Keeping in touch in the Netherlands is easy. Service standards are good, and there are many options, with internet, mobile phone, and postal services available. You can also stay informed with news channels and websites aplenty.

Internet in the Netherlands

As one of the most connected countries in the European Union, the Netherlands offers a range of internet options, including DSL, cable, fibre, and mobile broadband.

Cable internet, which uses coaxial cables, is the most popular and reaches nearly every home. If you go for DSL, you might need a phone line installed, while cable internet avoids this requirement but depends on your location. Fibre optics are gaining ground in urban areas, delivering exceptional speed and reliability.

Public WiFi is quite widespread, especially in urban areas, with initiatives like Publicroam and WiFi4EU offering secure and free connections in public spaces across the country. You’ll also find plenty of cafés and libraries providing reliable internet access.

Mobile phones in the Netherlands

Mobile phone usage is nearly universal in the Netherlands, supported by excellent coverage from providers like KPN, Vodafone, and Odido (formerly T-Mobile). With 5G now widely available, you’ll enjoy fast and reliable connections wherever you go.

If you’re visiting or new to the Netherlands, consider a prepaid SIM card for flexibility. These are easy to buy and ideal for short stays. If your phone supports eSIM, you can skip physical SIM cards altogether. Contract plans often offer better rates for long-term use but typically require a Dutch bank account.

To use a Dutch SIM card in a locked phone, contact your current provider to unlock it, ensuring all obligations are met first. Major networks boast near-complete national coverage, so you’ll rarely face connectivity issues.

Useful links

• KPN
• Vodafone
• Odido

Postal services in the Netherlands

Post offices in the Netherlands operate six days a week, typically from 9am to 6pm, with extended hours in some urban areas on late shopping nights. PostNL, the national provider, ensures dependable postal delivery within Europe in two to five days. For destinations beyond Europe, delivery times depend on location and may vary due to customs or local conditions.

The Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs recently approved a change to standard domestic letter delivery, extending it from one to two days, to be implemented in the coming years. Even so, PostNL remains a reliable service for sending letters and packages across Europe and beyond.

Tools like the PostNL mobile app let you track parcels, purchase digital stamps, and stay informed about your deliveries. Alternatives like DHL, FedEx, and UPS are available for international shipping, often providing faster options.

English media and news in the Netherlands

If you prefer staying updated in English, you’re well covered. International news channels like CNN and BBC are readily available. Websites like DutchNews.nl, and NL Times provide excellent local updates.

You can also pick up The Holland Times, an English-language newspaper available by subscription or for free at select locations across the country. Whether you’re browsing online or flipping through print, you’ll find plenty of ways to stay informed in the Netherlands.

Useful links

• DutchNews.nl
• NL Times

The Netherlands is a global leader in fostering diversity and inclusion, making it an exceptional destination for visitors and residents alike. Whether you’re here for business, leisure, or relocation, the country’s progressive policies and welcoming environment ensure a rich, fulfilling experience.

From embracing LGBTQ+ rights to promoting gender equality and accessibility, the Netherlands stands out as a beacon of fairness and opportunity in an increasingly complex world.

Accessibility in the Netherlands

Dutch society is famously inclusive, with accessibility continuing to improve under the European Accessibility Act (EAA). The Netherlands is aligning its laws to meet these EU-wide standards, ensuring that your experience, whether as a resident or visitor, is barrier-free.

Metro and tram

Amsterdam and Rotterdam’s metro systems stand out for accessibility, with stations featuring ramps, elevators, and wider gates. Trams are generally accessible, but differences exist depending on the stop and the age of the vehicle. Look for the wheelchair icon at suitable stops to plan your journey easily.

Airports

Schiphol Airport remains a global leader in accessibility. It is preparing to comply fully with the EAA by mid-2025, ensuring all new facilities and digital services meet high accessibility standards. Recent improvements have made the airport quieter, cleaner, and more inclusive, enhancing your journey from the terminals into Amsterdam and beyond.

Taxis

Accessible taxis are widely available, although the level of service can vary between cities. Many private hire companies offer wheelchair-accessible vans and minibuses, while street taxis often accommodate folding wheelchairs. As a passenger, you can expect well-maintained vehicles, regulated fares, and mandatory receipts.

Buses

Efforts are underway to improve accessibility in public bus transport across the Netherlands. While many buses are equipped with ramps, driver training can sometimes be lacking. Electric buses, a growing trend, are modernising the fleet, contributing to both environmental and mobility goals.

Car hire

Car hire in the Netherlands is straightforward, with major companies offering options for customers with disabilities. Accessible vehicles are generally available upon request, ensuring you can travel independently and comfortably. However, public transport is still usually the most efficient choice in urban centres.

Further reading

• Accessibility NL

LGBTQ+ in the Netherlands

The Netherlands is celebrated as one of the world’s most inclusive countries for LGBTQ+ communities. Over 90 percent of Dutch residents support same-sex marriage, and events like Amsterdam’s Pride parade exemplify this spirit of acceptance and celebration. According to a 2024 survey, 18 percent of the population identifies as LGBTQ+, showcasing the country’s diversity and openness.

Amsterdam’s Pride event has evolved significantly. The rebranded Queer & Pride Amsterdam festival now spans two weeks, fostering inclusivity and diversity beyond its vibrant Canal Parade. It’s an unmissable celebration of love and identity designed to embrace all members of the LGBTQ+ community.

Further reading

• I amsterdam – LGBTQ+ scene
• COC Netherlands
• Amsterdam Pride Official Website

Gender equality in the Netherlands

The Netherlands consistently ranks highly for gender equality, supported by stalwart laws and policies that ensure fair treatment in workplaces, politics, and society at large. The European Institute for Gender Equality’s 2023 report places the Netherlands second in the EU, with significant improvements in representation and opportunities.

Further reading

• European Institute for Gender Equality

Women in leadership in the Netherlands

With nearly half of ministerial positions held by women and strong female representation on corporate boards, the Netherlands is making strides in gender parity. Nearly one-third of newly appointed directors at listed companies in 2023 were women, a substantial leap forward. Despite sector variations, with industries such as construction lagging behind, progress is being made to balance leadership in the workplace.

Further reading

• Dutch Top Women Initiative

Mental health in the Netherlands

A GP referral is usually required to access mental health specialists in the Netherlands. The country’s healthcare system is strong, with significant investment in mental health services, estimated at EUR 4.9 billion in 2023. Telemedicine and online therapy platforms have gained traction, providing accessible care wherever you are. Community-based services also play an important role, easing the burden on hospitals and specialised institutions while addressing local needs.

Further reading

• Trimbos Institute
• Mind Platform Netherlands

Unconscious bias in the Netherlands

Training to combat unconscious bias is common in Dutch workplaces, reflecting a commitment to fairness and inclusivity. While awareness is increasing, evidence suggests training alone has a limited impact on behaviour. To create lasting change, organisations are pairing these efforts with structural adjustments and continuous monitoring, ensuring a workplace that values diverse perspectives.

Diversification of the workforce in the Netherlands

One in five Dutch citizens has at least one parent born abroad, highlighting the diversity of the workforce. Tools like the Cultural Diversity Barometer allow you to examine organisational demographics, ensuring transparency and inclusivity in employment practices.

Over recent years, the workforce has seen rising participation among women and older adults, alongside growing cultural diversity fuelled by immigration. Expats play a pivotal role in enriching talent pools and driving innovation.

Safety in the Netherlands

The Netherlands ranks among the safest countries globally, ranking 18th out of 163 countries in the 2024 Global Peace Index. The country has stable societal conditions and low levels of violence. Visible policing and effective systems mean you can enjoy your time here with peace of mind, whether exploring cities or the countryside.

Women generally find that the Netherlands is a safe and welcoming place to travel. A 2023 survey of over 7,400 women identified public transport, forests, and entertainment venues as areas where some feel less secure though. Taking simple precautions like staying aware of your surroundings can ensure an enjoyable experience.

Further reading

• Global Peace Index
• Amsterdam Police Information

Calendar initiatives in the Netherlands

11 February – International Day of Women and Girls in Science 
20 February – World Day of Social Justice 
2 April – World Autism Awareness Day 
6 April – International Asexuality Day 
26 April – Lesbian Visibility Day 
April – Sexual Awareness Month and Neurodiversity Month 
17 May – International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia and Transphobia 
18 May – Global Accessibility Awareness Day 
16 June – Neurodiversity Pride Day 
June – Pride Month 
14 July – International Non-Binary People’s Day 
9 August – International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples 
10 August – International Youth Day 
19 October – International Pronoun Day 
10 September – World Suicide Prevention Day 
4 October – Diversity Day 
10 October – World Mental Health Day 
1 December – World AIDS Day 
3 December – International Day of Persons with Disabilities 
10 December – Human Rights Day

The standard of education in the Netherlands is high. If you are moving to the Netherlands, you will find a variety of excellent schooling options available to suit your needs. Most schools are government-funded, but there are also independent international schools to consider.

Older children often find it easier to adjust when they can study alongside peers who speak their home language. Almost all public schools teach in Dutch, although bilingual public school programmes, known as Tweetalig Onderwijs (TTO), are growing in popularity. These programmes, available primarily at the secondary level but emerging in primary schools, offer a mix of Dutch and English instruction.

Some public schools provide internationally recognised curricula, such as the International Baccalaureate (IB) and the International Primary Curriculum, which offer a middle ground for globally mobile families. If you want alternatives, the Netherlands also has a wide selection of independently run international schools that cater to different educational philosophies and curricula.

Public schools in the Netherlands

Public schools in the Netherlands are funded by the government and free for all children, including expats. These schools are known for their high teaching standards and relaxed yet efficient atmosphere. They provide an excellent environment for your child to adapt to Dutch culture and make new friends.

While tuition is not charged, schools typically request a voluntary parental contribution (ouderbijdrage) to fund activities such as excursions and extracurricular programmes. The amount varies between schools and municipalities.

Some schools offer specialised programmes for non-Dutch-speaking students. These include newcomers' classes (nieuwkomersklas) or reception classes (opvangklas) for children aged 6 to 12, and international bridging classes (Internationale Schakel Klas, or ISK) for students aged 12 to 18. These programmes focus on teaching the Dutch language and culture, with most students transitioning to mainstream classes within one to two years.

Primary school

Primary school (basisschool) attendance becomes compulsory on your child’s fifth birthday. While catchment areas are not strictly enforced, priority is often given to children living nearby. Many families choose housing close to their preferred school to increase their chances of admission.

Most children live within cycling distance of their school and return home for lunch. For working parents, supervised lunchtime programmes (overblijven) are available, providing a safe space for children to eat and play during the lunch break. These programmes have grown in demand as schools increasingly adopt shorter lunch schedules.

Secondary school

When your child finishes primary school at age 12, they can embark on one of three educational pathways in public secondary schools:

• VMBO (voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs): A four-year practical and vocational stream
• HAVO (hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs): A five-year programme that prepares students for higher professional education
• VWO (voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs): A six-year academic stream leading to university

Your child’s pathway will significantly influence their future educational and career opportunities. For instance, VWO students often progress to university, while VMBO graduates may pursue vocational training or enter the workforce. Primary schools provide guidance to help families select the most suitable option.

Education and Schools in Amsterdam
Education and Schools in Rotterdam
Education and Schools in The Hague
Education and Schools in Utrecht
Education and Schools in Eindhoven

Useful links

• Government of the Netherlands: Education

International schools in the Netherlands

International schools in the Netherlands offer globally recognised curricula, including the International Baccalaureate (IB), English National Curriculum, and American curriculum. The IB programme is especially popular for its focus on critical thinking, research skills, and global perspectives, making it an excellent choice for internationally mobile families.

Enrolment at international schools can be competitive, particularly in cities like Amsterdam, The Hague, and Rotterdam. Early applications are highly recommended, with some schools advising families to apply a year in advance. Negotiating an education allowance as part of your expat contract can help cover tuition and other educational costs.

International Schools in Amsterdam
International Schools in The Hague

Nurseries in the Netherlands

Childcare in the Netherlands is flexible and varied. Options range from daycare centres and preschools to childminders and after-school programmes. From as early as three months old, your child can attend daycare, which typically operates for most of the day.

Preschools cater for children aged two to four and, in some areas like Amsterdam, offer up to 16 hours of weekly attendance at income-based rates. Accessibility varies, with urban areas offering a wider range of options than rural regions. When choosing a nursery, factors such as proximity, quality of care, and flexibility often play a crucial role for parents.

Special educational needs in the Netherlands

The Netherlands prioritises inclusive education, offering tailored support for students with disabilities and special needs. When you register with your local municipality, you will be guided to appropriate schools and resources. Assessments may be conducted to determine the best fit for your child’s needs.

Special-needs education is delivered through two types of schools: speciaal basisonderwijs (SBO), which features smaller class sizes and extended primary years, and speciaal onderwijs, which is divided into clusters based on specific needs, such as sensory impairments or behavioural challenges. These schools ensure that every child receives the attention and care they deserve while balancing inclusion and specialised support.

Useful links

• Government of the Netherlands: Appropriate Education
• Nederlandse Vereniging voor Autisme (Autism Netherlands)
• MEE: Support for People with Disabilities

Homeschooling in the Netherlands

Homeschooling is generally not permitted in the Netherlands, as school attendance is compulsory for children aged 5 to 16. Exceptions may be granted under strict conditions, such as a lack of suitable schools that align with your educational or philosophical beliefs. These cases require approval from the local municipality.

To qualify for an exemption, parents must submit a written declaration detailing their objections to local schools or explaining the child’s specific educational needs. The municipality assesses these requests thoroughly. If approved, the exemption typically lasts one year and requires annual renewal. Progress monitoring may also be implemented to ensure the child receives an adequate education.

Tutors in the Netherlands

Finding a tutor in the Netherlands is straightforward. Whether your child requires extra academic support or needs help with Dutch language skills, private tutoring is a flexible solution. Many expats turn to online platforms such as Apprentus and TeacherOn to connect with experienced tutors.

Popular subjects for tutoring include mathematics, sciences, and language acquisition. Tutors can also help prepare your child for standardised tests, such as the International Baccalaureate (IB). Online tutoring platforms have grown in popularity, offering convenient, personalised lessons to fit your schedule.

Useful links

• Apprentus: Find a Tutor
• TeacherOn: Online Tutoring

You have several options when it comes to accommodation in the Netherlands. The country is known for being tolerant and cosmopolitan, and in large cities, dozens of cultures live side by side, so it’s common to find people from all over the world living and working together in different areas.

The state of housing in the Netherlands is generally good due to strict environmental and construction regulations. Still, when buying or renting older houses, it’s wise to check for damages. Many people enlist the help of a consultant familiar with construction and building. Be aware that housing here may feel more compact than you’re used to.

Types of accommodation in the Netherlands

The Netherlands offers a wide range of housing, including standalone, semi-detached, and terraced houses, as well as apartments ranging from small studio units to larger multi-bedroom flats. The Dutch housing market distinguishes between social and private housing, each catering to different needs.

If your income falls below a certain threshold, you can apply for social housing, which offers capped rents and regulated annual increases. Housing associations operate in various regions, requiring you to register and obtain a housing permit through the appropriate municipality. Guidelines and eligibility criteria vary, so it’s important to check specifics for your area.

Apartments

Apartments are the most common accommodation in major cities, typically close to public transport links. Self-contained flats are popular, but shared apartments are also a common choice, particularly among students and young professionals. Sharing often means communal living spaces and private bedrooms, making it a cost-effective option.

Houses

If you value space and privacy, you might consider a house. Options include standalone, semi-detached, or terraced houses, often with gardens. Suburban and rural locations offer more affordable prices, making them attractive to families and those seeking tranquillity. Family-friendly neighbourhoods like Oud-West in Amsterdam or Hillegersberg in Rotterdam combine convenience and charm.

House shares are another option for saving on costs, especially if you’re living with colleagues or friends. These arrangements frequently include shared communal areas, providing a balance of privacy and affordability.

Furnished vs unfurnished

Serviced apartments provide an alternative, combining the comforts of home with amenities like gyms, WiFi, and weekly cleaning services. These are ideal for short-term stays but have higher rental costs than traditional apartments. Newer complexes may feature sustainable technologies like energy-efficient appliances and community spaces such as coworking areas or rooftop gardens.

Many rental houses in the Netherlands come unfurnished. This means you’ll need to budget for buying or shipping furniture. Renting furniture can be a practical solution if you’re staying for a short period.

Second-hand furniture is widely available through online marketplaces like Marktplaats or Facebook Marketplace, as well as thrift shops. If you want to make decorative changes like painting walls, always check with your landlord beforehand to avoid any issues when moving out.

Bringing your own furniture into the country? Check Shipping and Removals in the Netherlands.

Short lets

Short-term leases are available but in high demand, especially in cities like Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague. City-centre housing can be expensive, so considering suburban areas might provide more affordable options.

Ensure that short-let agreements meet legal requirements. Leases often specify duration limits and may involve additional fees, such as tourist taxes in certain municipalities.

Useful links

• Airbnb
• Vrbo
• Pararius

Finding accommodation in the Netherlands

One of the best ways to find housing is through word of mouth. Networking with colleagues, friends, or local contacts can lead to opportunities that aren’t publicly advertised. If you don’t have connections, online platforms and relocation firms are priceless resources.

Popular property portals like IamExpat Media, Engel & Völkers, and Pararius offer extensive listings. These platforms allow you to filter properties based on location, size, and budget, giving you complete control over your search. They’re instrumental if you’re comfortable managing the process independently.

Real estate agents provide tailored services, including property searches, negotiations, and paperwork management. Their local market knowledge can be invaluable, particularly in competitive areas. Be aware that agency services typically come with a fee, usually equivalent to a month’s rent.

Useful links

• Funda
• IamExpat Housing
• Pararius

Renting accommodation in the Netherlands

Renting accommodation in the Netherlands can feel like navigating a maze, especially with the competitive market and documentation requirements. Confirm exactly what is included in your rental agreement to avoid surprises.

Making an application

To rent accommodation in the Netherlands, you need to provide your citizen service number, known as a BSN (burgerservicenummer). If you are working in the Netherlands, you may also need your employment contract. Students often use a bank statement as a credit guarantee.

If you’re new to the country, obtaining a BSN is a necessary step. Expats staying longer than four months must register with their local municipality to be added to the Personal Records Database (BRP). Those staying shorter can register in the Non-residents Records Database (RNI).

Leases

Rental agreements in the Netherlands come in two main types: fixed-period and indefinite contracts. Fixed-period contracts lock you in for a minimum of 6 to 12 months but may allow early termination if specified in the agreement. Indefinite contracts, on the other hand, offer open-ended terms with more flexibility as long as you adhere to the notice period.

Look for essential clauses, such as diplomatic or break clauses, which provide flexibility. Always request a written contract that outlines key details like rent, notice periods, and rules on pets or smoking. Verbal agreements, while legally valid, are harder to enforce.

Deposits

Deposits usually range from one to three months’ rent. They are returned when you move out, provided the property is in good condition. To avoid disputes, ensure you receive an inspection list and inventory when you move in. These documents should detail the property’s condition and any included furniture.

Before moving out, expect at least two inspections from your landlord or agent. These checks ensure everything is in order and help prevent issues with getting your deposit back. Landlords may withhold deposits for unpaid rent, cleaning costs, or property damage, so ensure you leave the property in the condition you found it.

If disputes arise, send a written request to the landlord. If unresolved, consider mediation or arbitration. For unresolved cases involving smaller amounts, you can turn to the sub-district court (kantonrechter).

Terminating the lease

Terminating your lease requires adherence to the notice period specified in your rental agreement. Fixed-term contracts may need mutual agreement or adherence to a termination clause. Indefinite contracts are more flexible but still require proper notice.

Utilities in the Netherlands

Utilities are often an additional expense, so it’s wise to clarify what’s covered in your rent. While landlords typically handle general maintenance and property insurance, tenants are responsible for their utility bills.

Electricity and gas

The Netherlands has a privatised energy market, so you can choose your electricity and gas suppliers. Popular providers include Essent, Greenchoice, and Engie. To compare rates, use tools like Energievergelijk.nl or EasySwitch.nl. Input your postal code and energy usage to find the best options.

If sustainability matters to you, consider providers offering green energy options.

Water

Water services are managed regionally, so you’ll need to register with the appropriate provider when you move in. Residents cannot pick their supplier. Identify your designated company through your local municipal resources.

To register, contact your supplier with your personal details, address, move-in date, and a water meter reading. Timely registration ensures accurate billing and uninterrupted service.

Bins and recycling

Waste management is organised by local municipalities. Familiarise yourself with collection schedules and recycling rules in your area. Many municipalities offer organic waste collection, and some provide communal composting facilities. Home composting setups are also supported in some regions.

Incorrect waste disposal can lead to fines, so follow local guidelines. Staying informed through municipal websites is the best way to keep up-to-date.

Internet

Reliable internet is essential, whether for staying in touch or working remotely. Popular providers include KPN, Ziggo, and T-Mobile Thuis, offering fibre-optic and DSL connections. For remote workers, high upload speeds and responsive customer support are key factors to consider.

Fibre-optic connections offer the best speeds and reliability, particularly for video conferencing and large file uploads. Check if your property already has connectivity or arrange installation as needed.

Find out more about Keeping in Touch in the Netherlands.

Useful links

• Essent, Greenchoice, Engie
• Energievergelijk.nl
• EasySwitch.nl

Transport in the Netherlands is considered advanced by international standards. Most of the country is connected by an extensive road network as well as trains and buses, while larger cities often have tram and metro services too. Thanks to the efficiency of public transport, it’s easy to get around without a car. If you choose to own a car, you’ll need to consider driving regulations, parking and taxes.

Of course, a discussion on modes of transport in the Netherlands would be incomplete without mentioning the infamous cycling culture. It’s said that the Netherlands is home to more bicycles than people. So, the sooner you get hold of a bicycle, the sooner you’ll feel at home.

Public transport in the Netherlands

The country has an extensive public transport system, and you’ll find that getting around the Netherlands is easy, safe and relatively inexpensive. 9292 remains the go-to platform for up-to-date public transport information in the Netherlands.

The OV-chipkaart system has recently been enhanced for greater convenience. The introduction of OVpay lets you check in and out using a debit or credit card or mobile device, giving you an alternative to the traditional card. The OVpay is gradually replacing the OV-chipkaart, offering a fully digital solution for public transport that integrates subscriptions and discounts. For those who prefer a physical card, these are still available.

Trains

The Dutch rail network is one of the busiest in the European Union, with trains running between all major cities and across national borders. The main operator, NS (Nederlandse Spoorwegen), recently increased its weekly train services by 1,800, bringing the total to approximately 35,000 trains per week. This 5-percent expansion improves connectivity on popular routes and reduces waiting times.

There are two main types of trains: intercity trains, which connect major cities directly and quickly, and slower trains that serve smaller stations with more frequent stops. The NS is working on expanding its high-speed line services, connecting cities even more efficiently.

Buses

Bus travel is an excellent way to get around city and regional routes not covered by trains, trams, or the metro. Intercity and international bus services, such as FlixBus, offer affordable travel options for longer distances.

For shorter journeys, public buses often fill gaps in the public transport network. They can be a lifeline in rural areas where other options might be limited, particularly during evenings or weekends.

Metro

Amsterdam and Rotterdam boast comprehensive metro systems that combine elevated tracks outside city centres with underground routes downtown. The RandstadRail Line E integrates light rail with Rotterdam’s metro, connecting the city with The Hague and its surroundings. This makes it easy to travel efficiently within these urban hubs.

Trams

Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht all have efficient tram systems. Although using trams might feel tricky at first, they offer a fantastic way to explore your surroundings and commute efficiently.

Ferries

Ferries operate in cities like Amsterdam and Rotterdam, providing a scenic and practical way to travel. You can use an OV-chipkaart or OVpay for most ferry services, but always check online for updated routes and payment options. If you’re exploring waterfront areas, ferries can add a touch of adventure to your journey.

Useful links

• Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS) Official Website
• 9292 Travel Planner
• OV-Chipkaart Official Website

Taxis in the Netherlands

Taxis are less common here due to their cost and limited availability for street hailing. You’ll usually book one via phone, at a taxi stand, or through ride-hailing apps like Uber. Official taxis are easy to spot with their blue licence plates, ensuring a reliable and regulated service. Government regulations, including capped fare rates and mandatory driver licensing, ensure a safe and transparent experience.

Traditional taxi services have adapted to compete with ride-hailing platforms like Uber and Bolt. Many now use proprietary apps for bookings, live tracking, and cashless payments. Companies such as Taxi Centrale Amsterdam (TCA) even offer luxury and eco-friendly ride options, ensuring services remain competitive and diverse.

Useful links

• Taxi Centrale Amsterdam (TCA)
• Uber Netherlands
• Bolt Netherlands

Driving in the Netherlands

Driving in the Netherlands has its perks but also its challenges. The country’s excellent road infrastructure and clear signage make it relatively easy to drive, although congestion can be a problem in busy areas. Parking is often expensive, especially in cities, and fuel prices are high.

Many cities offer park-and-ride facilities, letting you park outside the centre and finish your journey by public transport. This is an eco-friendly and often quicker option for commuters.

Getting a car

If you decide to buy or lease a car, be prepared for administrative hurdles. Cars must be registered with RDW, and vehicles over three years old require an annual roadworthiness test. Taxes and insurance costs can be significant, so it’s worth budgeting for these in advance.

Car-sharing services like Greenwheels and SnappCar are increasingly popular alternatives to ownership, especially in urban areas. These services provide flexibility without the high costs of buying or leasing a car.

Driver’s licences

If you hold a valid foreign driver’s licence, you can use it for up to 185 days. After that, check with your local municipality to see if you’re eligible for a licence exchange or need to take the theory and practical driving tests to get a Dutch licence.

Licences from EU/EFTA countries are typically valid for 15 years or until expiry, and some non-EU licences can be exchanged directly if the Netherlands has an agreement with your country. For others, passing both theory and practical exams is required.

Useful links

• Netherlands Vehicle Authority (RDW)
• Greenwheels Car Sharing
• SnappCar Car Sharing

Cycling in the Netherlands

As a cyclist in the Netherlands, you’ll enjoy unparalleled infrastructure, including dedicated bike paths, traffic signals, and lanes. If the thought of taking up cycling feels overwhelming, you can even take a few lessons to get started.

Cycling highways are being constructed across the country to connect urban and rural areas, encouraging longer commutes by bike.

If you plan to bring a bike on public transport, check the rules. Generally, folding bikes are allowed on trams and buses, while trains often require pre-registration for full-sized bicycles.

Theft is a common issue, so always lock your bike securely to a stand or other immovable object. Many locals recommend second-hand bikes for their value.

Getting a bicycle

Second-hand bicycles are cost-effective, but if you prefer a new one, consider taking out insurance to protect your investment. Renting is also easy, with services like OV-fiets offering flexible options as part of the integrated public transport system.

Useful links

• OV-Fiets Bicycle Rentals
• Dutch Government Cycling Policies

Air travel in the Netherlands

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the Netherlands’ primary hub, with regional airports like Eindhoven and Rotterdam The Hague serving as alternatives. These airports are well-connected by public transport, making them easy to reach.

Domestic flights are rare due to the country’s small size and excellent transport links, but international flights are abundant, with budget carriers and flagship airlines offering diverse options for travellers. Public transport connections to airports are seamless, with facilities accommodating travellers with disabilities and early-morning flights.

Useful links

• Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
• Rotterdam The Hague Airport
• Eindhoven Airport

If you are an EU citizen, you don’t need a work permit for the Netherlands and don’t face any restrictions when it comes to finding work. However, if you are a non-EU resident, you will encounter a number of restrictions designed to regulate the job market.

Getting a work permit may seem confusing at first, but fortunately, your employer will bear most of the burden.

Types of work permits for the Netherlands

The Netherlands offers two main types of work permits: the employment permit (TWV) and the single permit (GVVA), which combines work and residence permits. If you plan to work in the Netherlands for less than three months, only the TWV is usually required, which your employer applies for. If you are a non-EU/EEA resident planning to work for over three months, you must apply for the GVVA.

In some cases, applying for a work permit through an employer isn’t necessary. Instead, you can apply for a residence permit tailored to your situation or line of work. For instance, if you are self-employed or starting a business in the Netherlands, you must apply for the relevant residence permit. These permits are less common and require detailed proof that your business contributes to the Dutch economy or innovation sector.

Securing health insurance is mandatory for anyone working or residing in the Netherlands. Failure to arrange this within four months can result in fines, and you may be automatically enrolled in a government-assigned plan with limited options.

Understanding Healthcare and Health Insurance in the Netherlands
Visas and Residence Permits in the Netherlands
Working and Finding a Job in the Netherlands

Employment permit

Dutch work permits (TWV) are employer- and job-specific, so if you are a non-EU resident, you must apply through a company. Employers must prove that your skills can’t be found elsewhere in the EU. You may be exempt from these labour market tests if you possess highly sought-after skills or are part of an intra-company transfer.

A Dutch work permit is typically granted for one year, and renewals depend on your circumstances. Extensions must be supported by new applications and evidence meeting all relevant criteria.

Single permit

The single permit (GVVA) simplifies the process by combining work and residence permits into one application. Employers typically handle the GVVA process, working through the Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND), which coordinates with the Employee Insurance Agency (UWV). This permit is typically valid for up to three years and is particularly useful for longer-term employment arrangements.

The GVVA is frequently used in sectors facing skill shortages, such as IT, engineering, healthcare, and agriculture. These industries often rely on skilled professionals from outside the EU to address workforce gaps and maintain competitiveness.

Highly skilled migrant permit

If you have expertise in a sought-after field, the highly skilled migrant permit might be ideal. Dutch employers can hire you without needing to prove there are no suitable candidates within the EU. This permit streamlines the process for talented professionals and is particularly popular in technology and scientific research roles.

Entrepreneur permit

If you plan to launch a business in the Netherlands, you can apply for an entrepreneur permit. Your business must meet the criteria for innovation and economic viability, and you’ll need to present a solid business plan as part of the application. These permits are designed to attract entrepreneurs who can contribute to the Dutch economy by creating jobs or introducing new ideas.

Applying for a work permit for the Netherlands

Applying for a work permit in the Netherlands involves several steps, and starting early can save you a great deal of hassle. The process varies depending on the type of permit, so it’s necessary to understand the specific requirements for each.

For a TWV, your employer is responsible for the application. They must demonstrate recruitment efforts within the EU, submit your employment contract, and provide evidence of your qualifications. This process typically takes up to five weeks. Either employers or employees can initiate the GVVA application through the IND. Supporting documents, such as proof of income and health insurance, are often necessary.

Key eligibility criteria include having a valid passport, a Dutch employment contract, and qualifications that meet job requirements. Some permits, like the Highly Skilled Migrant visa, also require your employer to be a recognised sponsor with the IND and to meet higher salary thresholds.

If your application is rejected, you can appeal the decision. Submit a written objection to the IND within four weeks, detailing your case and providing supporting evidence. Further appeals can be escalated to the courts, but seeking professional guidance is recommended to get through this process effectively.

Changing jobs

If you wish to change jobs during your stay in the Netherlands, you need to follow specific steps to ensure compliance. EU citizens enjoy freedom of movement, but if you’re a non-EU national, your former and new employers must notify the IND within 28 days. The previous employer needs to submit a termination notification form, while the new employer must provide a notification form along with your employment contract.

Failure to meet these requirements within the 28-day window can lead to administrative fines for employers and potential issues with your residence permit. Keeping all parties informed helps maintain your legal right to live and work in the Netherlands without disruption.

Visa and work permit regulations are subject to change at short notice, so contact your respective embassy or consulate for the most up-to-date information.

Visa requirements for the Netherlands depend on your nationality, any other visas you hold, and how long you plan to stay. As an EU or EEA national, including Switzerland, you have the right to move freely and can live, work, or study in the Netherlands without needing a visa. For stays longer than three months, registration with local authorities is all you require.

If you’re from outside the EU, requirements vary based on your country and the purpose of your visit. You might need a Schengen visa for short stays (up to 90 days within 180 days) unless you are visa-exempt. For longer stays, a residence permit will likely be required.

The EU is rolling out an Entry/Exit System (EES) to monitor non-EU travellers entering and leaving Schengen countries. This system enhances border security with biometric checks, including facial recognition and fingerprint scans for visa-exempt travellers.

Schengen visas for the Netherlands

To visit the Netherlands for 90 days or less, you may need a Schengen visa, depending on your nationality. Applying for a Schengen visa involves completing an application form, submitting biometrics (fingerprints and photo), and providing documents like a passport valid for at least three months beyond your planned stay, sufficient travel insurance, and proof of your travel plans and finances. Ensure your documents are in English or Dutch.

Submit your application at the nearest Dutch embassy or consulate. Processing takes up to 15 days but may extend to 45 days during busy periods or if additional checks are required. Always apply well in advance of your travel date.

Schengen visas let you explore any Schengen country for up to 90 days in a 180-day period. For stays beyond 90 days, a residence permit will be needed.

Useful links

• Government of the Netherlands Official Website
• Netherlands Immigration and Naturalisation Service
• The Netherlands and You

Orange Carpet Visa Facility

The Orange Carpet Visa Facility (OCVF) makes life easier for frequent business travellers to the Netherlands. By reducing red tape, the OCVF allows you to focus on business rather than visa logistics.

It’s available through Dutch embassies and consulates worldwide, including those in the US, UK, South Africa, and many other countries. Benefits include simplified documentation, long-term multiple-entry visas, and faster processing times. The specific conditions and availability of the OCVF vary by country, so check with the Dutch embassy or consulate in your region for the latest details.

Working holiday visas for the Netherlands

If you’re 18 to 30 and from an eligible country such as Australia, Canada, or South Korea, the Working Holiday Programme allows you to live and work in the Netherlands for up to one year. This visa lets you support yourself financially while enjoying an extended stay. Applications must be made through your local Dutch embassy or consulate, and participation is limited to once in your lifetime.

The Working Holiday Scheme focuses on cultural exchange, meaning you can work to support your stay but not as a primary purpose. Self-employment isn’t permitted, and you can’t work full-time for a single employer all year. Ensure you meet all eligibility criteria, including demonstrating sufficient financial resources and maintaining valid health insurance.

Residence permits for the Netherlands

If you’re a non-EU national staying longer than three months, you’ll need a residence permit (verblijfsvergunning, VVR). Recently, stricter immigration policies have been introduced, including tighter controls on family reunifications and possible restrictions on permanent residence rights. It’s essential to stay updated on these developments.

For most long-term stays, you may also need a long-stay visa (machtiging tot voorlopig verblijf, MVV). The combined Entry and Residence Procedure (TEV) allows you to apply for both the MVV and residence permit at the same time. Typically, a sponsor in the Netherlands submits the application to the Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND). If approved, you’ll collect the MVV at your local Dutch embassy or consulate and obtain your residence permit upon arrival in the Netherlands.

Registration with the local municipality

EU citizens don’t need a residence permit but must register with the municipality if staying longer than four months. Registration provides a BSN number (citizen service number), which is essential for opening a bank account or paying taxes. You’ll need valid identification, proof of address, and any applicable certificates, such as birth or marriage certificates. Register promptly to avoid fines and ensure access to public services.

Permanent residence and Dutch citizenship

After five continuous years of living in the Netherlands, you can apply for permanent residence or naturalise as a Dutch citizen. Permanent residence allows indefinite stay but doesn’t grant voting rights or access to certain public-sector jobs. On the other hand, citizenship provides full rights, including the ability to vote and apply for a Dutch passport.

Citizenship requires meeting integration requirements, such as passing the civic integration exam. Exceptions to the five-year rule apply if you’re married to a Dutch citizen for at least three years. Be aware that Dutch citizens are taxed on their worldwide income and must comply with national tax obligations.

Visa and work permit regulations are subject to change at short notice, so you should contact your respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

For most expats, moving to the Netherlands is generally a painless experience. The Dutch strive for an egalitarian society and are known for their liberalism, welcoming religions and traditions from all over the world. That said, the Netherlands certainly has a rich culture and history, some of which may initially seem unusual. Here are some of the pros and cons of moving to the Netherlands.

Accommodation in the Netherlands

+ PRO: Variety of accommodation

You can rent or buy accommodation in various styles and locations to suit your budget – but it makes sense to live where amenities and new friends will be nearby. Although Dutch accommodation can be pricey, especially in major cities, houses and apartments are mostly of a high standard.

To avoid rental scams, verify that the agency is registered with the Dutch Chamber of Commerce and check reviews on trusted platforms. Ensure all contracts are clear, and always use secure payment methods.

- CON: Extra costs

Apartments in the Netherlands are either furnished, unfurnished or advertised as a ‘shell’. Shell apartments may seem like a bargain, but renting one often means having to buy everything, including carpets and major appliances. Some rental agencies charge a month’s deposit and a month’s rent as a finder’s fee on top of all the other relocation costs.

Accommodation in the Netherlands

Lifestyle in the Netherlands

+ PRO: Great social life

The country’s easy-going café culture and the summer music festivals that pop up in parks and public spaces are ideal for meeting up with friends and making new ones. There are also well-supported cultural events throughout the year, where museums and galleries open their doors to the public for nominal fees.

Safety in the Netherlands

+ PRO: Lower-than-average crime rates

The Netherlands compares favourably to the UK and the US when it comes to crime statistics. Nevertheless, as with anywhere, there are areas where it’s probably best not to hang around at night.

- CON: Irresponsible cyclists

Most safety issues in the Netherlands come from bicycles. Cyclists often weave in and out of traffic without safety helmets, and it’s worth bearing in mind that in a collision between a car and a bicycle, the motorist will be held responsible.

When cycling, always use bike lanes, equip proper lighting, and obey traffic signals. These measures will ensure a safer experience on the road.

Working in the Netherlands

+ PRO: 30-percent tax ruling

The Netherlands has one of Europe’s lowest unemployment rates, which, combined with the 30-percent tax-free allowance available to people moving to work in the Netherlands, makes for an attractive work destination. The allowance is designed to offset additional costs for highly skilled workers moving from abroad. Professions like IT, engineering, and healthcare frequently meet eligibility criteria due to their demand in the Dutch labour market.

+ PRO: Great work-life balance

The Dutch are known for their healthy work-life balance, and many work part-time.

- CON: Not many opportunities for non-EU expats

If a Dutch employer wants to hire someone from outside the EU, they have to prove that a Dutch citizen or someone from another EU country can’t fill the position – which is rarely the case. Researching appropriate work visas is a must.

Work Visas in the Netherlands
Work in the Netherlands 
Tax in the Netherlands

Culture in the Netherlands

+ PRO: An egalitarian society

Moving to the Netherlands from another Western country will entail little culture shock. Almost everyone is tolerant of non-Dutch speakers, and most Dutch speak English. They also have a highly inclusive culture.

- CON: Learning to speak the language

While the Dutch are happy to speak English with international arrivals, they’re justifiably proud of their language and expect you to learn the basics. Apps like Duolingo, local language schools, and community programmes can help you pick up conversational Dutch quickly.

- CON: Misreading the Dutch

The Dutch are known for their directness, which may take some time to get used to. It can be misunderstood as rudeness when it’s more a desire for clarity and understanding.

Local Culture in the Netherlands

Healthcare in the Netherlands

+ PRO: Efficient healthcare service

Healthcare in the Netherlands is efficient, waiting times are usually short, and doctors generally speak good English. Multilingual healthcare providers and interpreter services are increasingly common, making the system more accessible for non-Dutch speakers.

Register with a GP (huisarts) as soon as you arrive to ensure you can access the healthcare system efficiently when needed.

- CON: Healthcare is expensive

Health insurance in the Netherlands is expensive and doesn’t always cover what you might expect, so it’s important to read the small print. Finding a doctor or dentist after arriving can be difficult and you may find that dentists don’t offer enough pain relief. Local anaesthetic may cost extra. Doctors’ automated phone systems can also be challenging for non-Dutch speakers – you may want to note the numbers needed to press to make an appointment and keep them close at hand when calling.

Healthcare in the Netherlands

Transport and driving in the Netherlands

+ PRO: A country of travellers

The Netherlands hosts one of Europe’s busiest airports – Amsterdam Airport Schiphol – and Rotterdam has one of the world’s biggest seaports. For a small country, the Netherlands transports goods on a large scale. The Dutch have long been known as a nation of travellers, and it’s easy to see why – most of Europe is easily accessible by car, train or boat, and anywhere else is just a flight away.

To meet growing demand, Dutch transport systems have introduced emission-free buses and continue to expand rail networks and cycling infrastructure. Smart mobility solutions, including real-time traffic updates, are increasingly adopted to enhance efficiency.

- CON: Traffic jams and cancellations

Due to the sheer density of the population, rush hour congestion is common. The usually efficient Dutch trains can be prone to unexpected cancellations, and it’s important to keep bikes chained as theft is widespread. Also, while cycling in the Netherlands is good for fitness, the rain can sometimes make for an unpleasant experience.

+ PRO: The Dutch cycling habit

Almost everyone uses a bicycle for any journey within a few miles. Embracing this habit will increase your fitness levels while doing your bit for the environment and blending in with the locals. Innovative solutions, such as uninterrupted cycle routes and underwater parking, are making cycling even more appealing.

Transport in the Netherlands

Weather in the Netherlands

+ PRO: Each season boasts its own charm

Each season brings its own magic to the Netherlands. Skaters fill the frozen canals during winter, while the blooming tulips are an iconic sight in spring, and the almost-Mediterranean summers afford sunshine till late in the evening. But autumn is best of all, when the turning leaves transform parks and forests into a golden blaze of colour.

With climate change, summers are becoming hotter and winters milder, altering the dynamics of seasonal activities. It’s worth keeping an eye on weather apps for sudden changes.

- CON: Unpredictable weather

Although it sometimes feels Mediterranean, the Dutch weather can turn quickly, especially in the summer. Flood risks in coastal areas also mean keeping emergency resources handy is wise.

Weather Charts in the Netherlands

Shopping in the Netherlands

- CON: Restricted hours

The restricted opening hours may take a while to get used to. For example, banks and most shops are closed until around noon on Mondays. Most shops close at around 5pm and are open for restricted hours on Sundays. Luckily, large supermarkets in main cities tend to stay open until 10pm most nights.

+ PRO: Independent shops

Independent shops are common in the Netherlands, and shopping at specialist cheese and chocolate shops is a particular treat. The supermarkets may be smaller than you are used to, but you should still be able to find a few of your favourite home brands. Most places host weekly food markets that sell an abundance of fresh produce. Another bonus is that it isn’t necessary to buy bottled water – the Netherlands has some of Europe’s best drinking water.

Local retailers have adapted to online shopping trends, integrating digital platforms to reach more customers while maintaining the charm of in-person browsing.

Located in northwestern Europe, the Netherlands lies on the North Sea, while its inland waterways, rivers, and canals are iconic features of the country. Clogs, tulips, and windmills are some of the stereotypical images associated with the Netherlands, but when you move to this small European country, you will discover so much more.

Living in the Netherlands

Living in the Netherlands offers a choice between vibrant urban life and the charm of small-town living. In smaller towns, you can enjoy close-knit communities, green spaces, and a slower pace of life. The picturesque landscapes, traditional Dutch architecture, and emphasis on cycling make these areas idyllic and convenient for daily living.

Amsterdam and other cities in the Randstad region provide a lively cultural scene, diverse employment opportunities, and excellent amenities, but housing and congestion can be challenging. Regardless of where you settle, the efficient public transport system ensures you'll be well connected.

Living in Amsterdam
Living in Rotterdam
Living in The Hague

Working in the Netherlands

Working in the Netherlands provides opportunities in thriving industries like technology, renewable energy, agrotech, and logistics. The country’s strategic location and focus on innovation make it a hub for global businesses. While finding work can be more complex if you’re a non-EU citizen, demand for international talent remains high, particularly in specialised fields.

You’ll notice some unique aspects of the Dutch workplace. Direct communication is valued, as is a strong work-life balance. Decisions are often made collaboratively, reflecting a flat hierarchy, and punctuality is taken seriously. Embrace feedback openly, as the Dutch value constructive criticism, and consider learning basic Dutch phrases to build rapport and negotiate everyday situations.

For more information, see our guide to Working in the Netherlands.

Work Permits for the Netherlands
Visas and Residence Permits for the Netherlands

Dutch culture

The culture in the Netherlands is rooted in tolerance, diversity, and modesty. To integrate smoothly, always be punctual, respect privacy, and embrace the direct communication style.  The country’s Calvinist heritage also means humility is appreciated, and ostentation is typically avoided.

Cycling is central to Dutch life, so understanding cycling etiquette is a must. Always use designated bike lanes, ring your bell when passing, and ensure you follow traffic signals to keep the roads safe for everyone.

Local Culture in the Netherlands
Business Culture in the Netherlands

Accommodation in the Netherlands

Housing in the Netherlands is in high demand, with a significant shortage leading to fierce competition and rising prices. In urban areas like Amsterdam, you may face intense competition when searching for a property, and waiting lists for social housing can extend to over a decade. Smaller towns, while less competitive, also require careful planning and perseverance.

Renting Accommodation in the Netherlands
Best Places to Live in Amsterdam
Best Places to Live in Utrecht
Best Places to Live in The Hague

Cost of living in the Netherlands

The cost of living in the Netherlands is high, with housing costs consuming a significant portion of disposable income. Urban areas like Amsterdam and Rotterdam are particularly expensive, while smaller towns provide more affordable alternatives. Rising energy prices and the overall cost of utilities have added to household expenses, so it’s important to budget accordingly.

Living outside major cities can help reduce costs, and careful planning will ensure you maintain a comfortable lifestyle while enjoying what the Netherlands has to offer. Research commuting costs, look for affordable housing options, and consider proximity to essential services to make informed decisions.

For more information, see our page on the Cost of Living in the Netherlands

Living in the Netherlands with children

The Netherlands is a family-friendly destination, offering a wealth of activities and excellent support systems for parents. Theme parks like Efteling and interactive museums provide entertainment for all ages, while outdoor activities, including cycling and visits to parks and zoos, are part of everyday life. Festivals and workshops designed for children also add to the country’s charm.

Parental support has been enhanced by the introduction of paid parental leave, allowing parents to take up to nine weeks off at 70 percent of their salary within the first year of their child’s life. This policy underlines the country’s commitment to work-life balance and family well-being.

The healthcare system in the Netherlands is among the best in the world. Registering with a local doctor (huisarts) is an essential step when you move. After securing mandatory health insurance, your GP will be your first point of contact for any medical concerns, referring you to specialists as needed.

Healthcare and Medical Insurance in the Netherlands

Finding a school in the Netherlands

Finding a school in the Netherlands involves choosing between high-quality international schools and local Dutch institutions. International schools often follow curricula such as the International Baccalaureate (IB) or the British Curriculum, offering expat children a global perspective and continuity. On the other hand, local Dutch schools provide excellent education rooted in the national curriculum, with options for bilingual programmes that help expat children integrate seamlessly.

If your family aims to immerse in Dutch society, look into Dutch as a Second Language (NT2) programmes or extracurricular activities conducted in Dutch to accelerate language acquisition. These opportunities ensure children adapt quickly while enjoying their educational journey.

Schools and Education for Expats in the Netherlands
International Schools in Amsterdam
International Schools in The Hague
Education and Schools in Rotterdam

Getting around the Netherlands

Getting around the Netherlands is seamless, whether you prefer cycling or using public transport. The country’s commitment to sustainable mobility is evident in its extensive cycling infrastructure, with major investments expanding cycling highways. Innovative projects, like underwater bicycle parking in Amsterdam, highlight the importance of cycling in Dutch life.

Public transport is equally efficient, connecting major cities and smaller towns through a network of trains, buses, and trams. Accessibility has also been a priority, with stations equipped with ramps and lifts, and low-floor vehicles ensuring a smooth experience for passengers with disabilities.

Public Transport, Driver’s Licences and Driving in the Netherlands

Climate in the Netherlands

The Netherlands has a maritime climate with mild temperatures and frequent rain throughout the year. Embracing the rain as part of Dutch life is key. Investing in a reliable raincoat and umbrella is essential to stay prepared. Cyclists often rely on ponchos and mudguards to tackle the rain while commuting.

Enjoy indoor activities like museums and cosy cafés when the weather turns, or explore the beautiful countryside and urban parks when the skies clear.

Climate Charts for the Netherlands

Fast facts

Population: 18 million

Capital city: Amsterdam

Neighbouring countries: The country is bound by Belgium to the south, Germany to the east and the North Sea to the northwest.

Geography: Situated on Western Europe’s northern coast, the Netherlands consists of very flat terrain. Much of its land has been reclaimed from the sea and sits below sea level.

Political system: Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Major religions: Mostly secular with a Catholic, Christian and Muslim minority

Main languages: Dutch is the official language. English, French and German are also widely spoken and understood.

Money: The Euro (EUR), divided into 100 cents. There are ATMs everywhere, and expats can easily open bank accounts.

Tipping: Service charges are often included in the restaurant bill. If they aren’t, tipping 10 percent for good service is perfectly acceptable.

Time: GMT+1 (GMT+2 from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October).

Electricity: 230V, 50Hz. Two-pin European-style plugs are used.

Internet domain: .nl

International dialling code: +31

Emergency contacts: 112

Transport and driving: Cars in the Netherlands drive on the right-hand side of the road. The country has an extensive transport system, and it’s unlikely you will need a car.

The banking system in the Netherlands is fairly simple, with most banks offering comparable packages. You will need to open a Dutch bank account to receive your salary and pay for various services.

Managing your finances in the Netherlands is straightforward, thanks to a modern banking system and transparent tax obligations. Paying taxes may initially feel complex, but clear guidelines and professional consultants are available to help.

Money in the Netherlands

The currency of the Netherlands is the euro, divided into 100 cents.

• Notes: 5 EUR, 10 EUR, 20 EUR, 50 EUR, 100 EUR, 200 EUR and 500 EUR.
• Coins: 1 EUR and 2 EUR, and 1 cent, 2 cents, 5 cents, 10 cents, 20 cents and 50 cents.

Keep in mind that higher denominations, such as the 100 EUR and 200 EUR banknotes, are less frequently accepted, especially in smaller shops. 500 EUR banknotes are rarely accepted in many establishments. The Netherlands no longer uses 1 and 2-cent coins, so cash transactions are rounded to the nearest 5 cents.

Digital payments are incredibly popular. Debit cards are widely used, and most transactions are contactless. Payment platforms like iDEAL dominate online shopping, and digital wallets like PayPal and Apple Pay are gaining traction. For peer-to-peer payments, apps like Tikkie make splitting bills or repaying friends a breeze.

If you are new to the Netherlands, exchange rates can influence the value of your money when converting to euros.

Banking in the Netherlands

The largest banks in the Netherlands include ING, Rabobank, and ABN AMRO. Each offers wide-ranging services tailored to different needs. You can also check out digital-only banks like Bunq, N26, and Revolut. These modern alternatives often provide lower fees and greater flexibility. For example, Bunq offers multilingual services, and N26 simplifies account setup without requiring a BSN.

To open a bank account, you will typically need documents like your passport, proof of address, and a BSN number. Some banks may allow you to open an account without a BSN initially, but it is usually required.

The Dutch generally make a lot of payments with direct debiting from their accounts, so be prepared to set up this sort of system for your accounts.

Banking hours typically run from 9am to 6pm, Monday to Friday, with extended hours on certain days and limited Saturday openings. Most banks offer internet and mobile banking, ensuring you can manage your finances on the go.

Opening a bank account

Setting up a bank account in the Netherlands is a must. Bring your identification, proof of address, and BSN number to start. A residence permit may also be necessary if you’re a non-EU citizen. Some banks are flexible and allow initial setups without a BSN, making the process smoother for newcomers.

Credit cards and ATMs

Credit cards are accepted but not as commonly used as debit cards. For everyday purchases, carrying cash or using a debit card is more practical. ATMs are widely available whether you’re at a bank, train station, or airport. Local account holders often enjoy fee-free withdrawals, although some limits apply.

Taxes in the Netherlands

Taxes in the Netherlands can initially seem daunting, but understanding the system is key. Income is taxed progressively, divided into three categories or ‘boxes’. Each box applies to specific types of income, such as work, homeownership, or investments.

You must file annual tax returns, with the tax year following the calendar year. The deadline is usually in early April. If your home country has a double-taxation agreement with the Netherlands, this can help avoid being taxed twice on the same income. Consult official resources or a tax professional to understand your eligibility for tax relief.

The ’30 percent ruling’ is a significant benefit for expats with specific skills. This allows you to receive 30 percent of your salary tax-free for up to five years. Recent changes have reduced this percentage slightly, but transitional rules may apply if you already benefit from it. 

For non-residents, resources like the Dutch Tax Administration and expat organisations can offer clarity. Tax consultants specialising in expat services are also priceless for helping you figure out complex obligations.

Whether you’re lured by dreams of windmills, clogs and learning Dutch or offered an attractive job opportunity, there are a few key aspects of working in the Netherlands that you should bear in mind.

It’s usually best to secure employment before you arrive in the country, and there are plenty of resources online to aid in your job hunt. It's critical to know whether you'll need a visa and work permit and, if so, how to go about obtaining them. Getting a Dutch work permit can be a tricky affair for non-EU citizens, as local companies must prove there are no better local or EU candidates.

Job market in the Netherlands

The job market in the Netherlands is thriving, offering opportunities across a wide range of sectors. Key industries include engineering, chemicals, ICT (information and communication technology), and healthcare. The Dutch tech industry is particularly strong, with roles like data engineers and ICT project leaders in high demand.

Different cities have unique employment scenes. Amsterdam is a financial and business hub, brimming with opportunities in finance, e-commerce, and tourism. The Hague, often called the city of peace and justice, is known for its focus on human rights law, sustainable development, and renewable energy. With its major port, Rotterdam is a centre for logistics and port-related tech startups.

Universities in cities like Utrecht and Wageningen foster academia and research, making these areas hotspots for innovation and intellectual growth. If you’re a university student or recent graduate, you’ll find internships, trainee positions, and even volunteer work opportunities.

For those with in-demand skills, independent work and freelancing are growing career paths. The post-pandemic adoption of remote working has made trying out flexible career options in fields like tech, entertainment, and healthcare even easier. Eindhoven, another emerging hub, specialises in technology and innovation, drawing professionals to its cutting-edge industries.

Jobs and Working in Amsterdam
Jobs and Working in Rotterdam
Jobs and Working in Utrecht
Jobs and Working in Eindhoven

Finding a job in the Netherlands

Finding a job in the Netherlands starts with using effective platforms. Websites like Indeed.nl, LinkedIn, and the government-run Werk.nl are excellent for job searches. European platforms such as EURES also connect jobseekers with Dutch employers, offering a seamless way to seek out vacancies across Europe. Specialist job boards like Good Company focus on roles in IT, Sales, and Engineering.

Networking is essential to the Dutch job search process. Building relationships through industry-specific professional associations or alumni networks can lead to promising opportunities. Many events have moved online, making it easier than ever to connect with potential employers.

If you’re looking to pursue entrepreneurship, the Netherlands is an excellent place to start. With government grants, startup accelerators like Rockstart, and a growing ecosystem of venture capital firms, you can bring your business ideas to life.

Language skills can be a deciding factor in securing certain roles. While multinational corporations often operate in English, local businesses might require some Dutch proficiency, especially for customer-facing positions. A basic understanding of Dutch not only improves job prospects but also helps you integrate into the culture.

Useful links

•  Indeed.nl
•  LinkedIn
•  Werk.nl
•  EURES
•  Good Company

Work culture in the Netherlands

Work culture in the Netherlands is a unique blend of diligence and leisure, offering an enviable work-life balance. You’ll find plenty of time for personal care and leisure, which contributes to a high level of satisfaction among employees.

Employee benefits are another highlight. Dutch employers often provide flexible working hours, remote options, and professional development programmes. You may even find perks like gym memberships and mental health support, reflecting a strong commitment to well-being and work-life integration.

Recent updates to labour laws aim to enhance fairness and transparency. The 30 percent ruling for expats now has a capped allowance, and the pension eligibility age has dropped to 18 years, making these benefits more accessible to younger employees.

Regional differences in work culture can also add variety. The Randstad region, including cities like Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht, offers a dynamic and international work environment. In contrast, the northern and eastern regions may more closely reflect local customs and community-oriented practices.

As part of the ‘play hard’ philosophy, you’ll likely experience borrelen – a beloved tradition combining networking with socialising over drinks and snacks. Whether formal or casual, it’s a great way to connect with colleagues and enjoy a taste of Dutch camaraderie.

Understanding Dutch Business Culture

The Netherlands is credited with having one of the best healthcare systems in the world. You’ll have access to top-notch facilities and highly qualified medical professionals through the Dutch healthcare system.

There are a few key things to note about receiving medical care in the Netherlands, particularly the requirement for health insurance.

Public and private healthcare in the Netherlands

The healthcare system in the Netherlands uniquely blurs the lines between private and public care. Most healthcare facilities are non-profit and highly regulated by the government. The government funds long-term health treatment through taxes, while short-term treatment is covered by mandatory private insurance.

Dutch medical schemes must offer certain basic services for a monthly fee and can’t refuse anyone based on risk. Belonging to a scheme is compulsory for all residents, including expats who have permanent residency. Private schemes are also partially funded by employers, who contribute to healthcare costs as part of the payroll system.

Banking, Money and Taxes in the Netherlands
Visas and Residence Permits in the Netherlands

Useful links

• The Dutch Healthcare System – National Health Care Institute
• Health Insurance – Government.nl

Healthcare facilities in the Netherlands

High standards and specialist treatments are available at most medical facilities in the Netherlands. All hospitals offer similar facilities and services, but some specialise in particular areas of treatment, such as cardiac care or oncology.

The Dutch healthcare system operates on a tiered model, with GPs forming a large part of the first tier. You usually can’t visit a specialist on the second tier without a doctor’s referral.

Most doctors understand English, but you might find that local doctors sometimes lack bedside manner and are often reluctant to prescribe medication unless absolutely essential. This stems from the general non-interventionist approach adopted by Dutch medical practitioners, which prioritises natural recovery and minimal medical intervention.

You should try to find a general practitioner (huisarts) as soon as possible after you arrive. GPs are frequently busy, and finding one with space for new patients can be difficult. Once you’ve found a doctor, you’ll need to register with them.

Hospitals in Amsterdam
Hospitals in Rotterdam

Health insurance in the Netherlands

All residents and taxpayers in the Netherlands are required to have medical insurance from a private health insurance company. You must organise this within four months of arriving in the country.

Insurers in the Netherlands are required to provide everyone with the same basic coverage. They can’t deny coverage to anyone who applies for a standard insurance package, and all policyholders must be charged the same premium, regardless of age or state of health. Children under the age of 18 are typically included in their parents' or guardians' insurance packages.

Some medical services aren’t covered by basic insurance plans, and additional health insurance is optional to cover these costs. It’s highly recommended that you carefully review these medical plans and decide if you need additional cover. Services commonly excluded include dental care for adults, extended physiotherapy sessions, alternative treatments like acupuncture, vision care, and elective cosmetic procedures. For these, supplementary insurance can provide extra coverage.

EU citizens can use their European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) to access state healthcare during a short-term visit. UK citizens can use their Global Health Insurance Card (GHIC), which replaced the EHIC for UK citizens post-Brexit.

Useful links

• Standard Health Insurance – Government.nl

Medicines and pharmacies in the Netherlands

Pharmacies (apotheken) are plentiful in the Netherlands and stock both prescription and non-prescription medications. The symbol for a pharmacy in the Netherlands is a green cross, which you will commonly see on pharmacy signs. To obtain prescription medication, you’ll first need a consultation with a GP. If a prescription is necessary, it will be issued and sent electronically to your chosen pharmacy. Once it’s issued, the medication is easily accessible from pharmacies.

Large cities usually have 24-hour pharmacies available alongside those operating during regular working hours. Pharmacies in smaller towns may have more limited hours, so it’s a good idea to check availability in your local area.

Vaccinations for the Netherlands

When moving to the Netherlands, it’s important to ensure that your vaccinations are up-to-date. The standard vaccinations for residents include protection against diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, and tetanus. These are part of the national immunisation programme.

Seasonal flu is common during the colder months, especially among vulnerable groups such as the elderly and those with chronic conditions. Getting an annual flu shot is a good idea if you’re in a high-risk category.

The Dutch National Immunisation Programme also offers free vaccinations for children against diseases like diphtheria, whooping cough, polio, and HPV. While participation isn’t legally mandatory, it’s strongly encouraged, and parents receive invitations for their children’s vaccinations.

For travellers, additional vaccinations such as Hepatitis A and B are recommended, particularly if you plan to engage in activities that could expose you to health risks, such as visiting rural areas or consuming street food. It’s best to consult a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate vaccinations for your situation. COVID-19 vaccinations are no longer required but are recommended, especially for vulnerable groups.

Useful links

• National Immunisation Programme

Health hazards in the Netherlands

The Netherlands is generally safe, with minimal health hazards. Pollution can be an issue in major cities, particularly during rush hours. It’s advisable to monitor local air quality reports if you have respiratory conditions. Food safety standards are high, but it’s always wise to practise good food hygiene to avoid rare instances of foodborne illness.

Ticks are another concern, particularly in wooded or grassy areas, as they can transmit Lyme disease. If you’re planning outdoor activities, use insect repellent, wear protective clothing, and check for ticks afterwards.

Emergency services in the Netherlands

Several private ambulance services are contracted to the Dutch government and operate within designated service areas. Ambulance services are organised regionally into 25 Regional Ambulance Services (RAVs), which ensure coverage and maintain the ambulance dispatch centres. Response times are generally good, and emergency medical teams are well-trained to handle a variety of situations.

The emergency number for an ambulance in the Netherlands is 112. Ensure you know this number, as it’s used for all emergency services, including police and fire departments. For less urgent medical issues, it’s best to contact your GP, who will have an emergency contact number for out-of-hours care. Many insurers will also provide clients with a list of contact numbers for nearby hospitals in case of an emergency.

Rotterdam is Europe’s largest port. It’s efficiently run, so you should experience relatively few delays on the Netherlands’ side of the shipment. As always with removals, keep documentation such as invoices, inventories, carrier arrival notices, and customs forms handy.

Removals from within Europe could be handled by train, which should be quick and affordable. If you’re moving from outside Europe, you can choose sea or air freight. Shipping by sea takes longer than air freight but is usually cheaper. It’s worth shopping around for quotes.

Consider sending the most important belongings that you’ll need immediately by air freight, while less urgently needed items can follow by sea freight.

Don't forget to check out our guide to Relocation Companies in the Netherlands.

Shipping household goods to the Netherlands

Understanding the required documentation is necessary when shipping household goods to the Netherlands. You’ll need a signed inventory list detailing all personal items being imported, transport documents such as a bill of lading, and, if applicable, a certificate of origin. If you’re settling permanently, the Dutch municipality will require proof of registration.

Be aware of import restrictions. Certain items, such as narcotics, counterfeit goods, and protected animal species, are strictly prohibited. Cultural goods like art, antiques, and weapons require special permissions. Check ahead to avoid delays or confiscation of your belongings.

Shipping delays can happen, especially during peak seasons or due to port congestion. Weather and incomplete paperwork are also common culprits. Plan ahead and ensure all documents are in order to minimise disruptions.

Useful links

• Dutch Tax and Customs Administration
• Government Customs Information

Shipping pets to the Netherlands

When planning to bring pets into the Netherlands, ensure you’re familiar with the necessary regulations. All pets must have valid documentation, including a pet passport or a veterinary certificate translated into Dutch. Your pet must also be microchipped before or on the same day as their rabies vaccination. Pets must be vaccinated against rabies at least 21 days before entering the country.

Common reasons for pet quarantine include missing or invalid rabies vaccinations, improper microchipping, or incomplete paperwork. Pets arriving from countries with a high risk of rabies may also need additional testing or quarantine measures.

If you’re bringing a dog, register it with the local town hall and municipal tax office within two weeks of arriving. Many municipalities charge an annual dog tax (hondenbelasting), and the amount can vary depending on location and the number of dogs owned. Some cities charge more for additional dogs, while others may not impose this tax at all.

For animals other than dogs, cats, or ferrets, requirements may include veterinary health certificates or compliance with special import permits. Always verify with the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) to ensure you meet the latest regulations.

Useful links

• Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority
• Government Guide to Bringing Your Pets to the Netherlands

Shipping a car to the Netherlands

Public transport in the Netherlands is efficient, and cycle paths are extensive, so you may not feel the need to own a car. If you wish to ship your car to the Netherlands, hire a moving company specialising in car shipping. The moving company will advise on options, including container or roll-on/roll-off shipping – where cars are simply parked and secured on a vessel for ease of transporting them on and off.

Your car must pass a technical inspection and be formally registered following the procedures required by the RDW, the national vehicle authority. The vehicle must have a Dutch licence number within two weeks of arriving in the country. Processes differ depending on whether your car comes from an EU or non-EU country.

All imported vehicles must undergo a periodic technical inspection (APK) to ensure they meet Dutch road safety and environmental standards. The inspection covers brakes, suspension, tyres, and emissions. Vehicles from outside the EU often require more extensive checks to comply with regulations. Approved RDW garages will issue an inspection report once your car passes.

Read more:
Public Transport and Driving in the Netherlands
Banking, Money and Taxes in the Netherlands

Useful links

• Rijksdienst voor het Wegverkeer (RDW)

The Dutch are among the most liberal people in the world, so if you’re more conservative, it may take some time to adjust to the local culture in the Netherlands. Sex work is legal, regulated, and openly displayed in Amsterdam’s red-light districts. Although marijuana is not technically legal, it is decriminalised for personal use. It is sold in coffee shops in certain areas of the country.

Making new friends can be difficult when you move to the Netherlands, especially if you don’t speak Dutch, and establishing a social circle often takes time and effort. The Dutch tend to say it like it is, so you’ll know exactly where you stand with locals. This can seem abrasive, but having an open mind and a sense of humour will go a long way to easing your transition to life in the Netherlands.

Language barrier in the Netherlands

The Dutch language could be your biggest hurdle when you arrive. Locals are often multilingual, and in the big cities, most speak a reasonable level of English, French, or German. However, unless you can speak at least some basic Dutch, you might end up feeling isolated. Once you have a decent grasp of the language, you’ll likely find that locals seem friendlier, more helpful, and more encouraging. 

Interactive online platforms and apps like Duolingo can make learning Dutch more accessible and engaging. For a more immersive experience, language cafés and intensive courses at language centres or universities are excellent options. These courses are designed not only to teach you to speak Dutch but also to offer valuable insights into Dutch culture and history.

Work culture in the Netherlands

Concerning the work culture in the Netherlands, the Dutch love to have meetings or vergaderingen. They tend to run overtime since everyone, regardless of rank, needs to be heard. If a decision isn’t reached, they’ll often simply adjourn to the next meeting. Rank is also unimportant, and it’s not unusual to find bosses more approachable than you might have previously experienced.

The Dutch are proud of their work-life balance. Shorter working hours and flexible schedules allow a better blend of personal and professional lives. Hybrid working arrangements, combining remote and office work, have become increasingly common. Although it may be tricky to socialise with colleagues outside of work, the openness of Dutch workplaces frequently leads to a relaxed and productive environment.

Work Culture in the Netherlands

Religion and secularism in the Netherlands

The Netherlands has seen a notable shift towards secularism in recent decades, with around 60 percent of the population identifying as non-religious. Despite this, traditions rooted in Christianity, such as Easter, Christmas, and Sinterklaas, remain significant cultural events. These celebrations highlight how religion still influences local customs, even in an increasingly secular society.

Interfaith initiatives, such as World Interfaith Harmony Week and the efforts of the United Religions Initiative in the Netherlands, promote dialogue and understanding among diverse communities. These programmes help build social cohesion, making it easier for newcomers to find a sense of belonging, regardless of their beliefs.

Service in the Netherlands

The Netherlands isn’t the most service-oriented country. It’s normal to enter a shop and be left waiting unattended, and service in restaurants can be slow. Even the Dutch complain about the lack of good service in their country. 

If you find yourself facing slow service, patience and direct but polite communication go a long way. Many industries, especially financial services and tourism, have recently made efforts to enhance customer experiences through digital transformation and personalised service.

LGBTQ+ in the Netherlands

The Netherlands is a pioneer in LGBTQ+ rights, being the first modern country to legalise same-sex marriage. It remains one of the most inclusive and progressive places globally, with strong protections and acceptance for LGBTQ+ individuals. Many cities, such as Amsterdam and Rotterdam, host lively Pride events and LGBTQ+ festivals that celebrate diversity and inclusion.

Initiatives like COC Netherlands and Transgender Netwerk Nederland advocate for LGBTQ+ rights and provide resources to support the community. The Dutch government actively champions these rights on a global stage, further solidifying the Netherlands as a beacon of equality. Public attitudes towards LGBTQ+ individuals in the Netherlands are generally positive, making it a welcoming destination for all.

Read more about LGBTQ+, Diversity and Inclusion in the Netherlands.

Women in the Netherlands

Gender equality is a cornerstone of Dutch society. Women in the Netherlands enjoy equal rights and opportunities, with significant representation in leadership roles across various sectors. Figures like Sigrid Kaag, the first female Minister of Finance, and Danielle van de Donk, a standout footballer, highlight the achievements of Dutch women.

Despite progress, challenges like the gender pay gap and under-representation in top corporate roles persist. The government continues to promote initiatives aimed at addressing these issues, such as encouraging economic independence for women and combating gender-based violence. These efforts, combined with societal shifts, aim to create a more equitable future for all.

Find out more about Gender Equality and Women in Leadership in the Netherlands.

Doing business in the Netherlands can be an attractive prospect for many expats, thanks to its strategic position in Europe and its buzzing international economy. Many professionals are moving to the Netherlands for its modern work environment, where transparency, equality, and hard work are deeply valued.

You’ll find that the Dutch are highly experienced in working with international associates, and you should adapt quickly to Dutch business culture.

Fast facts

Business language

Dutch is the official language, but English is widely spoken and understood in professional settings, with many Dutch professionals also fluent in French and German. Around 90 percent of the population is proficient in English, making it one of the easiest countries for non-Dutch speakers to get around linguistically.

Business hours

Business hours typically run from 9am to 5pm, Monday to Friday. Flexible hours and hybrid work models are becoming more common due to the rise in remote work, allowing for a better work-life balance.

Business dress

Business attire is generally smart casual. Formal suits are common in industries like banking and finance, while tech and creative industries often adopt a more casual approach, such as open-collar shirts and jeans.

Greeting

When meeting associates, greet them with a firm handshake and direct eye contact, which are standard for both men and women. These gestures reflect confidence and respect, which are highly valued in Dutch culture.

Gifts

Gifts are not usually exchanged during business dealings. If you choose to give a gift, keep it modest and thoughtful, such as a small token representing your home country.

Gender equality

Dutch society is known for its progressive approach to gender equality. Both men and women enjoy equal rights, although part-time work remains more common among women, which can sometimes impact career progression.

Business culture in the Netherlands

Business culture in the Netherlands blends hierarchy with collaboration. Your input will be appreciated in decision-making processes, but be prepared for decisions to take time as consensus is often sought through extensive discussions, a practice known as ‘polderen’.

Business style

The Dutch are renowned for their disciplined and hard-working nature. They are formal and reserved in professional settings, valuing self-control and avoiding emotional displays. Rationality and practicality underpin most interactions.

Punctuality is a cornerstone of Dutch business etiquette. Meetings typically start promptly and focus on the agenda, with minimal small talk, allowing for efficient use of time.

Work-life balance is a key feature of Dutch culture. Professional and personal lives are typically kept separate, and it’s uncommon to socialise with colleagues outside of work unless at a formal company event.

Communication

The Dutch communication style is direct and straightforward. You’ll likely know exactly where you stand, although this honesty can sometimes feel blunt. If you’re accustomed to more indirect communication styles, this might take some getting used to.

Honesty and openness are highly valued, so it’s best to be clear and upfront when working with Dutch colleagues. Avoid ambiguous or overly diplomatic language, which may be perceived as insincere. Personal space is also important, so avoid standing too close or touching colleagues during conversations.

Dos and don’ts of doing business in the Netherlands

• Do be punctual for meetings and expect them to follow a strict agenda. Timeliness reflects respect and professionalism.
• Don’t anticipate much small talk at the start of a meeting, as Dutch professionals prefer to get straight to business
• Do maintain direct eye contact when speaking to your associates, as it conveys confidence and respect
• Don’t show excessive emotion or use overly expressive gestures in professional interactions
• Do be prepared for a meticulous decision-making process that considers every opinion

The Netherlands has a temperate maritime climate, much like England’s, with rain throughout the year and frequent shifts in temperature. Given the country’s compact size, you won’t find much variation in climate between regions. If you’re moving to the Netherlands, investing in a sturdy raincoat and a reliable umbrella is wise, as you’ll need them all year round.

You can expect mild summers and cool winters, with average temperatures around 66°F (19°C) in summer from June to August and 36°F (2°C) in winter from December to February. The flat landscape means it’s often quite windy, particularly in coastal areas, which is part of the reason behind the iconic windmills you see throughout the country. Strong winds are more common during autumn and winter, so be prepared to bundle up and secure any outdoor items in these seasons.

Rainfall is fairly evenly spread throughout the year, but autumn and summer can see sudden downpours due to more intense rainfall. It’s best to always carry rain gear, as showers can be unpredictable. The Dutch are well prepared for this, and you’ll frequently see locals cycling with waterproof panniers and wearing rainproof clothing. The reliable public transport system is also a great option in inclement weather.

Ancient and early Medieval periods

• 3000 BCE–2000 BCE: The prehistoric period is marked by the construction of dolmens (megalithic tombs) in the Drenthe province, reflecting early farming communities.
• Before 1st century CE: The area now known as the Netherlands is inhabited by various Germanic tribes, including the Frisians, Saxons and Batavians.
• 69 CE: The Batavi tribe, led by Julius Civilis, rebels against Roman rule in the Batavi uprising. This short-lived revolt exposes vulnerabilities in Roman governance, prompting fortifications and reorganisation in the region.
• 4th and 5th centuries: The Netherlands is conquered by the Franks, a powerful tribe from what is now France.

Medieval prosperity and urbanisation

• 6th–12th centuries: Christianity spreads throughout the region, shaping its culture and governance. The establishment of feudal systems leads to the rise of local lords, such as the Counts of Holland, who lay the foundation for Dutch territorial unification.
• 13th and 14th centuries: The Netherlands experiences significant economic growth and urbanisation, with the rise of trade, commerce and crafts. Amsterdam, founded in 1275 as a settlement on the Amstel River, emerges as a key trading hub, later joining the Hanseatic League in 1358.

The rise of the Dutch Republic

• 15th century: Maritime trade flourishes, with cities like Amsterdam and Rotterdam becoming key ports. The Netherlands begins exploring distant trade routes, setting the stage for its later Golden Age.
• 16th century: The Netherlands gains independence from Spain after a long struggle known as the Eighty Years’ War.
• 1517–1600: The Protestant Reformation divides Europe. Calvinism gains significant influence in the Netherlands, challenging Catholic rule and shaping the identity of the Dutch Republic.
• 1579: The Netherlands sees the consolidation of the Dutch provinces into larger political entities, including the Duchy of Burgundy and the Habsburg Netherlands, which are ruled by powerful European dynasties.
• 1602: The Dutch East India Company is established, becoming one of the world’s first multinational corporations. The Netherlands becomes a major maritime and economic power, with a flourishing arts and culture scene.
• 17th century: The Netherlands becomes a major colonial power, establishing trading posts and colonies worldwide, including in Brazil, the Caribbean and the East and West Indies. This colonial expansion leads to the exploitation of people from Africa and Asia, and the Netherlands becomes a major player in the transatlantic slave trade.
• 1618: The Thirty Years’ War begins, a war fought across most of Europe in response to Ferdinand II’s attempt to make Christianity absolute, with the Dutch Republic playing a vital role in the conflict. The Synod of Dort defines Calvinist orthodoxy and strengthens Reformed Church doctrine in the Netherlands.
• 1648: The Treaty of Westphalia is signed and ends The Thirty Years’ War, recognising the sovereignty of the Dutch Republic.
• 1652: The Dutch establish a settlement at the Cape of Good Hope, laying the groundwork for the future colonisation of South Africa.
• 1689: William of Orange becomes king of England, consolidating the ties between the Netherlands and England.

Decline and Enlightenment

• Late 17th to 18th century: The Dutch Republic declines in power and influence, losing territory to its neighbours and facing economic and political instability. At the same time, the country experiences a period of cultural flourishing, with the rise of the Dutch Enlightenment and notable figures such as Spinoza and Huygens.
• 1634–1637: Tulip Mania, a speculative frenzy over tulip bulbs, becomes a cautionary tale about financial bubbles.

Revolution and reorganisation

• 1795–1813: The French invade the Netherlands and establish the Batavian Republic.
• 1815: The Netherlands becomes part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands after the defeat of Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo, which also includes Belgium and Luxembourg.
• 1830: Belgium declares independence from the Netherlands, owing to religious differences and a general lack of autonomy. After a brief war, the Netherlands recognises Belgium’s independence in 1831.
• 1848: A series of political and social upheavals across Europe known as the ‘Spring of Nations’ lead to constitutional reforms in the Netherlands, including expanding the right to vote. The Netherlands also becomes increasingly involved in global trade and colonialism, establishing colonies in the East and West Indies, Suriname and the Caribbean.

Colonialism, abolition, and cultural revival

• 1863: The Netherlands abolishes slavery in its colonies, although the legacy of slavery and colonialism continues to have significant social and economic impacts.
• 1870–1890: The end of the 19th century also sees the rise of new artistic and cultural movements in the Netherlands, including The Hague School of Painting and the Amsterdam School of Architecture.
• 1890: Wilhelmina becomes the queen of the Netherlands at age 10, marking the beginning of a new era of royal leadership that lasts for more than 50 years.

World Wars and the interwar period

• 1914–1918: During World War I, the Netherlands remains neutral but experiences shortages and economic difficulties.
• 1917: Universal suffrage is introduced for men, setting the stage for broader democratic reforms.
• 1919: The Netherlands adopts a new constitution expanding the right to vote to include women and establishing a parliamentary system of government.
• 1920s and 30s: The Netherlands experiences a period of economic growth and cultural flourishing known as the ‘Roaring Twenties’.
• 1940: During World War II, the Netherlands is invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany, resulting in significant loss of life and destruction. The Dutch Resistance plays a vital role, providing intelligence to the Allies, sabotaging German infrastructure, and aiding persecuted populations.
• 1944–1945: Food supplies are disrupted as the fighting between German and Allied forces continues, leading to what is now known as the ‘Hunger Winter.’

Post-War reconstruction and decolonisation 

• 1945–1953: After the War, the Netherlands receives aid from the Marshall Plan to rebuild its war-torn economy. Early cooperation with neighbouring countries leads to the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community, a precursor to the EU.
• 1949: Previously occupied by Japan during World War II, The Dutch East Indies gains independence as Indonesia after a four-year struggle against Dutch colonial authorities.
• 1953: The North Sea Flood devastates coastal areas, prompting the creation of the Delta Works, a world-renowned flood defence system completed in 1997.
• 1957: The Netherlands becomes a founding member of the European Union, along with Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and Italy.
• 1963: The Netherlands experiences significant social and cultural changes, with the rise of the Provo movement and the legalisation of contraception and abortion.
• 1975: Suriname gains independence following a peaceful transition.

Modern liberalisation and global engagement

• 1980s–1990s: The Netherlands undergoes a period of economic restructuring and liberalisation. Political and social changes, including the legalisation of prostitution and the establishment of same-sex civil partnerships, also mark this period.
• 1995: The Netherlands hosts the signing of the Dayton Accords, which ends the Bosnian War.
• 2000: The Dutch Parliament legalises euthanasia, setting strict conditions for doctors to operate under.
• 2001: The Netherlands legalises same-sex marriage and permits homosexual couples to adopt children.
• 2002: The Netherlands adopts the euro as its official currency.
• 2009: Seven are killed as the royal family survives an attempt on their lives at a parade.
• 2014: Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 is shot down over Ukraine, with 193 Dutch citizens among the victims. The Netherlands takes a leading role in the investigation, concluding in 2016 that a missile fired from Russia downed the plane.
• 2015–2020: Debates around immigration and integration dominate Dutch politics. Increasing climate activism leads to nationwide protests and pushes for more sustainable energy policies.
• 2020: The COVID-19 pandemic affects the Netherlands’ economy and results in the death of more than 22,000 people.
• 2021: Prime Minister Mark Rutte’s party wins the election again, and he forms his fourth coalition government since coming into power in 2010.
• 2023: The far-right Party for Freedom gains significant traction in general elections, leading to complex coalition negotiations.
• 2024: Former Prime Minister Mark Rutte is appointed NATO Secretary-General, highlighting the ongoing influence of the Netherlands in international affairs.