributions when leaving South Korea, provided certain conditions are met. Eligibility depends on your nationality and whether your country has a social security agreement with South Korea.

You can also opt to pay taxes either in your home country or in South Korea. This depends on your resident status and whether your country has a double taxation avoidance agreement with the South Korean government.

Year-end tax settlement typically occurs between February and March, when employers process tax refunds or additional payments based on the previous year’s income and deductions.

For the most up-to-date information about the issue, it is best to refer to a tax professional. The National Tax Service offers multilingual tax filing guides for foreign residents.

Useful links

• National Tax Service: English Portal
• National Pension Service: English Information

Healthcare in South Korea is modern and efficient. Western and Eastern medical practitioners and medicines are available and covered under the government’s National Health Insurance (NHI).

Apart from the NHI, there are several private health insurance options, but most are pricey and not as widely recognised as the national scheme.

Expats need to note that they aren’t covered by either the NHI plan or private health insurance until they have received their residence card (formerly Alien Registration Card, or ARC) from their local Korea Immigration Service office. Processing typically takes three to eight weeks, so expats should apply as soon as they arrive in the country.

During this waiting period, expats should consider purchasing travel or temporary health insurance, as medical costs without coverage can add up quickly.

Health insurance in South Korea

South Korea’s NHI programme is a compulsory social insurance system that covers the whole population. Foreigners are required to register for the national scheme if they have lived in the country for six months.

Employers are responsible for enrolling their employees in the NHI system, and both employer and employee contribute towards the premiums, splitting the cost approximately equally based on the employee’s salary.

Self-employed expats are automatically enrolled in the NHI system once they meet the six-month residency requirement. NHIS will send an insurance card and billing information to their registered address. Premiums are calculated based on income and assets.

Doctors and specialists will claim most of the costs of a consultation from the NHI, and expats typically pay around 30 percent of outpatient costs and 20 percent of inpatient costs. Prescription medication and traditional medicine (including acupuncture) are also covered with similar co-payment rates.

The upside is that expenses for a routine visit to a doctor or dentist will be quite low for both the consultation and the medication. On the other hand, some doctors may see many patients in quick succession, which can result in shorter consultation times than expats might be accustomed to in other countries.

Useful links

• National Health Insurance Service: Official English Site

Public healthcare in South Korea

Doctors, dentists, dermatologists and other specialists in South Korea are all affordable and readily available, as are general healthcare products and pharmaceutical drugs. Most hospitals and doctors have some English-speaking staff members, but it’s sometimes advisable to bring along a Korean-speaking friend, particularly in smaller towns and cities.

Medical facilities are of a high standard in South Korea, especially in Seoul. Major city hospitals will almost always have English-speaking doctors on staff, although support and technical staff are less likely to speak English.

Hospitals are well equipped and modern. Expats can also visit ‘international clinics’ affiliated with certain hospitals. These are staffed by doctors who have studied abroad and generally speak English, although they typically charge higher consultation fees.

For inpatient hospital stays, patients may be required to pay a deposit against estimated costs. Most hospitals accept major credit cards, although it’s advisable to confirm payment options in advance.

Healthcare in Seoul
Healthcare in Busan

Useful links

• Seoul Metropolitan Government: Healthcare Services
• U.S. Embassy Seoul: Medical Information

Private healthcare in South Korea

The NHI covers most day-to-day and emergency medical procedures, prescription medication and specialist visits, including treatments for serious illnesses like cancer. Private insurance companies offer supplementary coverage to help with remaining co-payments and services not fully covered by the NHI, such as private hospital rooms or certain dental procedures. Many Koreans and expats opt for private insurance to further reduce their out-of-pocket expenses.

Medicine and pharmacies in South Korea

Pharmacies are plentiful, and both Western and Eastern medicines are available in abundance. They are usually located near hospitals, as hospitals in Korea are not permitted to dispense prescription medication. Most pharmacies operate from 9am to 6pm or 7pm on weekdays and shorter hours on Saturdays, with many closed on Sundays. While 24-hour pharmacies are rare, some late-night pharmacies in major cities extend their hours until 1am.

Pharmacies in South Korea are called ‘yakguk’ (약국) and are often identifiable by a green cross sign, often with the Korean character for medicine (약) displayed at the entrance. Some medications that are available over the counter in other countries may require a prescription in South Korea, and vice versa. Common painkillers and cold remedies can typically be purchased without a prescription.

Expats who have enrolled in South Korea’s NHI programme will be able to get prescription medication at a heavily subsidised rate.

Useful links

• Ministry of Food and Drug Safety

Health hazards in South Korea

As in many cities in industrialised Asia, residents face health concerns due to air pollution. In spring, yellow dust (hwangsa) – fine particulate matter from sandstorms in the Gobi Desert combined with industrial pollutants – can blanket the Korean Peninsula. During these periods, wearing a mask outdoors may be necessary, particularly for vulnerable groups including children, the elderly, and people with respiratory issues like asthma.

Vaccinations for South Korea

No vaccinations are required to enter South Korea, but expats moving to the country should ensure their routine vaccinations, including the flu, chickenpox and tetanus immunisations, are up to date. Babies between six and 11 months old should get a dose of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine before travelling to South Korea. Some other vaccines to consider include:

• Typhoid: For new arrivals moving to smaller cities or rural areas in South Korea.
• Japanese Encephalitis: For those planning extended stays or visits to rural regions, especially between March and December.
• Hepatitis A and B

Expats should contact their healthcare provider for individual care and vaccine recommendations before making the big move.

Useful links

• CDC Travel Health: South Korea
• Passport Health: South Korea Vaccines
• Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency

Emergency services in South Korea

Emergency services in South Korea are efficient and well equipped. Ambulances dispatched through 119 are staffed by qualified emergency medical technicians and respond quickly. Expats should not hesitate to call for an ambulance in an emergency.

Expats can phone the Immigration Contact Center for assistance with medical advice and translation services. The centre offers multilingual support in 20 languages and can help at clinics or hospitals where English is not spoken. Staff can also connect callers directly with emergency services when needed.

• Immigration Contact Center: 1345
• Police: 112
• Ambulance and Fire Department: 119

Useful links

• Immigration Contact Center
• Korea National 119 Rescue Services

Although South Korea is known for being one of the world’s largest exporters of cars, smartphones and ships, most expats working in South Korea do so as English teachers. Newly arrived English teachers will likely work in one of the country’s public schools or private institutions, known as hagwons.

One of the four Asian Tigers, along with Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan, the Republic of Korea is unique in that it’s globally recognised as both an advanced and emerging market. The fourth-largest economy in Asia, South Korea is home to a multitude of companies of international stature.

Most expat job opportunities can be found in major cities and industrial zones such as Seoul, Busan and Incheon. While speaking Korean isn’t required for teaching English, expats interested in higher-level corporate jobs will have an advantage if they can speak the local language or other Asian languages, particularly Mandarin or Japanese.

Most companies in South Korea offer good relocation packages to their employees. Benefits often include a furnished apartment or a generous housing allowance, and annual flights home. Some companies also offer year-end bonuses.

Job market in South Korea

With massive local brands such as Hyundai, Kia, LG, and Samsung, it’s easy to understand why such a small country has such a large economy. Aside from teaching English, many expats also work for the US Armed Forces, with a growing number of foreigners in high-level management, information and communications technology, and engineering.

Some of the largest employers in South Korea are in fields such as electronics, biotechnology, microchip production, shipbuilding, chemical production, steelmaking, and automobile manufacturing. It also has a respectable financial services industry, with the Shinhan Financial Group especially prominent among these.

Working in Seoul 
Working in Busan
Teaching English in South Korea

Working in rural South Korea

With stiff competition in the larger cities, the Korean countryside attracts many an expat looking for employment, especially in the teaching industry. This usually proves to be a wildly different experience from, for instance, working in Seoul.

While the countryside is often more beautiful and less congested, amenities aren’t as widely available, and the language barrier tends to be more pronounced for non-Korean speakers.

Read more about Teaching in Rural South Korea.

Finding a job in South Korea

Most expats find a job before relocating. Finding employment through one of the many job portals available online is the most common way of doing this.

The high number of expats wanting to teach in Korea has resulted in many recruitment companies that organise placements on behalf of schools. This means you may not be aware of exactly who you’ll be employed by, which can be an issue, as some schools are less reputable than others. Online blacklist databases can help identify problematic employers.

Expats should also be warned that work permit regulations can and frequently do change, meaning information sources should be carefully considered and compared to the latest official information. Finding a job from inside South Korea often becomes complicated. Visa runs, while common, are risky, and immigration officials may deny re-entry if they suspect abuse of visa-free privileges.

Visas and Work Permits in South Korea

Useful links

• PeopleNJob
• KOWORK
• WorkNet
• Saramin
• JobKorea

Work culture in South Korea

Traditional social practices and etiquette still have an important role in South Korean business. Personal relationships, hierarchy, and saving face are all major factors in the Korean work environment. If expat businesspeople want to be accepted by their colleagues, they need to display an awareness of these and a willingness to engage in the social codes at the foundation of business culture in South Korea.

While South Korea’s place in the global business circuit has changed the way business is conducted in the country, there is still an elaborate hierarchy system based on position, age, prestige and, to an extent, gender that imbues business culture.

Koreans need to be able to trust the people they are doing business with, and social relationships are directly linked to business success. For this reason, prospective business partners spend a lot of time getting to know each other. Dinner invitations, after-dinner drinks, and karaoke (known as noraebang) will also likely feature at some point and shouldn’t be turned down.

Business Culture in South Korea
Women in Leadership, Diversity and Inclusion in South Korea

There are several types of work visas for South Korea, and the type determines what employment you can undertake. Your sponsoring employer typically initiates the process by applying for a Certificate of Confirmation of Visa Issuance (CCVI) from the Ministry of Justice. Once approved, you use this CCVI to apply for your visa at a Korean embassy or consulate in your home country. After arrival, you’ll need to obtain a residence card within 90 days for stays longer than three months.

The system has several different categories tailored to different professional fields, from language instruction and specialised skills to corporate transfers and working holidays. Requirements vary significantly between visa types, but most demand proof of qualifications, employment contracts and clean criminal records.

Visas, Permanent Residence, and Residence Cards in South Korea

Types of work visas in South Korea

Specially Designated Activity (E-7) visa

Specially designated activity visas (E-7) are for candidates who are qualified in certain in-demand fields as designated by the Ministry of Justice. This includes top-level executives, different kinds of engineers and certain IT professionals. The E-7 is the primary work visa for skilled foreign professionals relocating to Korea.

The E-7 visa is typically granted for one year initially, although validity can range from one to three years depending on your circumstances. Processing usually takes one to three months from when your employer submits the CCVI application. You’ll need to provide proof of employment, certificates of degrees or other qualifications and professional reference letters.

Salary thresholds apply to E-7 applications, with specific minimum requirements that vary by position and are updated annually.

Foreign Language Instructor (E-2) visa

You can apply for Foreign Language Instructor visas in South Korea to teach English or other languages at the primary school level and above. The regulations for this class of visa are strict.

You need to have a tertiary degree and be a native resident of a country whose mother tongue is the same as the language you’ll teach. An exception exists if you’ve studied and resided in a country that speaks that language for 10 or more years from at least the junior high school level onwards. TEFL or TESOL certifications aren’t legally required for the E-2 visa, although many schools prefer candidates with these qualifications.

You must submit an original employment contract and letter from the school, official academic transcripts, personal reference letters and original degree certificates. You also need to provide an apostilled criminal record clearance certificate and an apostilled copy of your degree certificate, alongside medical clearance and a completed visa application form.

If you’re applying for the first time, you may need to schedule an interview at your nearest South Korean embassy or consulate. If you’re invited by the Ministry of Education, there are additional requirements, including an original employment contract from the superintendent of Educational Affairs in South Korea.

The visa is valid for one year, and you’ll also have to apply for a South Korean work permit once you’ve arrived. You can extend your E-2 visa by applying up to four months before expiration if you’re renewing with the same employer. After holding certain work visas including the E-2 for five years or more, you may qualify to convert to an F-2-99 visa, which offers longer-term residency with more flexibility.

Read an expat’s guide to Teaching English in South Korea and Teaching in Rural South Korea.

Intra-company Transfer (D-7) visa

Intra-company transfer visas in South Korea come in two main variants. The D-7-1 covers transfers from a multinational company’s foreign headquarters or office to its Korean branch or subsidiary, whilst the D-7-2 applies when a Korean company transfers employees from its foreign branch back to the domestic headquarters. Both require you to have worked for the company for at least one year. These visas are the standard route for multinational corporations relocating staff to Korea.

You’ll need to provide an employment certificate from your head office, an assignment letter, proof of foreign currency transfer, and company registration documents proving the corporate relationship between the sending and receiving entities. The visa is typically valid for one to two years and can be renewed. Your spouse and children can accompany you on F-3 dependant visas.

Processing times generally run two to four weeks once your employer submits the CCVI application.

Special Profession (E-5) visa

If you’re applying for an E-5 visa in South Korea, you’ll need a certificate of qualification recognised under Korean law. It’s aimed at candidates such as airline pilots, accountants, lawyers, architects, doctors, hospital interns and residents, and those hired as essential staff for shipping services. The visa is typically valid for one year and renewable annually.

Working Holiday (H-1) visa

If you’re a resident of certain countries with working holiday agreements, between the ages of 18 and 30, you may apply for an H-1 visa in South Korea. Over 25 countries participate in the programme, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, many of the EU countries, Chile, and Argentina.

This visa is valid for one year. The H-1 visa cannot be extended or renewed – it’s strictly a one-year opportunity. You also cannot convert to this visa from another visa status whilst in Korea, nor can you convert from H-1 to another work visa without leaving the country. Some countries, including the United States, Ireland, and Sweden, allow their nationals to reapply for a second working holiday, although most countries limit it to a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.

You must show proof of onward travel and proof of funds. Those entering on this visa can engage in some employment and some educational pursuits, but the main idea is for this trip to mostly be a holiday. You’re limited to working a maximum of 1,300 hours during your year in Korea – roughly 25 hours per week – and cannot work more than six months with the same employer.

Certain types of work are restricted, including foreign language instruction, professional positions that would normally require E-1 through E-7 visas, entertainment industry jobs, and positions requiring professional licences.

Other work visa categories

South Korea issues several other employment-related visas for more specialised situations.

• The E-1 visa is for professors teaching or conducting research at universities and higher education institutions, typically granted for one year and renewable annually.
• The E-3 Research visa is for researchers at government-designated research institutions.
• The E-4 Technical Instructor visa applies to technology transfer roles where you’re sharing expertise in natural science or technology fields.
• The E-6 Arts and Entertainment visa is for performers, artists, musicians, and athletes engaged in pure art or sports activities.
• The F-4 visa is for individuals of Korean heritage, including former Korean citizens and those with Korean parents or grandparents. F-4 holders can engage in most employment activities except simple labour.

Applying for a work visa in South Korea

Work visas in South Korea are usually valid for one year initially. The CCVI application through your employer usually takes one to four weeks, followed by another two to four weeks for processing the actual visa at the embassy or consulate. Plan for one to two months total from start to finish.

It isn’t possible to change from a tourist visa to a work visa within South Korea – you must do this from an embassy or consulate in your home country.

You can find relevant forms at the South Korean Ministry of Justice’s Immigration Service website and the Korea Visa Portal. The CCVI application process typically happens domestically through your employer, whilst you handle the actual visa application at the embassy.

When you apply for a visa, tell your employer and the staff at the South Korean embassy whether you’d like a multiple- or single-entry visa.

Applications may face delays if documents are incomplete, apostille certifications are missing, or if there are questions about your qualifications or the sponsoring employer’s eligibility. Starting the process well ahead of your planned start date helps avoid these complications.

The Korea Visa Portal is going to be invaluable. On it, you can submit your CCVI application, track its status, and download your visa application forms once it’s approved. Documents issued outside Korea generally require apostille certification or consular authentication, along with translations into Korean or English.

Changing employers

Changing employers is a complicated procedure, as work visas in South Korea are sponsored by the employer. This means that to change employers, you must have your visa changed. If your employment is terminated, you’ll need to act quickly to either find new employment or make other arrangements. You should notify immigration of any employment changes within two weeks.

You can do this without leaving South Korea if you have all the relevant documents needed for a visa and if your current employer signs a letter of release. Alternatively, a Certificate of Employment from your current employer serves the same purpose – Korean immigration accepts both documents. The letter of release or Certificate of Employment is then submitted to the Korean immigration office with your passport and Residence Card.

You can change from one visa category to another – such as E-2 to E-7 – without leaving Korea if you have the proper documentation and your employer’s cooperation. The D-10 job seeker visa offers an alternative pathway – it provides six months to search for professional employment in E-1 through E-7 categories – although you must apply for it from outside Korea rather than converting from a work visa whilst in the country.

Useful links

• Korea Immigration Service
• Korea Visa Portal
• HiKorea – Immigration Contact Centre
• KOWORK Visa Center – E-7 Visa Guide

Work visa requirements are subject to change at short notice, and you’re advised to contact your respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

If you’re visibly foreign, the locals generally won’t expect you to understand the local culture in South Korea. You’ll pick up the ins and outs of local customs by observing those around you, although learning some basic Korean phrases and bowing etiquette will go a long way.

Language barrier in South Korea

The language barrier in South Korea is one of the biggest sources of culture shock. While the younger generation will probably be excited to test their English skills on you with a friendly greeting, most older people speak little to no English. The language barrier becomes more pronounced outside Seoul and major tourist areas.

Learning basic Korean greetings will ease everyday interactions considerably, and translation apps can help bridge the gap when you’re stuck.

Meeting and greeting in South Korea

Meeting and greeting in South Korea involves adopting the bow, which works as a greeting, a sign of gratitude or an acknowledgement. A slight dip of the head is sufficient for most situations. South Koreans pay great respect to their elders, so always bow to people who are senior to you unless they’re serving you in some way.

Don’t worry too much about getting the angle perfect. Locals don’t expect foreigners to master the formal 30- or 45-degree bows reserved for business settings or special occasions.

Cuisine in South Korea

The cuisine in South Korea has unique tastes and aesthetics, and South Korean hosts will be incredibly impressed if you try all the food that is placed in front of you. Most Western foods are available in South Korea, but the local cuisine is cheaper and definitely worth a try. Many popular dishes feature spicy gochugaru (red chilli pepper) or fermented flavours, but there are also plenty of non-spicy options. If you’re sensitive to heat, avoid the kimchi or ask for milder versions of dishes.

Vegetarians in South Korea will face challenges, as many dishes contain meat, seafood, and hidden ingredients like fish sauce and anchovy broth. Seoul offers the most vegetarian-friendly options, particularly in neighbourhoods like Itaewon, and temple food restaurants serve traditional vegetarian cuisine. If you’re vegetarian, ask a Korean friend or co-worker to write a note explaining your dietary requirements, or use a translation app to communicate with serving staff.

Trends in South Korea

Trends in South Korea move fast. Koreans are extremely fashion-conscious, a fact visible in almost every facet of daily life. New shops and eateries pop up overnight to keep up with current styles. Don’t be surprised if your favourite café closes and reopens as something completely different within months.

For the fashion-conscious, it’s wise to mirror the dress code of people of a similar age. In the workplace, it’s advisable to dress formally for the first week or two and then adjust according to your particular work environment. Workplace attire has become more relaxed since the pandemic, although Korean offices still tend toward business casual at a minimum. Women should note that although short skirts are perfectly acceptable, cleavage should never be shown, and shoulders are usually covered.

A further adjustment you’ll need to make is removing your shoes whenever you enter a home. Most locals keep a pair of indoor slippers that they change into after arriving home. Traditional restaurants with floor seating also require patrons to remove their shoes before entering the dining area, while Western-style restaurants with chairs and tables do not.

Space in South Korea

Space in South Korea takes some getting used to. South Korean cities are crowded with apartment blocks, skyscrapers and bustling markets. Being able to adopt an ‘Eastern space, not Western space’ mindset will be helpful, especially when negotiating apartment sizes or making your way through Seoul subway carriages during peak hours. Studio apartments in Seoul are typically significantly smaller than Western standards. The cities are crowded, but there are plenty of forests, beaches and islands that offer weekend escapes.

LGBTQ+ in South Korea

LGBTQ+ people in South Korea will find their rights exist in a legally grey area. Same-sex relationships are not illegal, but the country doesn’t have strong anti-discrimination laws and does not recognise same-sex marriage.

Seoul has the most accepting environment for LGBTQ+ people, with established communities in Itaewon (particularly the ‘Homo Hill’ area) and Jongno. These neighbourhoods host gay bars, clubs and community spaces where you can connect with both Korean and international LGBTQ+ communities.

Outside Seoul, social acceptance drops considerably, and discretion may be necessary in smaller cities and rural areas. Public displays of affection between same-sex couples may attract negative attention, and you should be aware that conservative attitudes are strong in many sectors of society. That said, many LGBTQ+ expats live openly and comfortably in Seoul, particularly in international or progressive work environments.

LGBTQ+, Diversity and Inclusion in South Korea

Time in South Korea

Time in South Korea operates on strict punctuality in professional settings. Business meetings typically run between 10am and noon or 2pm and 4pm, and arriving on time shows respect for your colleagues. If you’ll be late, call ahead to explain.

The standard workday runs from 9am to 6pm, Monday through Friday. South Korea legally caps the working week at 52 hours (40 regular hours plus 12 overtime), although the reality is that you'll likely be expected to work more hours. Overtime culture is prevalent in many Korean companies, particularly in traditional industries. International firms and tech startups tend to offer better work-life balance. Before accepting a position, clarify expectations around overtime and after-hours availability.

Women in South Korea

Women in South Korea have a maze of deeply ingrained social expectations to negotiate. The country is male-dominated in many professional and social spheres, although modern Korean women strongly value their independence and are increasingly challenging traditional expectations. 

Female expats may encounter gender dynamics that feel outdated compared to Western workplaces, including slower career advancement and more traditional role expectations.

Women who smoke in public, wear low-cut shirts, or drink ‘too much’ may draw disapproval. Being foreign provides some leeway, but you might receive disapproving looks if you engage in these behaviours publicly.

Gender Equality and Women in Leadership in South Korea

Cultural dos and don’ts in South Korea

• Do check for toilet paper before entering the stall. While most modern public toilets in South Korea now stock paper inside each stall, some older facilities or traditional restaurants still keep it near the entrance or sinks.
• Don’t write anyone’s name in red ink, as this traditionally signifies death
• Don’t leave chopsticks sticking up in a bowl, as this is only done when commemorating the dead
• Do turn your head away when drinking alcohol in the presence of elders or superiors
• Don’t pour yourself a drink. If another person at the table offers a refill, accept it with both hands and return the favour by pouring one for them. Use both hands when pouring.
• Don’t fold your arms when in the company of older people, but leave them hanging by your side
• Do always use two hands when accepting or giving money, business cards or anything of importance. This applies equally when presenting these items to others.

Expats will likely find keeping in touch in South Korea a pleasant and straightforward experience. South Korea could be called the high-speed internet capital of the world. Currently, around 95 percent of the population uses smartphones. Beyond the impressive internet availability, mobile phones, landline phones and the oft-forgotten postal system are all reliable and affordable in South Korea.

The sizeable international community means several English newspapers and publications are available, many in digital form.

Internet in South Korea

Internet in South Korea ranks among the fastest in the world, consistently placing in the global top 10 for both mobile and fixed broadband speeds. Nearly every citizen has access to reliable, high-speed broadband through the extensive network of fibre optic lines across the country.

KT Corporation, SK Broadband and LG Uplus are the most prominent internet providers and offer good service at reasonable rates. Expats wanting to set up an account will need a Residence Card.

If you’re on the move, internet cafés, known as PC bangs (rooms), are still found throughout South Korea, particularly in cities, and many remain open 24 hours a day. Expats will have no trouble getting computer access when they need it, especially in urban areas. WiFi is also widely available in public spaces, including cafés, restaurants, public transport and even on many city buses.

Online censorship

South Korea blocks access to certain websites, including adult content and sites related to North Korea. Most everyday websites and services work without issue. Many expats use VPNs to access streaming services from their home countries, and VPN use is legal in South Korea.

Useful links

• Seoul Free WiFi

Mobile phones in South Korea

Mobile phones in South Korea are by far the most popular means of communication. There are three main mobile operators: SK Telecom, Korea Telecom (KT) and LG Uplus. All three offer exceptional customer service that is available in English.

Affordable contracts are available alongside prepaid options. Many expats sign up for a two-year contract with minimal call time and unlimited data. If you leave before your contract finishes, you can pass it on to someone else, usually another expat who has just arrived, or simply cancel for a fee.

To sign up for a contract or a prepaid phone, an expat will need their Residence Card and passport. If you don’t speak Korean, set up your agreement in Seoul, where employees are more likely to speak English.

South Korea has excellent 5G coverage across most of the country, with all three operators offering 5G services. eSIM options are now available for those staying short-term, making it easier to get connected without a physical SIM card.

Useful links

• SK Telecom
• KT Corporation
• LG U+ Global
• KT eSIM

Postal services in South Korea

Postal services in South Korea have maintained their efficiency despite the country’s digital connectivity. International postage is not outrageously expensive, and postcards can easily be sent in bulk without costing too much. Many expats choose to receive packages at work so they can sign for them, although packages are also delivered to homes and apartment buildings.

As a direct result of South Korea’s strong economy and the presence of large multinational companies, courier services within South Korea are fast and reliable. Many international courier companies, such as FedEx and DHL have offices in the country, alongside local options like CJ Logistics.

Useful links

• Korea Post
• FedEx South Korea
• DHL South Korea
• CJ Logistics

English-language media in South Korea

As a result of the large expat community, English-language media in South Korea is widely available. There are some printed national newspapers that are distributed in larger cities, including The Korea Herald and The Korea Times, which also have English websites.

Beyond the major dailies, several online news sources provide English coverage of Korean affairs. The Korea JoongAng Daily publishes in partnership with The New York Times, whilst Yonhap News Agency offers comprehensive wire service coverage. Online editions of Korean-language papers like The Chosun Ilbo and Hankyoreh also maintain English sections.

Streaming services, including Netflix and Disney+, are widely available in South Korea, offering extensive English-language content alongside Korean programming. Various online communities and forums provide news, advice and networking opportunities for the international community. KBS World Radio broadcasts English-language programming and podcasts covering Korean current affairs.

Useful links

• The Korea Herald
• The Korea Times
• Korea JoongAng Daily
• Yonhap News Agency

Considering South Korea’s extremely high population density, expats soon find that securing accommodation in South Korea is often more a case of making the best out of a situation than hunting down the perfect rental unit.

The range of housing options in South Korea is limited, and prices can be high. On the positive side, most Korean employers, especially those employing English teachers, organise accommodation for their employees as part of their employment contract. This significantly lowers an expat’s cost of living.

Cost of Living in South Korea

Types of accommodation in South Korea

Although living spaces are tiny by Western standards, the standard of accommodation in South Korea is high. Rental accommodation in South Korea generally falls into five categories: houses, villas, officetels, goshiwon, and regular apartments.

Freestanding houses are difficult to find and are usually expensive. Villas are buildings with up to five storeys that typically contain up to 10 individual units. Apartments are contained in the high-rise buildings that dominate the skyline of every South Korean city.

Officetels are mixed-use properties that have offices and apartments. These are typically more modern and have sought-after amenities like gyms and the latest appliances. It goes without saying that these facilities often carry a heavier price tag. The alternative, goshiwon, are small rooms with only essential furniture. Students often opt for this type of housing, as it’s usually cheaper.

While house and villa interiors can vary, apartments provided to expats and English teachers typically follow the simple formula of a single bedroom, bathroom, and kitchenette. Underfloor heating (ondol) is a great bonus, and most modern apartments have air conditioning in at least one of the rooms. The lack of privacy in apartment buildings due to the closeness of the apartments is probably the one aspect of Korean housing that expats will have the most trouble adjusting to.

Another aspect foreigners will have to wrap their heads around is the fact that Korean bathrooms typically don’t have separate showers. Instead, the tap over the washbasin would have a hand shower attached to it. This essentially turns the whole bathroom into a shower. Koreans also have special shoes they leave outside the bathroom to put on when going into the bathroom to avoid getting their socks wet.

Furnished vs unfurnished

Since many employers supply apartments, there isn’t a standard answer to whether an apartment comes furnished. Depending on your employer, an apartment can be fully furnished and may even include pots, pans and cutlery. On the other hand, some apartments only come with a fridge, washing machine, and bed. This is something you’ll need to discuss with your employer beforehand.

Luckily, with the transient nature of expat life in South Korea, good-quality furnishings are available at low prices. It shouldn’t be hard for new expats to get the basics.

Short lets

If you don’t have your accommodation covered by your employer, you might consider investing in a short-term rental while investigating the different areas and suburbs you might want to settle in. This is a fantastic option as short lets are often more affordable than hotels and are fully furnished. While this option may be pricier than renting an apartment, utilities and cleaning fees are usually included in the cost. You can visit property management sites and companies like Airbnb to find a short-term rental.

Useful links

• Airbnb South Korea
• Vrbo South Korea
• Seoul Loft Apartments

Finding accommodation in South Korea

Expats who aren’t assigned accommodation by their employer may be shocked at the high rental prices in South Korea. The best way to find a rental is to search online property portals, expat discussion groups, and social media groups listing properties.

Real estate agencies are also common in most South Korean neighbourhoods, with some agencies specialising in the expat market. Estate agencies can also help you overcome the language barrier when negotiating lease agreements. Real estate agency fees for securing a lease vary based on the transaction value, typically ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 percent of the total lease amount, with both tenant and landlord each paying the brokerage fee.

Some expats moving to South Korea will be lucky enough to have a relocation company working on their behalf. These companies assess your preferences and shortlist properties for you to view, which can be particularly helpful given the language barrier and unique rental systems in the country.

Useful links

• Dabang App
• Naver Real Estate
• Zig-Bang
• Ziptoss: Real Estate Platform for Foreigners
• Seoul Homes: English Property Search

Renting accommodation in South Korea

Most expats won’t have to go through the rental process themselves, as it’s standard for employers to supply their foreign employees with an apartment. Although this takes the stress out of the moving process, it also takes the choice of where to live out of the expat’s hands. Some expats, therefore, prefer to choose their own accommodation and receive a monthly stipend from their employer instead.

Making an application

Applying for rental accommodation in South Korea typically requires several documents. You’ll need proof of legal residency (your residence card and/or valid visa), a passport, and proof of employment (or enrollment for students) or bank statements demonstrating financial stability. Working with a real estate agent can help navigate the application process, especially if you’re not fluent in Korean, as they’ll assist with document translation and submission.

Deposits

Jeonse or ‘key money’ is a uniquely South Korean phenomenon that functions like a deposit, though the amount of money required is much higher than what Western expats may be used to, usually amounting to between 50 and 80 percent of the market value of an apartment. Key money is meant to be returned in its entirety when the lease agreement is concluded, but in some cases, it can be difficult to get a refund promptly.

Paying the often-exorbitant key money usually means tenants do not pay rent during their lease period. It’s important to note that owners are more forthcoming with jeonse agreements in times of high-interest rates, as they invest the tenant’s key money to turn a profit on the rental.

The alternative is the wolse system, which allows tenants to pay a smaller deposit and a monthly rental fee. Most people opt for this system as it is typically more affordable and won’t require them to get a loan from the bank.

The third rental system in South Korea is the banjeonse, a combination of the jeonse and wolse systems. Tenants who opt for this structure are expected to pay a larger deposit than they would for a wolse lease but smaller than for a jeonse contract. They will then pay a monthly rental fee based on how high the deposit they paid was.

Leases

Standard leases in South Korea typically last for one to three years. You can choose to sign a jeonse, wolse or banjeonse lease, which impacts the amount of money you need to fork out for your deposit.

You must submit a copy of your rental agreement to your local district or registry office. They will then give you a Confirmation Date (Hwak Jeong Il Ja), certifying that the key money paid has been officially recorded. This ensures the property will not be illegally auctioned while a tenant still occupies it.

South Korean rental properties are not generally pet friendly, but many landlords are open to negotiation, especially if you can demonstrate that your pet is well trained. Make sure to get written confirmation in your lease that pets are allowed. You should ensure you thoroughly read through your rental contract and get someone to translate it if it’s written in Korean.

Termination of the lease

You have to give two to three months’ notice if you want to move out of an apartment before your lease in South Korea ends. Landlords may penalise tenants who choose to terminate their lease without a good reason before it reaches the halfway mark.

You should take pictures of the apartment when you move in and leave it in as good (or better) condition as you found it in – otherwise, you can expect to have to fight with your landlord to get your deposit money refunded. If anything is broken or the apartment is left in an undesirable condition, the landlord will typically deduct money for repairs from the deposit.

Useful links

• Housing Lease Protection Act (Official English Translation)

Utilities in South Korea

Tenants will almost certainly be responsible for their own monthly gas, water, electricity and internet bills. Utilities in South Korea are generally affordable, although electricity and heating costs have risen in recent years. Gas can be quite expensive, so it’s important to monitor heating costs during winter. Bills are easy to pay via bank transfer at the bank, ATM or through a mobile app. It’s even possible to pay some bills at convenience stores.

Electricity and gas

Korea Electricity Power Corporation (KEPCO) is the only electricity provider in South Korea, and most expats living in villas or apartments will already have a connection in place. The only thing new arrivals will need to set up their account is proof of identification. Expats can apply online, via email or at their local KEPCO office, and the process should be completed within 24 hours. Parents with three or more children living with them in South Korea are eligible for a 30 percent discount on their monthly electricity bill.

South Korea has several domestic gas suppliers in different regions of the country. Seoul’s major gas provider is Seoul City Gas Provider, Daegu is supplied by Daesung Energy, and Busan’s main supplier is Busan City Gas. Expats must provide proof of identification and their residence card to register an account.

Water

New arrivals who live in apartments or villas will typically not need to arrange a water connection. The monthly bill will usually be equally divided between all apartments or villas in a building or complex. Expats who need to arrange service connection or change their details can visit their local waterworks office. They’ll have to bring their bank account details, credit card, and passports.

In Seoul, water is supplied by the waterworks of the Seoul Metropolitan Government. Bills are sent out monthly and are also available in English. You can pay via direct debit and receive a discount.

Bins and recycling

South Korea’s waste management system (jongyangje) is highly organised and efficient. Food waste, recyclables, non-recyclables and large objects are all disposed of separately. There are high penalties for those who do not comply with the system.

Though there isn’t a monthly fee for rubbish removal, it’s important to buy the correct rubbish bags from the local grocery store. These rubbish bags are colour coded according to the waste category and district. Collectors won’t accept incorrect bags.

Most apartments have a designated disposal area with communal bins. Smaller buildings may not have a designated area. In these cases, rubbish bags should be left outside the building between specific hours on designated days.

Internet

South Korea has one of the fastest internet speeds in the world and is one of the most technologically advanced societies. You’ll have plenty of options for landline, television, internet and mobile connection services. You’ll simply need to provide your residence card and passport to set up an account.

Keeping in Touch in South Korea

Useful links

• For gas and electricity, check out KEPCO, Seoul City Gas Provider, Daesung Energy and Busan City Gas.

Visas and residence permits in South Korea follow a well-organised system that’s become easier to use with the introduction of digital applications. If you’re from the US, the UK, Australia, or most EU countries, you can stay for up to 90 days without a visa. Canadians enjoy an extended visa-free stay of 180 days, whilst some nationalities, like South Africans, receive 30 days.

South Korea introduced the K-ETA (Korea Electronic Travel Authorisation) in 2021 for visa-exempt travellers. The requirement is currently suspended through December 2026, meaning you can enter without prior K-ETA registration, although you may still apply voluntarily for benefits like skipping the arrival card.

If you want to stay longer, study, or work in the country, you’ll need the appropriate visa. South Korea’s visa system groups visas alphabetically by purpose, from short-term tourist visits to permanent residence. Work-related visas are detailed separately, as the system offers several employment categories tailored to different professional fields.

Work Visas for South Korea

Shorter-term visas for South Korea

Tourist (B-2) visa

If you’re from a country without visa-free entry and want to travel to South Korea, you’ll need to secure a B-2 visa for South Korea. You’ll need a passport valid for at least six months beyond your arrival date, two passport photos, a completed visa application form and the visa fee. Processing typically takes between five and 20 working days.

The tourist visa typically remains valid for up to 90 days. B-2 visas can be issued as single-entry, double-entry, or multiple-entry, and multiple-entry visas are typically valid for up to five years for eligible applicants. Extensions are rarely granted except in emergency circumstances that prevent your departure on time.

You cannot engage in any type of work whilst on this visa. 

Student (D-2) visa

Student visas for South Korea are available if you want to study at the tertiary level. You’ll need a letter of acceptance from a recognised Korean institution, certified copies of your degree and diploma certificates, proof of funds and some other supporting documentation.

Students on this visa must obtain permission from immigration before working part-time. Undergraduates may work up to 25 hours per week, whilst graduate students can work up to 35 hours per week.

The D-2 visa is typically valid for up to two years and can be renewed provided you maintain your student status and have your university’s support. You can apply for extensions from four months before your current visa expires.

Short-term business (C-3-4) visa

If you need to visit South Korea for business meetings, conferences, market research, or contract negotiations, you’ll probably get a C-3-4 visa. This visa does not permit paid employment or commercial profit-making activities within South Korea.

You’ll need an invitation letter from a Korean company, proof of your business relationship, and the Korean company’s business registration certificate issued within the previous three months.

The C-3-4 visa can be issued as single-entry (valid for three months), double-entry (valid for six months), or multiple-entry (valid for five years), with the duration of each stay typically up to 90 days. Processing usually takes around four working days.

Digital nomad (F-1-D) visa

South Korea launched the F-1-D Workation visa in 2024 for remote workers and digital nomads. To be eligible, you need to be at least 18 years old, have one year of work experience in your current industry, and work for a non-Korean company or operate an overseas business. There's an income threshold of twice South Korea’s GNI per capita, which you’ll need to prove through employment contracts or bank statements. You cannot work for Korean employers or engage in any local profit-making activities whilst on this visa.

The F-1-D visa is valid for one year with the possibility of a one-year extension, allowing for a maximum stay of two years. You’ll need to apply through a Korean embassy or consulate in your home country, providing proof of employment, income documentation, health insurance coverage, and criminal background checks. Upon arrival, you must register for a residence card within 90 days at your local immigration office.

Family and dependant (F-3) visa

The F-3 dependant visa is available to spouses and unmarried children under 19 years of age. The F-3 visa duration typically matches the primary visa holder’s permit and must be renewed in line with the main visa, which generally needs to be a D- or E-type visa.

You’ll need to provide apostilled or legalised documents that prove your family relationship, such as marriage certificates or birth certificates, alongside proof of the primary holder’s visa status and employment. Dependants cannot apply for F-3 visas after the primary holder has already entered Korea; applications must be submitted together, or the dependant must apply from their home country.

F-3 visa holders generally cannot work in South Korea without first obtaining separate work permission, but there are exceptions for some professional roles.

Permanent residence visas (F-5) in South Korea

You can apply for permanent residence in South Korea through several different pathways.

• High-value investors who have invested at least USD 500,000 in the country and hired at least five Korean workers qualify under the F-5-5 category.
• Alternatively, if you’ve lived in South Korea for five consecutive years on certain visa types (including D-series work visas, E-series professional visas, or F-2 residence visas), you may apply for F-5-1 general permanent residence.
• Foreigners with superior skills in fields such as science, business administration and education may also be considered for expedited permanent residence.

The documentation you’ll need varies depending on your pathway, but there are some basic requirements, like a passport valid for at least six months and a recent passport-sized colour photo. Investors under the F-5-5 category will need a certified copy of their corporation register and proof of having hired and paid at least five Korean employees. If you’re applying based on special skills or qualifications, you’ll need proof of your qualifications and letters of reference.

The F-5 visa has multiple subcategories with different requirements.

F-5-1 (General Permanent Residence) requires five years of residence and income at a specified threshold. Most F-5 applicants must complete Level 5 of the Social Integration Program (KIIP) or score at least 60 points on the comprehensive permanent residency test, but there are exemptions for PhD holders (F-5-15), spouses of Korean nationals (F-5-2), and high-value investors (F-5-5).

The F-2-7 points-based visa offers a faster pathway, allowing you to apply for F-5 after just three years if you score at least 80 points based on age, education, income, and Korean language ability.

Income requirements vary by category but generally require meeting or exceeding South Korea’s annual GNI per capita.

Residence cards in South Korea

A residence card in South Korea, formerly known as an alien registration card (ARC), is a post-arrival registration document you must obtain within 90 days if you’re staying longer than 90 days. This card is separate from your visa and is required to open a bank account, sign a lease, get a mobile phone contract and apply for a driver’s licence. You can obtain a residence card from your nearest immigration office.

You’ll need your employer’s business registration number (if applicable), passport photos, proof of residence, your passport and an application form, as well as the related fees. Further fees are required if you want to change from a single-entry visa to a multiple-entry visa. It’s also advisable to bring your criminal clearance certificate and academic credentials to the immigration offices, as the requirements differ between different kinds of visas.

Once you’ve completed the application form and handed it to the immigration official, your fingerprints will be taken. Processing typically takes three to five weeks. You’ll then be given a receipt with the date your passport and residence card will be ready for collection.

Once you receive your residence card, you must report any address changes to immigration within 14 days of moving to avoid penalties. You can travel outside Korea while your residence card is being processed, provided your visa remains valid. You’ll need to book an appointment online to access the immigration office.

Starting in 2025, foreign residents can now obtain digital residence cards through the Mobile IDentification App, available for both iOS and Android devices. If you receive a physical card issued in 2025 or later, you can download the digital version by scanning the card’s chip with your smartphone. Cards issued before 2025 require a visit to an immigration office to obtain the digital version.

Useful links

• Korea Immigration Service

Visa regulations are subject to change at short notice, and you should contact your respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

South Korea’s legacy of hard work and achievement continues to shape education in South Korea, which regularly outperforms Western countries in science and mathematics. The country has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, largely thanks to a fierce focus on education.

As an expat parent looking to educate your children in Korea, you should prepare yourself for a society that puts enormous emphasis on academic performance – an emphasis that also spills into the international schools in South Korea.

South Korean parents treat education as a top priority, with private education spending reaching record levels in recent years. A typical school-going child in South Korea spends about eight hours a day in school and several additional hours reviewing school work at private institutions called hagwons, with high school students often studying 12 to 16 hours daily.

There are several good international schools, especially American-curriculum schools, due to the presence of various United States Army bases and a sizeable expat community.

Children usually begin preschool at three or four years old, continue into Grade 1 at six years old, and complete Grade 12 – the final year of schooling – at 18 years old.

Public schools in South Korea

While the standards of education at public schools are excellent, most expats don’t send their children to public schools as the language of instruction is Korean.

The public education system is divided into three parts: six years of primary school, followed by three years of middle school and three years of high school. Attending primary and middle school is compulsory, and public schooling is provided for free.

High school attendance is not mandatory in South Korea, but the government introduced free high school education in 2021, as the country has almost universal high school enrolment. High schools in South Korea are placed in one of four main categories: general, autonomous, vocational, and special-purpose schools that focus on areas such as science, foreign languages, the arts or physical education.

Public schools in South Korea often focus almost solely on academics, and many don’t have excellent sports facilities. Rote learning is emphasised, and particular attention is given to science, maths, Korean and English.

Useful links

• Ministry of Education
• Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education

Hagwons (private academies) in South Korea

Private academies in South Korea, known as hagwons, are not what many people imagine private schools to be. Korean children attend public schools for a regular school day, followed by further learning at hagwons.

Attending hagwons can be seen as a form of extra tutoring, as they function as further school assistance. Parents pay for their child’s attendance at these schools, which can be rather expensive.

Useful links

• Schooling in Korea: Information on Hagwons and Extracurriculars

International schools in South Korea

Due to the presence of Westerners in the US Army bases as well as the large English teaching community, there are several high-quality international schools in South Korea, particularly in Seoul. Many are American-curriculum schools or follow an international curriculum, such as the International Baccalaureate (IB).

International schools are fairly pricey, but they provide the benefits of English-language instruction and allow for a continuous learning experience, as many expat children will continue following the curriculum from their home country.

International Schools in Busan
International Schools in Seoul

Special-needs education in South Korea

By law, children in South Korea cannot be refused admission or discriminated against by any school because of their special needs. The law also stipulates that there must be at least one school in every province that caters specifically to special learning needs, but many children with disabilities attend mainstream schools. Education is also free for children with physical and intellectual disabilities from the ages of five to 18 in South Korea.

For your child to attend a school for special needs, they must first be registered as a child with a disability at your local district office. You can then apply to the school of your choice. There are over 190 special-needs schools in the country and more than 12,000 special-needs classrooms. Seoul is home to over 30 special-needs schools, so you will have a variety to choose from.

Not all international schools in South Korea cater for children with special educational needs, and you should check with the relevant school.

Useful links

• National Institute of Special Education (NISE)

Tutors in South Korea

Education in South Korea is extremely competitive. Parents place a lot of pressure on their children to achieve high marks. Owing to this, hiring a tutor in South Korea is a common practice. It would be more uncommon for a child not to have a tutor than to have one.

Tutors can be useful for your children when transitioning into a new school environment. They can be hired for anything from general assistance with school subjects to helping maintain proficiency in your child’s mother tongue or helping them learn Korean. Differences in education systems may result in your children being behind in some areas of their new curriculum, and tutors are an excellent way to catch up.

The tutoring industry in South Korea is well established, so you will have plenty of options. You should research different options thoroughly before deciding on a tutor. Tutoring can be done one-on-one, through online classes and videos, or by attending a hagwon (private after-school academy). Many schools will have a list of tutors or hagwons they can recommend.

Useful links

• MyPrivateTutor
• Tutoroo Seoul
• Schooling in Korea
• Expat Kids Korea

Tertiary education in South Korea

The fiercely competitive Korean job market means that going to the right schools, networking and maintaining relationships is paramount. The university that a potential employee attended can make or break a job application, and competition for places in the best South Korean universities is exceptionally fierce.

There are a fair few state universities and many private institutions in the country, including several vocational polytechnics. University entry is usually based almost entirely on grade scores.

If you’re applying to an English university, you will need to show proof that you have received an English education or qualification. Those applying to a Korean university will have to demonstrate an ability to speak Korean sufficiently (typically via an official transcript from a Korean language programme).

Useful links

• Study in Korea
• Asia Exchange: Top Korean Universities for International Students

Given its compact size and advanced infrastructure, expats should have few problems when it comes to transport in South Korea. The country is well connected by road and rail networks. You can even travel between major cities by domestic flight. For most expats, especially those living in major cities, owning a car and driving in South Korea is unnecessary since getting around with public transport is fairly easy.

Public transport in South Korea

Public transport in South Korea is extensive and well organised. The railway network is one of the most popular ways of getting around, which connects the country’s major cities and is also an effective way to travel within them. Korea’s larger cities have modern subway networks, which are another convenient option. You’ll also be able to use both inter- and inner-city bus services. You can purchase T-money or Cashbee cards to use on all forms of public transport to save money on your travelling expenses.

Trains

In addition to extensive subway networks within most of the major cities, South Korea as a whole is well connected by rail. Travelling through the country by train is possible on Korail, the national rail service, which has been upgraded and extended in recent years. That said, it remains a more practical option for travel between major cities, as access to rural areas is limited. The line from Seoul to Busan via Daegu and Dongdaegu is the most travelled.

There’s also a high-speed express train (KTX and SRT) from Seoul to Busan via Daegu, Dongdaegu and other smaller towns. These trains travel from one end of the country to the other in around two and a half hours. A second high-speed line runs between Seoul and Gwangju.

Both the KTX and Korail train services are easy to use. You can purchase tickets from self-service kiosks that accept cash or bank cards, or book through mobile apps. Most stations are signposted in both Korean and English, and station staff often speak basic English.

Buses

An extensive bus service connects all South Korean cities. Travelling by bus in South Korea is cheaper than by train, and it’s more practical if you’re travelling to a more rural area. There are a number of intercity bus options, as well as express buses which travel long distances with fewer stops.

Subways

Large cities such as Seoul, Busan, Gwangju, Daejeon, Daegu and Incheon have their own subway systems. Outside Seoul’s established, extensive system, you may sometimes struggle to use the subway to get to the outer reaches of your city. In some cases, you may need to use a bus or taxi for the final leg of your journey.

Useful links

• Korail
• SRT
• Bustago
• TxBus

Taxis in South Korea

Taxis in South Korea are plentiful, especially in the cities, but drivers are unlikely to speak English. It’s a good idea to have a Korean friend or colleague write down your destination in Korean to show the driver, or to carry a business card with the Korean address of a nearby hotel or business. To overcome the language barrier, expats can search for a taxi designated as an international taxi, where the driver will be able to speak one or more foreign languages.

Kakao Taxi, a local app-based ride-hailing service, operates throughout South Korea. It allows you to order a taxi to your exact address. Uber also operates in South Korea, primarily in Seoul. Many people prefer using rideshare apps as they allow for automatic card billing as well as greater control over routes. They also make the language barrier much easier to overcome.

Useful links

• Kakao T
• Uber Seoul
• International Taxi Seoul

Driving in South Korea

Driving in South Korea is unnecessary for most people due to the extensive public transport system. You can drive in South Korea on an International Driver’s Permit, and major highway signs are in both Korean and English.

Driving can be a more convenient way of exploring the countryside but may be more trouble than it’s worth in larger cities such as Seoul, even though traffic is not as chaotic as in many other Asian capitals.

Vehicles can be hired from international car hire companies, which have offices at airports and in cities. Foreigners can also buy new or used cars as long as they have a Residence Card. Newly purchased cars need to be registered within 15 days. Buying a car is a popular option for expats with children or those living in the country long term.

Driver’s licences

If you have a Residence Card, you can exchange your driver’s licence for a Korean one if your home country recognises South Korean licences. Your licence is returned when you leave the country.

The exchange process requires your valid foreign driver’s licence, proof of residency, and authentication documents from your home country. Not all countries have reciprocal agreements with South Korea, so check with your embassy or the Korea Road Traffic Authority before attempting to exchange your licence.

Useful links

• KOROAD: Driver’s Licence Exchange Information

Domestic flights in South Korea

Domestic flights in South Korea connect the country’s major cities and islands. Most international travellers arrive at Incheon International Airport, which is connected to Seoul by train. Gimhae International Airport, serving Busan, is well connected to the city by subway, buses, and taxis.

Although it’s possible to travel from one end of the country to the other by road or rail in a few hours, domestic flights operate between cities. Korean Air and Asiana are the major carriers, while Jeju Air and T’way Airlines offer low-cost options.

You can also catch a ferry to the island of Jeju in the south, although flying is much easier. Domestic flights operate between all major cities, and low-cost airlines sometimes offer fares that rival or beat express train tickets.

Safety in South Korea is generally excellent for foreigners living here. The main threats to your personal safety are either weather-related or petty crimes such as pickpocketing in crowded marketplaces.

The risk of terrorism in South Korea is considered low. Tensions between North and South Korea mean you should follow the news media to keep up to date with the political situation.

General safety concerns in South Korea

Take care when driving around South Korea’s cities, as motorcycles, scooters and pedestrians can behave erratically. Local laws for some crimes may be harsher than what you’re used to in Western countries. Car accidents that involve injured motorcyclists or pedestrians can lead to prosecution, even when the driver isn’t entirely at fault. That said, having comprehensive insurance can prevent prosecution if the victim’s damages are compensated and they don’t wish to press charges.

You’ll likely need to undergo a medical check on arrival if you plan to work in South Korea. Drug use or possession isn’t tolerated. The results of a drug test could result in detainment or deportation.

Transport and Driving in South Korea

Crime in South Korea

Crime in South Korea is low, although incidents of bag-snatching, pickpocketing and petty theft do occur in larger cities such as Seoul and Busan. As with any major city, some areas are considered unsafe at certain times.

Follow normal safety precautions such as locking doors, being aware of your belongings in crowded areas and tourist hotspots, avoiding walking alone at night through isolated areas, and only using reputable taxi companies.

Women in South Korea

South Korea is extremely safe for women. You can walk around late at night without feeling scared. That said, inappropriate touching and comments are a reality.

It’s not uncommon for Korean men to follow foreign women around, especially when they’ve been drinking. There have also been cases of men exposing themselves to women on subways or buses or touching women inappropriately. In most cases, these men will back off when ignored or if you tell them firmly to stop. 

The South Korean police generally respond when called for these situations. Emergency services are swift, and you can call 112 for police assistance if you feel threatened or unsafe.

Read more about Gender Equality, Women, Diversity, and Inclusion in South Korea.

Scams in South Korea

Scams in South Korea are relatively uncommon, but foreigners can be targeted. The most frequent complaint is taxi drivers overcharging, particularly at airports. Unethical drivers may not use meters or may take unnecessarily long routes to demand inflated fares. You can use taxi apps like Kakao T to see the estimated fares upfront. Always ensure the meter is running and pay the exact amount when possible.

Voice phishing targets expats through fake calls from supposed immigration officials, police, or banks, threatening deportation or claiming your account is compromised. Legitimate government offices never demand immediate payment by phone or ask for passport scans via text.

Spy cameras may be illegally hidden in restrooms, hotels and changing rooms. Always check private spaces for suspicious holes or objects, and report any discoveries to 112.

Natural disasters in South Korea

Natural disasters in South Korea are relatively uncommon, although June to July is the monsoon season. Monsoons in Korea aren’t as severe as they are in some other Asian countries, but they can still cause serious flooding, especially flash floods in urban areas. Schools and businesses sometimes close during severe storms. The southern parts of the country tend to see the heaviest rainfall. During this season, keep an eye on weather reports from news media and stay indoors when advised.

South Korea isn’t traditionally known for earthquakes, although seismic activity has increased in recent years. The southern part of the country experienced two noteworthy earthquakes in 2016 and 2017, both exceeding magnitude 5.0 and causing property damage.

Weather and air quality in South Korea

South Korea's weather can reach extremes of heat and cold during summer and winter, and expats should take appropriate precautions.

Summer temperatures between July and August reach 86 to 95°F (30 to 35°C). High humidity pushes heat indices to 100°F (38°C). Indoor spaces are heavily air-conditioned, so you’ll want to carry a light layer. Stay hydrated and seek shade during the peak afternoon heat.

Winter brings the opposite extreme. Temperatures regularly drop below freezing in Seoul and can reach -4°F (-20°C) in northern regions. You should dress in layers because indoor heating is strong, but public transport is unheated. Disposable heat packs are available at convenience stores.

Yellow dust (황사) arrives each spring, primarily between March and May. These sandstorms originate in the Gobi Desert and carry fine particles across the peninsula. KF94 masks are sold at convenience stores and pharmacies, and real-time air quality apps can help you plan your outdoor activities. On days when the air quality is poor, minimise your time outdoors and keep windows closed.

Climate and Weather Charts in South Korea 

Political tensions between South Korea and North Korea

There is a long-standing political stand-off between the two halves of the Korean Peninsula. The Korean War, which started in 1950, has never formally ended. Regular military exercises by South Korea and its Western allies, and weapons testing by North Korea, perpetuate a cycle of tension. 

In reality, there’s little chance of the situation escalating to the point that it impacts daily life for foreigners living here. Most residents don’t give it much thought.

Keep abreast of the political situation by following the news, just to be on the safe side. If you intend to live, study or work in South Korea, register with your country’s closest embassy.

Emergency telephone numbers in South Korea

Emergency response is swift. Call centres provide English-language support, often through three-way translation services that connect you with interpreters.

• Police: 112
• Foreigner emergency information service: 1345
• Ambulance and fire: 119