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Articles about the USA

Diversity and Inclusion in the USA

With the USA’s reputation as a melting pot for all sorts of nationalities, cultures and ethnicities from around the world, you can expect to meet a diverse range of people from all walks of life as you settle down in your new home.

That said, the concepts of diversity and inclusion, and the treatment and rights of groups commonly covered by those terms (for example, women, LGBTQ+ people, racial and ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, and others), are an active and sometimes polarising part of American public life and politics.

The USA’s civil rights, women’s rights, and LGBTQ+ movements have all profoundly shaped the country’s laws and public life for the better. That said, the current administration has pushed forward a series of executive actions and regulatory rollbacks, many of which are quickly struck down by the courts. But the quickly changing situation can make it difficult for newcomers to understand what protections are in place at any given time.

In such a contentious and quick-moving political and social climate, this guide focuses on broader and longer-term trends and prevailing legislation. Here are some aspects of diversity and inclusion in the USA that new arrivals may encounter.

Accessibility in the USA

Accessibility in the USA varies widely from state to state – this is due to the variety of physical environments throughout the country, as well as the fact that states are able to set their own laws and policies regarding accessibility. Some states have particularly good reputations for accessibility, while others may be more difficult for those with disabilities to navigate.

Some of the cities noted for being particularly accessible are Las Vegas, Seattle, Orlando, Portland, and Washington, DC. Despite being renowned for its diversity, New York City’s subway is currently only 27 percent accessible for people with disabilities. That said, under a 2022 settlement agreement, the MTA has committed to making 95 percent of subway stations accessible by 2055, and there are plenty of wheelchair-friendly restaurants and historical sites to enjoy throughout the city.

Across the country, minimum accessibility standards are set by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). These standards must be met by any new construction, and older buildings undergoing renovation or add-ons also need to abide by these rules. This applies to all public accommodation, government and commercial facilities.

Public transport will generally have accessibility features such as ramps and lifts. Assistance is usually available for those who need it, and service animals are generally allowed on all forms of transport.

LGBTQ+ in the USA

The USA has a generally progressive stance towards LGBTQ+ rights. In 2004, Massachusetts was the first state to legalise same-sex marriage – by 2015, same-sex marriage was legal in all 50 states. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity is explicitly outlawed in 22 states plus the District of Columbia, including California, Virginia and New York and most other states on both coasts. An additional eight states interpret existing sex discrimination protections to include sexual orientation and gender identity, while two states prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation only. The Equality Act, currently proposed in the US Congress, would make these forms of discrimination illegal throughout the country, should it be passed.

In 2022, the US became one of the few countries in the world to allow a third gender option on official documentation – passport applicants filling out the gender section now have the options of "M" for "male", "F" for "female" or "X" for "unspecified" or "other gender identity".

Lively LGBTQ+ communities can be found in just about every corner of the USA. Traditionally liberal states like California, New York, Virginia and Illinois are still home to some of the largest and most active LGBTQ+ communities, but gay-friendly bars and activities can be found in even the most conservative of states, such as Alabama and Wyoming.

Gender equality in the USA

Since 1920, when women in the United States gained the right to vote, the country has taken significant steps to improve gender equality. But in its 2024 Global Gender Gap Report, the World Economic Forum ranked the US 43rd out of 146 countries, a substantial drop from 27th place in 2022.

According to recent data, the gender wage gap in the US stands at approximately 19 percent, with women working full-time earning about 81 cents for every dollar men earn. Persisting gender norms are a factor.

In the US, expectant parents are not entitled to any parental leave, and the question is left to employers, some of whom do offer parental leave as a perk. That said, the state of Virginia recently introduced a law mandating that insurers issue short-term disability policies for childbirth, which would allow new mothers to claim benefits for 12 weeks. While this may not be a cure-all, it is certainly a step in the right direction.

The US government does not protect abortion rights on a federal level, and each state sets its own regulations.

Women in leadership in the USA

The American public is largely supportive of women in leadership positions, but the reality often doesn’t live up to the ideal. Despite making up more than 50 percent of the workforce, women still hold a minority of senior leadership positions. In Fortune 500 companies, only 11 percent of CEOs are women.

Progress has been made in female representation within politics, particularly with the presidential nomination of Hillary Clinton in 2016. Although Clinton did not win the election, numerous women in politics have stated that she inspired them to run for Congress. The election of Kamala Harris as the first female Vice President in 2021 has also been praised as a sign of major progress.

Mental health awareness in the USA

Rates of mental illness in the USA are fairly high, with nearly one in five adults experiencing a mental health condition in any given year. More than one in five Americans received mental health treatment in recent years, although many who need care still face barriers to accessing it.

Significant progress has been made regarding stigma around mental illness, with most Americans now viewing mental health as a priority that deserves greater attention. There are other major barriers to treatment, with high costs and insufficient insurance coverage being chief among them.

Studies show that expats are at higher risk of depression, anxiety and substance use disorders than the general population, with increased stress and loneliness being common precipitating factors. Tackling mental health problems early, rather than waiting to seek help, is associated with better treatment outcomes – so keeping an eye on mental wellbeing and taking action if needed is important.

To ensure easy access to treatment, checking that health insurance provided by an employer includes full coverage for psychiatric and psychological services is recommended.

Unconscious bias education in the USA

Unconscious bias is an implicit set of stereotyped ideas that an individual carries about groups of people different to themselves. These ideas are not usually purposefully adopted but rather develop subtly over time, and people tend to hold unconscious biases about groups they never or rarely come into contact with. As a result, these perceptions are often inaccurate and based on assumptions.

Unconscious bias can profoundly affect both personal and work conditions. In the workplace, unchecked bias undermines key aspects of the company, with negative effects on employee performance, retention and recruitment. In a bid to create a better work environment, many companies are beginning to institute unconscious bias training. There are also a number of online resources that can be used to improve self-awareness regarding bias.

Diversification of the workforce in the USA

Home to over 51 million foreigners, the USA has a long history of immigration, with its reputation as a melting pot being well earned. People from all over the globe – the majority hailing from Mexico, China and India – continuously flock to the USA in pursuit of the American Dream. This influx of immigration gives the USA a plentiful source of labour, which has been key in strengthening the US economy, both historically and in the present day.

As you move to the USA, you’ll find yourself in good company. The USA has the world’s largest immigrant population in pure numbers, and nearly 19 percent of the labour force is made up of foreigners. Management, business science, and the arts are the main employers of foreign-born workers, with 35 percent working in these areas and 23 percent working in the service industry.

Studies show that diversification of the workplace is hugely beneficial to companies and employees alike. In recognition of this, many of the largest companies in the USA are setting up diversity and inclusion programmes, ensuring that a wide variety of people are represented among employees.

Safety in the USA

Although it’s true that the US has a higher crime rate than many other developed countries, its reputation for violence is often exaggerated by the local media. Basic safety precautions which would be practised elsewhere in the world should be followed here too, such as avoiding walking alone through less busy areas of the city at night.

Lax gun laws and a glaring disparity between the wealthy and the poor are contributing factors to the high crime rate in the US, but you’ll likely live in neighbourhoods unaffected by serious or violent crimes. Violent crime is more of a concern in city centres than in suburban and rural communities. Poorer neighbourhoods, where crime is more common, are avoidable, and downtown areas and business districts are generally safe.

Some cities have much higher crime rates than others, but you can expect a strong police presence everywhere. In fact, cities such as Richmond have seen a downward trend in homicides recently, thanks to the city’s efforts in preventing gun violence.

There have been a few incidents of terrorism in the US since 2001, such as the Boston Marathon bombings in 2013, but the country’s various security agencies have largely cracked down on terrorism and are generally able to intercept any plots before they are carried out.

The main terrorism risk comes from domestic threats, particularly lone actors and small groups motivated by various ideological beliefs who target public events or places. The Department of Homeland Security continues to assess the terrorism threat as elevated. School shootings have also increased at public schools, but most schools have security measures in place to prevent any such violence or at least curb its effects should a shooting incident occur. The risk to children, overall, is low.

Calendar initiatives in the USA

4 February – World Cancer Day
March – TB Awareness Month
8 March – International Women’s Day
19 May – Global Accessibility Awareness Day
June – Pride Month
10 September – World Suicide Prevention Day
October – Breast Cancer Awareness Month
10 October – World Mental Health Day
14 November – World Diabetes Day
1 December – World AIDS Day

Work Permits for the USA

Securing a work permit for the USA has never been a walk in the park, and major policy shifts in 2025 have thrown a spanner in the works for foreign workers. Most routes rely on employer sponsorship; your prospective boss must petition on your behalf and prove the job ticks specific boxes. Getting a handle on which visa category fits your situation is the first step in cracking this complex system.

Types of work permits for the USA

H-1B visa for speciality occupations

H-1B visas for the USA target professionals in speciality occupations. These roles require you to apply highly specialised theoretical and practical knowledge. You generally need a bachelor’s degree or higher in that specific field to qualify. Common sectors include IT, engineering, finance, architecture, and medicine. Your employer must sponsor the application and demonstrate that the position meets the speciality occupation criteria.

A massive policy shift in September 2025 introduced a USD 100,000 surcharge for new H-1B petitions. This applies if you are outside the USA and do not already hold a valid H-1B visa. The fee effectively walls off the visa for all but the biggest corporate players or the most critical talent. You are exempt if you are already inside the USA in a valid status and filing for a change of status, extension, or change of employer.

Exceptions are scarce. The Secretary of Homeland Security must find that your presence serves the national interest and that no US worker is available. They must also prove the fee would undermine US interests. Apart from the fee, these visas still face annual caps of 65,000 (plus 20,000 for those with US master’s degrees).

If approved, H-1B visas are typically granted for an initial period of three years and can be extended for a total of six years. Standard processing often drags on for months, but you can pay for premium processing to get a faster answer. You can bring your spouse and unmarried children under 21 on H-4 dependant visas. H-4 spouses may be eligible for work authorisation if the H-1B holder has an approved I-140 immigrant petition or has been granted H-1B status beyond the six-year limit.

L-1 visa for intracompany transfers

The L-1 visa for intracompany transfers targets employees of international firms moving to a US branch, subsidiary, or affiliate. You must have worked for the company abroad for at least one continuous year within the last three.

The visa is divided into two categories: L-1A for executives and managers, valid for up to seven years, and L-1B for employees with specialised knowledge of the company’s products, services, or processes, valid for up to five years.

While proprietary knowledge helps, the US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) does not require the knowledge to be unique. It simply must be demonstrably more sophisticated than what a skilled worker gains through ordinary experience. Your employer can file an individual L-1 petition. If eligible, they might use a blanket L petition to speed things up.

You can bring your spouse and unmarried children under 21 on L-2 dependant visas. L-2 spouses enjoy work authorisation incident to their status. This means they can work immediately upon entry without battling the bureaucracy for a separate Employment Authorization Document. The L-1A visa also offers a relatively straight path to permanent residence through the EB-1C category for multinational executives.

O-1 visa for individuals with extraordinary ability

Reserved for those at the top of their game, the O-1 visa for individuals with extraordinary ability covers sciences, arts, education, business, athletics, and film or TV. You need hard evidence of sustained national or international acclaim. This can include receipt of major prizes or awards, published material about you in professional publications, membership in associations requiring outstanding achievement, evidence of your high salary relative to others in the field, or other comparable evidence demonstrating extraordinary ability.

While the evidentiary requirements are demanding, the O-1 visa has no annual cap. It serves as a solid alternative to the H-1B for highly accomplished professionals. Initial approval usually lasts up to three years to cover the time needed for your specific event. Extensions are available in one-year increments as long as you continue working in your field. Your employer or agent must sponsor the petition.

E-2 Treaty Investor visa

Nationals of countries with qualifying treaties (such as the UK, Canada, Australia, Japan, and many European states) can use the E-2 Treaty Investor visa to invest in and direct a US business. Your investment must be substantial relative to the cost of buying or creating the enterprise. The funds must be committed and at risk. You must actively develop and direct the business.

Unlike many other permits, the E-2 is strictly a non-immigrant visa and does not directly lead to a Green Card. You can renew it indefinitely in two-year increments as long as the business remains operational and fits the bill. This suits entrepreneurs wanting a long-term US presence without necessarily pursuing permanent residence.

TN visa for Canadian and Mexican professionals

Under the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), the TN visa for Canadian and Mexican professionals allows citizens of those countries to work in the USA. There is a specific list of qualifying professions, including accountants, engineers, lawyers, scientists, teachers, management consultants, computer systems analysts, and many others in scientific, technical, and professional fields. Requirements are generally looser than H-1B visas, and there are no annual caps. Canadians can usually get TN status right at the border. Mexican citizens do not have this luxury and must apply for a TN visa at a US consulate.

Other work visas

Several other work visas for the USA fill specific niches:

The E-1 Treaty Trader visa suits those engaged in substantial trade, principally between the USA and their treaty country.
The H-2A and H-2B visas cover temporary agricultural and non-agricultural workers.
The J-1 visa applies to exchange visitors in educational and cultural programmes approved by the US Department of State.

Applying for a work permit for the USA

Your employer usually shoulders the burden of the work permit application for the USA, although you must provide the necessary paperwork. Generally, your employer files a petition with the USCIS using Form I-129 (Petition for a Non-immigrant Worker). This applies whether you are requesting a change of status from within the USA or waiting for approval before applying for a visa stamp at a US consulate abroad.

Documentation varies by category but usually includes:

proof of your qualifications, such as diplomas and transcripts;
letters from previous employers verifying your experience and job descriptions; and
evidence that the position meets the visa criteria and constitutes a valid employer-employee relationship.

For H-1B visas, your employer must first secure a certified Labour Condition Application (LCA) from the Department of Labour. This document attests to wages, working conditions, and compliance with programme rules.

Processing times fluctuate wildly based on the visa type and service centre. Standard processing can drag on for months, whereas premium processing guarantees a response within 15 business days. Get your ducks in a row early, especially for visas involving caps or lotteries.

Once approved, you must keep working for your sponsoring employer to maintain your status. If you change employers, the new employer must file a fresh petition using Form I-129. H-1B holders can start working for a new employer once USCIS receives the transfer petition, although final approval is still necessary. Consult an immigration lawyer before making changes that could jeopardise your status.

Family members can typically accompany you on dependant visas. Work rights vary:

L-2 and E-2 spouses have work authorisation incident to status.
H-4 spouses might be eligible for work authorisation under specific conditions.
O-3 dependants cannot work in the United States.

Green Cards and permanent residence in the USA

While Green Cards and permanent residence in the USA are the ultimate goal for many, work permits only allow temporary employment. Employment-based Green Cards fall into five preference categories (EB-1 through EB-5). Processing times depend heavily on your nationality and the current visa bulletin; for most, it spans two to four years, but it can take significantly longer.

Visas for the USA

Useful links

Visa regulations are subject to change at short notice, and you should contact your respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Visas for the USA

Visas for the USA have become increasingly complex, with regulations that can shift significantly depending on the political climate. Whether you’re travelling to the US on holiday or making a more permanent move to take up a new job, you’ll need to understand the different types of visas for the USA and be prepared for potential policy changes.

If you’re from one of the 42 countries participating in the Visa Waiver Programme – including the UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, and most Western European countries – you may stay in the US for up to 90 days without a visa. However, you’ll need to obtain ESTA (Electronic System for Travel Authorization) approval before departure. Canadian citizens are generally visa-exempt and do not need an ESTA, though similar rules apply to their length of stay.

Here are the main visa categories you’re likely to use.

Visitor and business visas for the USA

If you’re not eligible for the Visa Waiver Programme, you’ll require a visitor visa. This visa is designed for temporary stays by international visitors and allows entry for doing short-term business (a B-1 visa), visiting as a tourist (a B-2 visa), or a combination (B-1/B-2 visa). Note that if you enter under the Visa Waiver Programme, you cannot extend your stay or change to another visa status while in the US.

You’ll need to show evidence of funds to cover your expenses and proof of strong ties to your home country, such as employment verification, property ownership, family relationships, or ongoing business interests. This will demonstrate your intention to return after your visit.

Useful links

Temporary work visas for the USA

There are several visa categories available if you want to work in the US, with each category being specific to a particular kind of work. Your prospective employer will need to sponsor your visa application in most cases. Traditionally, the H-1B and L visas were the primary routes. However, due to the prohibitive H-1B fee introduced in 2025, many professionals now look to the O-1 visa for extraordinary ability or the E-2 visa for treaty investors.

The H-1B visa applies if you’re taking up a position in a speciality occupation – in other words, workers with specific skills and knowledge who have completed higher education. From September 2025, a USD 100,000 application fee was introduced for new H-1B petitions, substantially limiting access to this visa category and making it accessible primarily to large corporations with significant resources. This shift in US immigration policy has effectively closed off this pathway for many employers and workers. Given these costs, Canadian and Mexican professionals should almost certainly explore TN status under the USMCA, which avoids both the cap and the surcharge.

The L visa (divided into L-1A or L-1B) is for employees of international companies who have been transferred to a branch in the US. L1-A is for executive and managerial employees, while L-1B is for employees with specialised knowledge.

See our comprehensive guide to Work Permits in the USA.

Useful links

Permanent residence in the USA

The Green Card is the official document issued by the US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) to foreign nationals, granting them permanent residency in America. This allows you to live and work anywhere in the United States without restrictions.

Employment-based Green Cards

To stay permanently in the US for work purposes, you’ll need to acquire a Permanent Resident Card through one of the employment-based categories. Expats moving to the US permanently for work or investment purposes will fall into one of the following tiers:

Employment First Preference (EB-1): Priority workers such as executives, managers and persons of exceptional ability
Employment Second Preference (EB-2): Professionals holding advanced degrees and persons of exceptional ability
Employment Third Preference (EB-3): Skilled workers, professionals, and other workers
Employment Fourth Preference (EB-4): Certain special immigrants
Employment Fifth Preference (EB-5): Foreign investors

The application process

The employment-based Green Card process generally involves three stages: obtaining PERM labour certification (typically 18 to 24 months for EB-2 and EB-3 categories), filing an I-140 immigrant petition with your employer’s sponsorship, and finally, once your priority date becomes current, submitting your I-485 permanent residence application. You’ll generally need a US employer to petition for and sponsor you throughout this process. The employer must file the relevant forms to confirm their sponsorship, and if the petition is approved, you can proceed with your permanent residence application.

You can maintain non-immigrant visa status (such as H-1B or L-1) while your Green Card application is being processed, or alternatively, wait in your home country until final approval. The entire process typically takes two to four years for most nationalities, although applicants from India and China face substantially longer waits – potentially decades for EB-2 and EB-3 categories due to per-country visa caps.

Other pathways to permanent residence

Beyond employment-based categories, Green Cards can also be obtained through immediate family members who are US citizens or legal permanent residents. This page focuses on employment and work-related pathways.

Renewing your Green Card

If you’re a lawful permanent resident with an expiring or expired Green Card, you can renew it by filing Form I-90 (Application to Replace Permanent Resident Card). As of 2024, USCIS automatically extends the validity of Green Cards to 36 months for individuals who have properly filed Form I-90, an increase from the previous 24-month extension.

Upon filing, you’ll receive an updated receipt notice. This notice, alongside your expired Green Card, serves as valid proof of your continued status and employment authorisation in the United States while you await your new card.

If you’ve lost your Green Card and require evidence of your lawful permanent resident status, you can schedule an appointment at a USCIS Field Office by contacting the USCIS Contact Center. After filing Form I-90, you can request an ADIT stamp, which provides temporary proof of your status.

Useful links

Visa regulations are subject to change at short notice, and you should contact your respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Weather in the USA

The climate and weather in the United States cover a vast region, stretching across nine time zones from east to west. It’s therefore no surprise that the country has diverse climatic conditions, from arctic regions to hot deserts.

California, on the West Coast of the US, has a pleasant, Mediterranean climate, while the Pacific Northwest experiences a maritime climate, with cooler summers and mild winters influenced by westerly winds.

The central part of the US has extreme temperature variations and a continental climate, with cold winters and hot summers. The eastern central US tends to be more humid, while the western central US is semi-arid.

The east side of the country has a continental climate caused by air masses moving from west to east, with hot summers and tornado activity that has shifted eastward from the traditional Great Plains into southeastern regions. Florida has the warmest winters on the eastern seaboard.

Elevation has a huge impact on temperature and precipitation, and temperatures decrease by about 3 to 4°F (about 2°C) for every 1,000 feet (300m) of elevation. Denver is above 5,200 feet (1,600m) above sea level, and it experiences much cooler temperatures than lower-altitude cities. The rain shadow effect also affects rainfall, as seen in Nevada, where western slopes capture moisture while eastern areas are arid.

Humidity shouldn’t be ignored either. Southeastern states like Florida and Louisiana have morning humidity levels that can reach 90 percent, making for oppressive summer heat, and southwestern states like Arizona and Nevada have much lower humidity at 25 to 40 percent. Coastal areas typically see higher humidity year-round.

Accommodation in the USA

New arrivals moving to the US will find a range of high-quality accommodation options available to them. While housing is expensive in the larger cities, those on a budget can mitigate this by living on the outskirts rather than in the city centre.

Whether you’re looking to rent an apartment or eager to purchase a piece of prime real estate, you’re likely to find a home well suited to your individual needs and budget.

Types of accommodation in the USA

There’s plenty of variety when it comes to accommodation in the USA. This ranges from everyday options such as apartments, duplexes, condominiums and single-family homes to extravagant, luxurious mansions. All these forms of housing are widespread throughout the US, with apartments being the most popular to rent and single-family homes being the most commonly purchased.

Furnished vs unfurnished

There are plenty of furnished, semi-furnished and unfurnished accommodation options available in the US. New arrivals who are in the country for a short assignment frequently choose to rent furnished housing for convenience. Unfurnished housing in the US generally comes bare bones, with the essentials only. This can include appliances such as a stove, refrigerator, dishwasher and occasionally, a washer and dryer combo.

Expats looking to make a space their own without spending on the basics should consider semi-furnished properties. Although they can vary significantly, semi-furnished accommodation typically includes a couch, dresser, dining table, chairs and a bed frame.

New arrivals should note that while furnished and semi-furnished accommodation may be the most convenient, they are also likely to be pricier than unfurnished rentals. Newcomers who opt for unfurnished housing will be spoilt for choice when it comes to furniture shopping, as the US market is inundated with discount furniture retailers such as Home Depot, Wayfair and Ikea.

Short lets and temporary housing

Short-term lets are a good option for newcomers establishing their lives in the US. Temporary housing allows new arrivals to look for long-term housing while saving money on hotel fees. They also give expats the opportunity to get a feel for their new city before making commitments. There are numerous reputable short-term accommodation providers in the US, many of which operate online.

Useful links

Finding accommodation in the USA

Finding a place to rent in the USA is a relatively straightforward process. New arrivals should begin by doing some research on the city they are relocating to in order to get some perspectives on neighbourhoods that best align with their priorities.

There is a plethora of free websites that carry both short- and long-term rental listings. Registration is optional, and house hunters should note that any web portals that demand payment to search listings should be approached with caution or avoided entirely.

Real estate agents may be able to assist you in finding a rental property. In the US though, realtors typically specialise in helping people buy homes rather than rent them. In cases where they do assist with rentals, realtors typically charge one month’s rent as commission, usually paid by the landlord rather than the tenant.

House-sharing is a fantastic option for thrifty expats and students, as it is an opportunity to meet new people while saving money on rent. Several websites specialise in student accommodation and house shares. Roomi is one of the most popular websites in the US that connects verified prospective roommates.

Some people moving to the US will be lucky enough to have a relocation company working on their behalf, who will assess their preferences and shortlist properties for them to view.

Useful links

Renting accommodation in the USA

Most newcomers to the US typically choose to rent initially and consider homeownership once they have settled in the country and found a city they want to call home for the long term. Renting not only provides new arrivals with flexibility but also shields them from the often prohibitive costs of buying a property.

Making an application

Once expats have found a property to their liking, they will have to tender a lease application. In most cases, potential tenants will need to prove that they are serious candidates for renting the property.

Expats will need to demonstrate that they can afford the rent. Credit and background checks are commonly carried out. Those with references from previous landlords should be sure to include them with their applications.

Producing a credit record can be a problem for expats who don’t yet have a credit history in the US. The expat may need to submit other documentation in lieu of this, such as proof of employment, proof of earnings and any international credit rating they may have. In this situation, landlords might also ask for a higher deposit.

Signing a lease

Leases in the US typically last for 12 months and are extendable once the initial agreement has lapsed. Expats must give the landlord 30 days’ notice before moving out, but some landlords may request a 60- or even 90-day notice period. Landlords are legally obligated to give tenants the same notice should they wish to terminate the agreement.

Deposits

When signing a lease, you’ll be expected to pay the first month’s rent upfront and the equivalent of at least another month’s rent to cover a security deposit, although the security deposit can be higher in some states. Many states impose a limit on the rental deposit amount of one or two months’ rent, although some allow up to three months’ rent for furnished properties.

The deposit will be returned at the end of the tenancy once the home has been inspected and any damages have been covered. The maximum amount of time the landlord can take to do this also varies by state and can be anywhere from 14 to 60 days after the home has been vacated.

Pets

Expats with furry, feathery or scaly friends shouldn’t have too much of a difficult time finding a rental property in the US. Although many apartment buildings and properties do not allow pets, expats can always negotiate with their landlord when discussing the lease agreement.

Some properties restrict the types of pets and breeds that can be kept on a residential property, so it’s best to consult with the landlord and obtain written consent. Landlords also have a legal right to charge a pet deposit for non-service animals, so new arrivals should be prepared for this.

Termination of the lease

When moving out, tenants should leave the property completely clean. All appliances and electrical outlets should also be in working order to avoid losing out on the security deposit. Landlords are likely to deduct cleaning or painting fees from the security deposit should the tenant fail to return the property in the same condition they found it in. Most landlords will account for everyday wear and tear and will typically not charge tenants for this.

Utilities in the USA

Utilities are sometimes included in the rental cost, but are more commonly an extra expense that the tenant should budget for. Costs to consider include gas, electricity, water, refuse, phone and internet. The lease agreement should specify who is responsible for which utility expenses.

There are numerous utility providers across the country, and the available providers vary from state to state. In most cases, new tenants will receive a set of documents containing details of the home’s existing utilities. In other cases, they may be required to set up the various utilities themselves. This will consist of contacting the chosen company, which will likely ask for a deposit, proof of identity and proof of residence. Depending on the area and the provider, utilities can take days or weeks to be set up.

Electricity

In about half of the US states, the electricity market is deregulated, which means you’ll have to choose your own provider rather than being assigned one. States like Texas, Pennsylvania, and New York offer competitive electricity markets where you can shop for plans based on rate, contract length, and renewable energy options. In regulated states, your local utility company is your only option.

Setting up electricity is usually straightforward. You can typically arrange service online or by phone, and in many cases, power can be activated within one to three business days if the property is already connected. You’ll need to provide identification, proof of address, and possibly a deposit if you don’t have an established credit history.

Gas

Some states have deregulated gas markets where you can choose your supplier, while others operate as regulated monopolies. In many urban areas, properties are connected to natural gas for heating and cooking. In rural areas, propane tanks are more common.

If your property uses natural gas, you’ll need to contact the local gas utility or, in deregulated states, choose from available suppliers. Setup typically requires the same documentation as electricity, and activation can take anywhere from a few days to a week, depending on whether a technician needs to visit the property.

Water

Water and sewage services in the US are typically provided by municipal utilities, and in most rental situations, landlords cover these costs as part of the rent. This is particularly common in apartment buildings and multi-unit properties. The landlord is often held legally responsible for water bills by local municipalities, even if the tenant is the named account holder.

In single-family home rentals, you may be required to set up the water account in your name, but this varies by location and lease agreement. Water service is generally reliable, and setup is usually quick if you need to arrange it yourself.

Bins and recycling

Trash collection and recycling services in the USA are usually included in rent for apartment complexes, where the landlord arranges for dumpsters or shared bins. For single-family homes, the responsibility for trash service depends on your lease agreement and local regulations.

If you’re required to arrange your own trash service, you’ll contract with a private waste management company or the municipal service. Most US cities and many suburban areas offer curbside recycling alongside regular trash pickup. Recycling programmes vary by location, with some areas accepting single-stream recycling and others requiring separation of materials.

Internet

Internet service is almost never included in rent and is considered the tenant’s responsibility. Major providers include Comcast Xfinity, AT&T, Verizon, Spectrum, and Cox, although availability depends on your specific address. Urban areas typically have multiple options, but residents in rural areas may have to settle for what is available or rely on satellite internet.

Setting up internet usually requires scheduling an installation appointment, which can take anywhere from a few days to two weeks, depending on the provider’s availability.

Useful links

Transport and Driving in the USA

There are many ways of getting around in the US, from driving your own vehicle to using various forms of public transport. Your choice of transport will depend not only on where you’re based but also on your budget, how much time you’re willing to spend commuting and how much you value comfort.

Driving in the USA

Traffic on Golden Gate Bridge by Saketh on Unsplash

Driving in the USA is a way of life for most Americans, although you may not need a car if you’re living in one of the larger metropolitan areas, such as San Francisco or New York City. Highly urbanised areas usually have extensive local and regional transit networks. Moving to a smaller city or town means you’ll likely need a car to do almost anything that isn’t within easy walking distance.

The system of roads and highways is relatively easy to navigate, although there can be severe traffic congestion in major cities. Driving also means finding a parking space.

While fuel costs in the US are reasonable, the cost of driving a vehicle can become expensive depending on location, distance travelled and how frequently a person drives. The great majority of Americans still choose to drive for reasons of convenience, safety and freedom to travel as they wish.

Driver’s licences

Expats who already have a driver’s licence from their home country are permitted to drive in the US until they become a resident of their state, usually after a period of a year, but this varies from state to state. It is generally not necessary to obtain an International Driving Permit (IDP) unless one’s licence is in a language other than English.

Once you become a resident of the state you’re living in, you should visit the local Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to obtain a US driver’s licence. You may need to take a test to get a local licence, although nationals of some countries are exempt from this, depending on your state’s reciprocity agreements.

Driving in Los Angeles
Driving in Houston
Driving in Atlanta

Public transport in the USA

Amtrak Railway Crossing in Vermont by Stephen Mease on Unsplash

Intercity trains

Intercity trains in the USA are operated by Amtrak, which provides railway services linking more than 500 destinations across 46 states. You can purchase tickets online, at station kiosks, over the phone, at staffed stations and onboard trains.

Local railways and subways

More than half of American states have passenger railway services in some form, although the extent of the services available varies. While underground train services are usually described as subways, some railway routes have both underground and ground-level train stops.

Railway travel in the US is inexpensive and convenient, offering discounts similar to those of other forms of public transport. Some cities also have trains connecting to major airports, saving commuters time and money and reducing the hassle of dealing with traffic and parking.

Buses

While some large cities and towns have their own rail or subway service, smaller towns or suburbs may not have this convenience. In these cases, there should at least be some type of public bus service available. Fares are reasonable in many cases, with discounts often available to students, senior citizens and other individuals on specific tickets.

Several bus companies, such as Greyhound, offer economical intercity services compared to trains, air travel, and even driving. While lacking the conveniences of other types of transport, intercity bus services are a low-cost alternative for travelling between cities.

Public Transport in New York City
Public Transport in Boston
Public Transport in Washington, DC

Useful links

Amtrak
FlixBus and Greyhound

Taxis in the USA

Taxis in New York City by Nick Fewings on Unsplash

Taxis in the USA can be found in inner-city and outlying suburban areas, or even within smaller towns. You can hail them in the street, at special taxi ranks or cab stands, reserve them over the phone or book online. While traditional taxis offer quick point-to-point travel, they tend to be pricier than other transport options.

Ride-hailing services such as Uber and Lyft are widely available in most US cities and have largely overtaken traditional taxis in popularity. These apps let you request a ride, track your driver in real-time, and pay automatically through the app.

Taxis in San Francisco
Taxis in Miami

Useful links

Air travel in the USA

Air travel in the USA is dominated by several large domestic airlines, such as Southwest Airlines, United Airlines, American Airlines and Delta Air Lines. Smaller regional carriers provide services on more specialised routes but often partner with larger carriers for greater coverage.

Most travellers purchase their tickets online to take advantage of special discounts and check in ahead of their flight. Tickets can still be purchased through travel agents and at airports, although online booking has become the standard method.

Domestic Flights in Dallas
Domestic Flights in Philadelphia

Useful links

Education and Schools in the USA

Education in the USA includes public schools, private schools, international schools, and even homeschooling – each with different costs, curricula, and admission processes. Understanding these options will help you make the best choice for your family, and choosing the right school for your children is one of the most important decisions you’ll make when relocating to the United States.

The American education system is decentralised and flexible. Unlike many countries with a national curriculum, education in the USA is largely managed at the state and local levels, which means standards and opportunities vary depending on where you live. This variation extends to everything from the age children start school to graduation requirements and the types of schools available in your area.

Education system in the USA

The education system in the USA varies from state to state. In most states, children typically enter Kindergarten at age five, although compulsory education ages range from five to eight years old. Most children attend Preschool from the age of three or four. While Kindergarten falls under the public education system and is therefore free, preschools are run privately, and parents will be expected to pay fees.

The schooling system varies from state to state in the US. One common structure divides education into three levels: Elementary school (Kindergarten to Grade 5), Middle school (Grade 6 to Grade 8), and High school (Grade 9 to Grade 12), although many districts use different grade configurations.

In most states, it’s compulsory for children to attend school until at least the age of 16, but children will usually continue their education until they graduate. In other states, schooling is mandatory until the end of high school.

Public schools in the USA

school bag and supplies in front of chalkboard

Expat students are generally eligible to attend a public school in their local area, although eligibility depends on visa status. Children of work visa holders and residents can attend free of charge, while those on student visas typically must pay tuition at public secondary schools. The registration process is straightforward.

As public schools in the US are largely funded by property taxes, wealthier suburbs tend to be home to better-equipped schools with superior facilities. Public education is free, but families need to budget for school supplies and extracurricular activities and sports.

While the standard of public education in the States varies dramatically, there are several advantages for parents who opt to utilise this system. Costs are minimal and well below those of a private or international school education. As school placement is determined by geographical location, the public school system allows children to attend a school close to home, meaning they tend to have more interaction with local children in the neighbourhood.

For expats planning on relocating to the US long term, having their children attend a public school is likely to allow them to mix with a wider, more varied and representative sample of American children.

Charter schools

Charter schools are public schools that operate on a performance-based contract with the local school district. They have more flexibility and are beholden to fewer rules and regulations from the state. This enables them to provide a more individualised education.

Charter schools in the US are a popular option, and waiting lists can often be lengthy. Many charter schools operate admission lotteries to ensure that the allocation of resources is fair.

Magnet schools

Magnet schools are free public elementary and secondary schools that focus on a particular area of the curriculum, such as Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM), Performing Arts, International Studies or World Languages. These schools do, however, still cover all subject areas.

Many magnet schools in the US use lottery-based admission without entrance criteria, although some may have minimum eligibility requirements based on grades or attendance. Arts and performance-based magnet schools typically require auditions or demonstrations of ability.

Useful links

Private schools in the USA

Generally, the standard of education in American private schools is considered to be better than that of public schools, thanks to their smaller class sizes and specialised programmes. Private schools in the US needn’t conform to government educational directives, and therefore, teachers have more flexibility and opportunity to customise the curriculum and implement a variety of teaching styles.

Because of the higher fees charged by private schools, these institutions often afford greater extracurricular opportunities to their students. That said, public schools are typically better equipped for special educational needs, as they’re legally required to provide comprehensive support services under federal law.

Unlike public schools, securing a place at a private school in the US is not determined by geographical location. Children from outside the local area may be granted a place at the school. Some private schools offer boarding facilities, although most operate as day schools.

If you’re hoping to send your child to one of the more popular US private schools, be aware that competition for places can be stiff. The application process typically includes essays, interviews, admission assessments, and recommendations, with deadlines often falling between mid-January and early February.

Many private schools in the US are religious institutions, with Catholic schools being particularly common. Religious schools typically charge substantially lower fees than nonsectarian private schools – often less than half the cost. Parish or diocese members may receive additional discounts, although many religious schools welcome students from other faiths or no faith background.

Useful links

International schools in the USA

Many expats who only plan to stay in the US for a few years opt to send their children to international schools. These schools follow a foreign curriculum, allowing for a smoother transition into life in America. International schools can be found in all of the USA’s major cities.

International schools in the US typically offer curricula such as the International Baccalaureate (IB), British curriculum, or American programmes designed for international students. The choice of curriculum often depends on your home country and where you plan to relocate after your US assignment.

If you’re hoping to send your child to an international school, be aware that the most highly acclaimed schools have long waiting lists, so applications should be made well in advance – ideally a year or more before your intended start date. Fees at international schools can be extremely high, so we advise you to check costs and ensure your budget can accommodate this expense before committing.

International Schools in New York City
International Schools in Washington, DC
International Schools in Los Angeles

Useful links

Homeschooling in the USA

Homeschooling is becoming increasingly popular in the US. Parents who choose homeschooling for their children often do so because of the flexibility it offers. Families value the ability to customise learning to suit individual needs, adjust schedules for travel or health considerations, and provide more personalised attention than traditional schools might offer.

Homeschooling regulations vary dramatically from state to state. Some states just need you to notify them, and others mandate standardised testing, portfolio reviews, or specific teacher qualifications for parents. Research your state’s requirements carefully. Some homeschool parents choose to teach their children themselves, hire a private tutor, join a homeschool co-op with other families, or utilise online curriculum programmes, or some combination of these approaches.

Special educational needs in the USA

America’s education system has robust federal protections in place for students with learning and developmental disabilities, although the quality of services can vary significantly by state and district. There are multiple federal laws in place to ensure that children with disabilities have fair access to quality education at no cost, regardless of state.

The two primary federal protections are IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act), which mandates free appropriate public education and related services for eligible students, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, which provides accommodations for students with disabilities. Schools work with families to develop an IEP (Individualized Education Program) outlining specific goals, services, and accommodations.

Public schools are legally required to provide comprehensive special education services and develop IEPs for eligible students. Private schools have more limited obligations and may not have the resources to support all types of learning difficulties, although some specialise in serving students with specific needs. In cases where a person’s disability is too severe for them to benefit from mainstream education, there are special education facilities that are able to offer students a special-needs programme tailored to meet their specific requirements.

Useful links

Tutors in the USA

Whether a child has fallen behind in maths class or needs additional support to excel in their college entrance exams, there are plenty of private tutors in most American cities. Math, reading, and test preparation are the most commonly requested subjects.

It’s wise to start by asking the child’s school or other families in the area for a recommendation. Many schools maintain lists of registered tutors. Alternatively, you could use the services of established tutoring companies or online platforms that connect families with vetted tutors. These companies offer an array of packages, from subject-specific intensive programmes to one-on-one home tuition and small group sessions.

Enlisting the services of a private tutor is an excellent opportunity for students to address any gaps in their knowledge, excel at a certain subject, or simply build confidence in their new environment.

Useful links

Moving to the USA

Living in the USA as an expat

With the world’s largest economy, cities that are bustling hives of commercial and cultural activity, and plenty of job opportunities, moving to the USA is an attractive prospect to many. With 50 states and an area size of nearly four million square miles (nearly 10 million km²) that covers a massive swath of North America, the United States is a country as diverse as it is enormous. Its diversity in its varied landscapes and topography is matched only by the diversity of its population, which is what makes it a favourite among expats from all over the world.

Since the country’s founding, the USA has found success through immigration, attracting thinkers, leaders, businesspeople and workers from around the globe. Now with its own distinct identity, the country is a melting pot of colours, flavours and ethnicities of all kinds living the American Dream in their own pursuits of happiness. More than a million people move to America each year.

Some of the benefits of living in the USA include high wages, rewards for those with a bit of go-it-alone pioneer spirit, excellent and varied accommodation options, and a mostly safe and child-friendly environment for the family-oriented expat.

Moving to New York City
Moving to San Francisco
Moving to Los Angeles

Working in the USA

East Coast cities are strong financial players, while the Midwest heartland claims sectors relating to agriculture and natural resources. West Coast metropolises are famous for technology and entertainment development.

The USA is particularly interested in skilled professionals for areas in which it competes for part of the global market, such as IT, healthcare, and STEM fields. The demand for employees in the medical profession – such as nurses, medical assistants and technicians – is on the increase. Jobs relating to care for older people are also growing as the baby boomer generation reaches retirement.

New arrivals should expect a rigorous schedule often exceeding 40 hours a week. There’s far less holiday time than what’s given in Europe, with 10 to 14 days of annual leave typical for first-year employees in many positions.

Finding a Job in the USA
Doing Business in the USA

American culture

Statue of Liberty by Luke Stackpoole on Unsplash

Perhaps more than any other country in the world, America is a melting pot. While the USA is made up of a huge variety of different ethnic groups, each bringing their own distinct traditions to the country, a shared sense of patriotism unites Americans.

The West Coast tends to be liberal, with cities such as San Francisco and LA being home to large artistic, bohemian communities. Big cities like New York, Chicago and Boston are also progressive.

Business culture in the USA is individualistic. The workplace rewards ‘go-getters’ while those who lack independence, initiative, and self-reliance will lag behind. The notion that time is money permeates American business culture, and business associates may get annoyed with those who waste time and beat around the bush.

Local Culture in the USA
Diversity and Inclusion in the USA

Finding accommodation in the USA

There’s plenty of variety when it comes to accommodation in the USA, ranging from everyday options such as apartments, duplexes, condominiums and single-family homes to extravagant, luxurious mansions. A large portion of the high cost of living in the USA is due to high accommodation prices, a burden you can somewhat alleviate by choosing to move to a smaller city rather than a major one.

Most newcomers typically choose to rent initially and consider homeownership once they have settled in the country and found a city they want to call home for the long term. Credit and background checks are commonly carried out on prospective tenants. Producing a credit record can be a problem for expats who don’t yet have a credit history in the USA.

Renting Accommodation in the USA

Cost of living in the USA

The cost of living in the USA varies from region to region and city to city. The chief cosmopolitan centres, such as New York City, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, are the most expensive places in the USA, and some of the most expensive in the world. In fact, the cost of living in a major city can be 50 percent or more above the national average. To compensate, wages in these cities do tend to be higher, but competition for jobs in urban areas is intense.

Cost of Living in the USA

Living in the USA with children

Most of the USA is ideally suited to families, with safe neighbourhoods and parks aplenty. Besides getting a good education, there is plenty for children to do, and American society generally invests a lot in their youth’s safety, happiness and future.

As a downside, the USA does tend to have a thin safety net and limited aid for those in need of monetary assistance. Healthcare is still a contentious issue, and only those who can afford private insurance are able to access the best medical staff and facilities that the country has to offer. Most healthcare coverage in the USA is employer-based, and the system of deductibles and co-pays takes adjustment for those from countries with universal healthcare.

Healthcare in the USA
Safety in the USA

Finding a school in the USA

Line of Yellow School Buses by Julia A. Keirns on Unsplash

Parents can opt to send their children to a public, private or international school.

While the standard of public education in the USA varies dramatically, there are a number of advantages for expat parents who opt to utilise this public education system. Firstly, costs are minimal and much less than the cost of private or international school education. Secondly, as school placement is determined by geographical location, the public school system allows children to attend a school close to home, meaning they tend to interact more with local children in the neighbourhood.

Schools and Education for Expats in the USA

Getting around in the USA

There are many ways of getting around in the USA, from driving your own vehicle to using various forms of public transport. Your choice of transport will depend not only on where you’re based but also on your budget, how much time you’re willing to spend commuting and how much you value comfort.

More than half of American states have passenger railway services in some form, with underground train services usually described as subways. While some large cities and towns have their own rail or subway service, smaller towns or suburbs may only have public bus service available.

Ride-hailing services such as Uber and Lyft are widely available in most US cities and have largely overtaken traditional taxis in popularity.

Public Transport, Driver’s Licences and Driving in the USA

Climate and weather in the USA

When it comes to the climate in the USA, the country spans multiple climate zones, from arctic conditions in Alaska to tropical weather in Hawaii and southern Florida. Most regions in the continental US have four distinct seasons, although the intensity and timing of these seasons differ considerably.

The West Coast enjoys mild, Mediterranean-style weather, particularly in California, with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The East Coast experiences hot, humid summers and cold winters with significant snowfall in the northern states. The Midwest and Great Plains see the most extreme temperature swings, with bitterly cold winters and hot summers. The South is characterised by hot, humid weather for much of the year, with mild winters.

Weather and Climate Charts for the USA

All in all, the United States is a fantastic destination for expats, be they single, career-driven go-getters or families looking to raise their children in a safe and prosperous environment.

Fast facts

Official name: United States of America

Population: Around 330 million

Capital city: Washington, DC

Largest city: New York City

Other cities: Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Phoenix, Philadelphia

Neighbouring countries: The USA shares borders with Canada to the north and Mexico to the south.

Geography: The United States is one of the world’s largest countries. It has diverse geographic features, ranging from the grasslands of the Great Plains to the harsh desert terrain in the southwest to the Great Lakes in the north. The country’s coastlines stretch along the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Gulf of Mexico.

Political system: Federal presidential constitutional republic

Major religion: Christianity

Main languages: English (official in practice). Spanish is widely spoken, and over 350 languages are spoken across the country.

Money: The US Dollar (USD), divided into 100 cents. Opening a bank account in the USA typically requires a Social Security Number, proof of address, and valid identification. Building a credit history can be challenging for newcomers.

Tipping: Standard 15 to 20 percent in restaurants and taxis. Tipping is expected for many services, including hairdressers, delivery drivers, and hotel staff.

Time: The USA spans six time zones, from GMT-5 (Eastern) to GMT-10 (Hawaii-Aleutian). Daylight saving time applies from March to November in all states except Arizona and Hawaii.

Electricity: 120V, 60Hz. Standard plugs have two flat blades, but three-pin plugs are also used.

Internet domain: .us

International dialling code: +1

Emergency contacts: 911 (police, ambulance, fire)

Transport and driving: Cars drive on the right-hand side of the road. Major cities like New York and San Francisco have extensive public transport networks, but smaller cities and rural areas often require personal vehicles. The country has a well-developed interstate highway system.

Banking, Money and Taxes in the USA

The banking system in the USA is sophisticated and safe. Expats will easily be able to connect with their bank accounts overseas. Using credit and debit cards to pay for goods both locally and internationally is standard practice in the USA.

Money in the USA

Assorted US Dollar Bills by Alexander Schimmeck on Unsplash

The official currency is the USA Dollar (USD), which is subdivided into 100 cents.

Notes: 1 USD, 2 USD, 5 USD, 10 USD, 20 USD, 50 USD and 100 USD
Coins: 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 cents, and 1 USD

While 2 USD bills and 50-cent coins are legal tender, they’re rarely seen in everyday circulation.

The USA is both a cash and a card society. Both methods of payment are accepted almost everywhere, although some of the smallest outlets may not take cards. Bank branches can be found in all major US towns and cities. ATMs are well dispersed.

Useful links

Banking in the USA

Banking in the USA is extremely competitive. An array of services and rates can make choosing where to open an account confusing. It is often easier to maintain an overseas account, open a US-based account at the same bank, and transfer money back and forth. It’s possible to relocate successfully without opening an American account. Expats on short stays usually choose to use their overseas accounts.

To open a checking account (current account), expats moving to the USA should confirm with their bank what forms of identification are required. Generally speaking, a passport, immigration information, social security number and proof of address are expected. If you don’t have a Social Security Number, you’ll likely be able to substitute this with another number, such as a passport number, a tax number, or an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN).

Almost all international banks are represented in the USA. Those with large operations include HSBC, Citigroup, Barclays, Deutsche Bank, and UBS. Expats who have an account with one of these banks will find that they can assist in opening an account in the USA as well.

Major banks in the USA include the Bank of America, Citibank, JPMorgan Chase and Wells Fargo. All of these banks offer various account types, extensive ATM networks, online banking services and branches in most major cities.

Useful links

How to apply for a Social Security Number and card

You’ll need a Social Security Number (SSN) before formally starting a job if you’re moving to the USA. This is used to report your earnings to the government, and in this way, it is similar to the National Insurance (NI) number in the UK.

If you’re residing but not working in the USA, you’re generally not eligible to apply for a SSN.

Some businesses, such as credit companies and banks, will ask for an SSN, but in most cases, alternative identification methods are accepted. It isn’t necessary to have an SSN in order to get a driver’s licence, register children for schools, or get private health insurance.

All social security cards should be kept in a safe place, but it is possible to get a replacement if it is lost.

There are two ways to get an SSN, depending on whether you’re an immigrant or a non-immigrant. Immigrants, or permanent residents, can apply in their home country before departing for the USA as part of the process of filing for an immigrant visa. Alternatively, you can visit a Social Security office in person upon arrival in the USA. Non-immigrants only have the latter option and can only apply once in the country.

There are offices in all towns and cities. Wait 10 days after arriving in the USA before applying at a Social Security office to allow time for the necessary documents to be available online. There is no charge for an SSN. The process takes about two weeks. When completed, applicants will receive a card bearing their SSN.

Useful links

SSA: Social Security Numbers for Immigrants

Taxes in the USA

Tax laws in the USA are hugely complex and made more so by expatriation. Individuals are subject to federal tax at graduated tax rates ranging from 10 to 37 percent of the individual’s income. Immigrants and most non-immigrants are also subject to Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) taxes, which are made up of Social Security and Medicare taxes. The FICA tax rate is fixed at a certain percentage and is divided equally between the employer and the employee.

Most states and some local jurisdictions impose an additional state income tax. State and local jurisdictions may also levy property and sales taxes that differ widely by state, county and city. State and local taxes differ considerably both in amount and regulation.

Paying taxes as a resident

The determination of tax residency is important as residents are subject to tax on their worldwide income in the same manner as US citizens. A ‘resident alien’ is defined as a foreign national who meets the provisions of either the Green Card Test or the Substantial Presence Test.

Green Card Test: A foreign national who is lawfully admitted to the USA for permanent residence (i.e. receives a Green Card) will be considered a resident alien for federal tax purposes.
Substantial Presence Test: A foreign national will be considered a resident alien for a given calendar year if the individual has been physically present in the USA for at least 31 days during the year and in total 183 days or more in the current and the two preceding calendar years.

US residents are required to file an annual individual tax return, disclosing their worldwide income received for that given tax year. US residents who paid foreign income taxes on income from another country qualify for a foreign tax credit or deduction.

Paying taxes as a non-resident

Individuals who are not considered residents for tax purposes are classified as ‘non-resident aliens’. Non-resident aliens are subject to tax only on income derived from sources within the USA. US-source income includes remuneration from employment, self-employment and trade or business activities conducted in the USA.

Non-resident expats may also be exempt from some forms of taxation, such as Social Security and Medicare taxes.

Tax advisors

The USA has an extensive network of tax treaties that further complicate the taxation of both resident and non-resident expats. Professional tax advisors are widely used by US citizens, even with less complicated tax returns. It is thus highly recommended that expats moving to the USA hire a tax planner specialising in expat taxes.

Useful links

Working in the USA

Working in the USA means access to a wealth of opportunities if you’re willing to put in the time and effort.

Hard work is a respected virtue in the US, and new arrivals should expect a rigorous schedule that is often more than 40 hours a week. There’s far less holiday time than what’s given in Europe, with 10 to 14 days of annual leave typical for first-year employees in many positions. Business etiquette in the US is similar to Europe, and expats can expect the environment to be a bit more relaxed on the West Coast as opposed to the East Coast.

An immigrant visa will be needed if you wish to reside and work in the USA.

Job market in the USA

The American economy consists of many industries that are largely driven by regional location. East Coast cities are strong financial players, and the Midwest heartland lays claim to sectors relating to agriculture and natural resources. West Coast metropolises are famous for technology and entertainment development.

Production and manufacturing contracts are increasingly being outsourced to smaller economies overseas, and manufacturing jobs are in decline. Americans are increasingly concentrated in service sector roles.

American companies can apply for foreign workers if they can clearly show a lack of qualified American citizens available to carry out the job required. The US is particularly interested in skilled professionals for areas in which it competes for part of the global market, such as IT, healthcare, and STEM fields. That said, recent visa policy changes have created some challenges to hiring skilled foreign labour.

The demand for employees in the medical profession – such as nurses, medical assistants and technicians – is on the increase. Jobs relating to care for older people are also growing as the baby-boomer generation is reaching retirement.

Job Market in New York City
Job Market in Los Angeles
Job Market in Seattle

Finding a job in the USA

If you’re on the hunt for work, you can consult online job portals, social networks such as LinkedIn and local classifieds, or enlist the help of an agency. Companies may also advertise vacancies on their own websites. If you’re already in the country, it’s always a good idea to ask around the neighbourhood and find out if anyone knows of an opening.

Visas in the USA
Work Permits in the USA

Useful links

Work culture in the USA

The USA is a geographically large country, which makes it somewhat difficult to generalise about work culture and practices across its different regions. Still, there are a few traits worth bearing in mind, regardless of where in the country you hope to work.

Most prominent US commercial hubs thrive because of a willingness to accept new ideas and nurture budding entrepreneurs. Business culture is individualistic, and the workplace rewards ‘go-getters’. Meanwhile, those who lack independence, initiative and self-reliance lag behind. Status and age are largely obsolete; instead, merit, good ideas, and hard work are the vehicles for advancement.

Business Culture in the USA

Shipping and Removals in the USA

The costs and logistics of shipping items to, from, or across the US are largely dependent on the area of the country your goods are being shipped to.

Both coasts of America have several major ports, and shipping to these regions is less expensive than to inland areas. To deliver smaller cargo to landlocked cities, air-freight delivery works much faster. Buying cargo insurance makes good sense, and most reputable movers will offer this coverage.

Shipping household goods to the USA

You can bring household goods into the USA duty-free as long as they are not new and have been in use for at least a year prior to your relocation. When transporting household goods into the US, you’ll need a full and detailed inventory list to accompany your shipment.

Your personal belongings face different requirements depending on their value and type. Books and clothing typically pass through customs without issues, provided they show clear signs of use. Furniture follows the same rule. Personal effects like clothing and jewellery over one year old usually have duty waived, though vehicles may still incur duties depending on residency status and intended use.

Electronics and appliances may need voltage converters once they arrive, as the US uses 120V power compared to 220V to 240V in most other countries.

Useful links

Shipping pets to the USA

As of August 2024, all dogs entering the US must meet new CDC requirements, regardless of their country of origin. The previous temporary suspension for dogs from high-risk rabies countries was replaced by new regulations. You’ll need to complete a CDC Dog Import Form for all dogs, with additional requirements varying based on whether your pet is coming from a dog rabies-free, low-risk, or high-risk country.

Dogs from rabies-free or low-risk countries require the CDC Dog Import Form plus proof of rabies vaccination (if the dog is over 12 weeks old). Dogs that have been in high-risk countries within the past six months require health certificates from APHIS-accredited veterinarians and may only enter through specific airports.

Rabies vaccination must be current and administered at least 28 days before entry for dogs over 12 weeks old, with dogs needing to be at least six months old to enter from high-risk countries.

Microchip identification following ISO standards (11784/11785) helps with identification. It isn’t universally required by federal law, but individual states may have their own rules.

Certain breeds face restrictions across various US states and localities. Pitbull-type dogs are targeted in roughly 96 percent of breed-specific legislation ordinances, and Rottweilers and wolf-dog hybrids also commonly face bans or restrictions.

Useful links

Safety in the USA

Although it’s true that the USA has a higher crime rate than many other developed countries, its reputation for violence is often exaggerated by the media. As a whole, the country is a safe place to live. If you’re relocating from abroad, you’ll need to remain conscious of your safety in the USA, but you’ll usually be fine as long as you avoid some of the more dangerous inner-city areas where crime is often concentrated.

Crime in the USA

Loose gun laws and a glaring disparity between the wealthy and the poor are contributing factors to the high crime rate in the USA, but expats generally tend to live in neighbourhoods unaffected by serious or violent crimes. Violent crime is more of a concern in city centres than in suburban and rural communities.

Poorer neighbourhoods, where crime is more common, are avoidable, and downtown areas and business districts are typically safe. Before you rent or buy property, familiarise yourself with the ‘good’ and ‘bad’ sections of cities.

Basic safety precautions that you’d practise elsewhere in the world should be followed here too, such as avoiding walking alone through less busy areas of the city at night.

Terrorism in the USA

Terrorism, including domestic terrorism, is a risk in the USA. In many cases, the country’s various security agencies are typically able to intercept any plots from large terrorist groups before they are carried out.

The main risk comes from local individuals inspired by terrorist ideology to carry out so-called ‘lone actor’ attacks targeting public events or places. School shootings are a perennial concern. The vast majority of schools have put various security measures in place, including active shooter drills and enhanced protocols, to limit any possible damage in the case of a shooting.

Natural disasters in the USA

Natural disasters in the USA can be a factor in certain regions, and you should familiarise yourself with the specific risks where you plan to live.

Hurricane season runs from June through November, with coastal states from Texas to Maine potentially affected. There are earthquake risks in the Pacific Northwest and California, and states like Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas sit in 'Tornado Alley', where twisters are most common from spring through early summer. Wildfires have become increasingly severe, particularly in California, Colorado, and other Western states during the dry summer months.

Most communities in disaster-prone areas have well-established emergency alert systems and evacuation procedures. You’ll get emergency alerts directly to your mobile phone through the Wireless Emergency Alert system.

Weather and Climate in the USA

Road safety in the USA

When it comes to road safety in the USA, some challenges are different from those in many other developed countries. Traffic fatalities are higher than in similar countries, and pedestrian safety is a particular concern.

Driving culture varies across the country, but you’ll generally find wider roads and longer distances than in many parts of Europe or Asia. Americans routinely drive hours for weekend trips, and in many areas outside major cities, a car is essential. Traffic rules have some notable differences too: you can usually turn right on a red light after stopping (unless posted otherwise), and the use of roundabouts is far less common than in Europe.

Traffic laws vary by state, which can catch newcomers off guard. The blood alcohol limit is 0.08 percent nationwide for drivers over 21, but some other rules differ: some states require all vehicle occupants to wear seat belts, while others don’t, mobile telephone laws vary, and even speed limits change as you cross state lines.

Driving under the influence is taken extremely seriously, and there are severe penalties including licence suspension, heavy fines, and potential jail time. For drivers under 21, most states enforce zero-tolerance policies, meaning any detectable alcohol can result in charges.

Transport and Driving in the USA

Dos and don’ts of avoiding crime in the USA

Do remain aware at all times. Many crimes are opportunistic, especially when you look like an easy target. Being vigilant of your surroundings and potential risks makes you less appealing to criminals.
When moving to a new city, ask for recommendations about which neighbourhoods are safe and which are not so safe. Don’t visit known dangerous areas if possible. Avoiding crime hotspots significantly decreases your risk of becoming a victim.
Do keep valuables and flashy items hidden when out and about, or better yet, leave them at home. Don’t carry lots of cash.
Where possible, don’t travel alone at night. It is more difficult for criminals to assail more than one person, and it allows for more potential witnesses.
Do stay in well-lit, public areas. Avoid isolated areas such as alleyways.
Do be aware of popular scams. Protect your money and your identity. Don’t share personal information like your bank account number, Social Security number, or date of birth.
Do use reputable taxi companies. If using an app like Uber or Lyft, double-check your driver’s vehicle information and verify their name before getting in the car.
Do treat police officers with respect. If stopped, remain calm and keep your hands where the officer can see them.
Do know the number for the emergency services: 911.

Local culture in the USA

Perhaps more than any other country in the world, local culture in the USA is a mishmash of international customs, traditions, languages, and beliefs. While expats often find themselves already strangely familiar with American fashions, entertainment, idioms, and even cityscapes thanks to Hollywood’s global reach, many are still surprised by everyday differences in tipping culture, work expectations, social norms, and healthcare costs once they actually live in the country.

America is a melting pot, shaped by a whirlwind of inspirations from across the world, but the USA still has a few distinct attributes of its own. There are a number of differences from other Western cultures that may take expats moving to the US by surprise. Culture can vary widely across the different states.

Patriotism, religion and values in the USA

Sparkler and American Flag by Stephanie McCabe on Unsplash

While the US is made up of a huge variety of different ethnic groups, each bringing their own distinct traditions to the country, a shared sense of patriotism unites Americans. This is especially apparent on holidays such as Independence Day, Thanksgiving and Labor Day.

Americans like to throw themselves into any celebration, be it oohing and aahing over fireworks for Independence Day, dressing up for Halloween parties or participating in any sort of parade. Joining in is a great way to bond with locals. Expats should take any opportunity to get involved in these festivities and gain some insight into local culture.

Many people move to America with a view of the country being particularly Christian, but this view is somewhat deceptive. While there are some parts of the US where religion is very important (such as the South with its famous ‘Bible Belt’), most Americans hold moderate beliefs. The West Coast tends to be liberal, with cities such as San Francisco and LA being home to large artistic, bohemian communities. Big cities like New York, Chicago and Boston are also progressive.

American culture is quite materialistic, and Americans are often seen as having a ‘live to work’ attitude, rather than the ‘work to live’ approach preferred in Europe.

Time in the USA

Punctuality in the USA is highly valued and considered a sign of respect. Americans expect people to arrive on time for appointments, especially in professional settings. Being late to work meetings is seen as particularly disrespectful. Social occasions allow for slightly more flexibility, although keeping people waiting too long is still considered impolite.

Meeting and greeting in the USA

Meeting and greeting in the USA typically begins with a firm handshake, a big smile, and direct eye contact when you’re introduced to someone new. Americans appreciate a confident handshake, neither crushing nor limp. You’ll find people quickly move to using first names, even in professional settings.

Hugs are common among Americans, but they’re generally reserved for friends and people you already know. Don’t expect or initiate hugs at first meetings in professional contexts. Once you’ve established a friendship, hugs become normal for hellos and goodbyes. The ‘side hug’ or one-armed hug with a pat on the back is particularly common among male friends.

‘How are you?’ is one of the most common American greetings, and a quick ‘Good, how are you?’ or ‘Great, thanks!’ is the expected reply. Americans smile frequently, even at strangers, and they maintain a lot of eye contact.

Small talk about the weather, local events, or sports is a fundamental part of American social interaction. This can seem superficial to newcomers, but it’s just how Americans show friendliness and break the ice.

Religion and politics may be passionately debated at social occasions in other countries, but it’s best to avoid these subjects when first getting to know Americans. People hold strong and polarised beliefs on these topics, and given the diversity across the country, it’s difficult to predict an acquaintance’s views. Save these conversations for when you know someone better.

Bureaucracy in the USA

Bureaucracy in the USA can be overwhelming for newcomers. Many administrative processes vary by state instead of following federal standards.

One of your first encounters will likely be with the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV), which handles driver’s licences and vehicle registration. The DMV is somewhat notorious for long wait times. You can get around some of this by making appointments in advance and arriving with all the required documents.

Getting a Social Security Number (SSN) is essential for working legally, opening bank accounts, establishing credit, and renting apartments. You’ll need to apply through the Social Security Administration once you have work authorisation, and the process typically takes a few weeks.

Credit history is one of the biggest bureaucratic challenges for expats. The catch-22 is this: you need credit history to get credit, but you can’t build credit history without having credit first. Some specialised lenders work with newcomers who lack a US credit history, and strategies like secured credit cards or becoming an authorised user on someone else’s account can help you start building credit.

The American healthcare system is notoriously complex, with most coverage being employer-based. The system of deductibles and co-pays takes adjustment for those from countries with universal healthcare.

Transport, Driving and Driver’s Licences in the USA
Banking, Money, Taxes and Social Security in the USA
Healthcare and Health Insurance in the USA

LGBTQ+ in the USA

Pride Flag in Portland by Mercedes Mehling on Unsplash

LGBTQ+ in the USA is a complicated and sometimes fast-moving situation. There are some federal protections, like same-sex marriage, but the reality is that your experience will depend heavily on where you choose to live.

States like Rhode Island, California, Delaware, Connecticut, and Nevada earn top marks on LGBTQ+ safety for comprehensive protections and low hate crime rates. These states prohibit discrimination in employment, housing, and healthcare, and actively support LGBTQ+ rights through legislation. On the other hand, states like Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee have restrictive laws and higher rates of discrimination.

The legislative climate has become more challenging recently. State legislatures introduced over 900 anti-LGBTQ+ bills in 2025 alone, many targeting transgender individuals’ access to healthcare, bathroom use, sports participation, and educational content. Hate crimes against LGBTQ+ people have steadily risen.

If you’re considering relocating as an LGBTQ+ expat, research your specific destination thoroughly. State-level laws don’t tell the whole story, as city ordinances and local community presence matter significantly.

LGBTQ+, Diversity and Inclusion in the USA

Women in the USA

Women in the USA benefit from strong federal anti-discrimination laws in employment and education, although workplace equality is a work in progress. Women earn approximately 85 percent of what men earn for similar work, and there are gaps in promotion rates; only 81 women are promoted to management for every 100 men. At the executive level, women hold 29 percent of C-suite positions, and there’s lower representation in STEM and finance.

American women report doing most or all housework in 40 percent of partnerships, a figure unchanged since 2016, although their male partners often perceive the division differently. Workplace harassment is still a concern. 37 percent of women report harassment at work, and 73 percent experience harassment in public spaces.

Major cities tend to offer more opportunities for professional women and stronger enforcement of anti-discrimination laws. Technology hubs like San Francisco, financial centres like New York, and major metropolitan areas generally provide better career prospects and more progressive workplace attitudes.

Gender Equality and Women in Leadership in the USA

Healthcare in the USA

Healthcare in the US is a contentious issue. The US invests more than 17 percent of its GDP in healthcare, amounting to trillions of dollars a year. Despite this, the country has significantly poorer healthcare outcomes compared to its economic peers, including lower life expectancy and higher mortality rates.

The US is the world’s only developed country without universal healthcare, and medical services in the US are some of the most expensive in the world. More than half of the population receives private health insurance from their employers, while about one-third rely on government-funded programmes such as Medicare and Medicaid. Around 10 percent pay for their own private insurance, and about 8 percent of the country is uninsured.

Hospitals are required by law to provide emergency medical services to anyone, including the uninsured, although patients can nevertheless expect to receive a hefty bill afterwards. Outside of an emergency, hospitals can refuse to treat a patient who is unable to present a means of payment. Federally qualified health centres and community health clinics, by contrast, provide care regardless of ability to pay.

Private health insurance in the USA

The USA doesn’t have a federal health insurance requirement, although California, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Rhode Island and Washington, DC, require residents to have coverage or face penalties. It’s wise to secure the best health insurance policy you can afford or negotiate coverage into your employment contract. Without appropriate health insurance, you run the risk of paying colossal bills or receiving no medical attention outside of emergencies.

Keep all receipts from medical treatment to submit insurance claims.

Most expats get health insurance through their employer, which typically covers a significant portion of premiums. If your employer doesn’t offer coverage, or if you’re self-employed, you can purchase insurance through the Health Insurance Marketplace during open enrollment periods, usually November through January.

When evaluating plans, pay attention to:

deductibles (what you pay before insurance kicks in)
copays (your portion of each visit)
network restrictions (which doctors and hospitals you can use)
and out-of-pocket maximums (the most you’ll pay in a year).

Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) plans typically have lower premiums but require referrals to see specialists, while Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plans offer more flexibility at a higher cost.

Government health insurance in the USA

Medicare

Medicare is a tax-funded initiative for those aged 65 and older who have paid Social Security taxes. In limited cases, including disability, kidney failure and ALS, some residents under 65 are also covered under Medicare.

There are four coverage components to Medicare. The original Medicare consists of Parts A and B. Part D can be added at an extra cost. Part C provides an alternative way of getting Medicare benefits.

Part A: Provides coverage for inpatient hospital care, nursing and hospice
Part B: Provides coverage for outpatient physician services, preventive care and medical equipment
Part C: Also known as Medicare Advantage, Part C allows patients to select private insurance plans as an alternative to Original Medicare. These plans cover everything in Parts A and B, and often include Part D prescription drug coverage. Unlike traditional Medicare, these plans have out-of-pocket payment limits.
Part D: Provides coverage for prescription drugs

Most expats on temporary work visas cannot access Medicare, as eligibility requires paying into the Social Security system for at least 10 years. Lawfully present non-citizens may qualify if they’ve worked and paid Medicare taxes long enough or are married to someone who has. Green card holders must typically wait five years and have sufficient work history to qualify.

Medicaid

Medicaid is funded by state and federal resources and provides healthcare for eligible patients with low income, such as pregnant women, elderly adults and people with disabilities living in poverty, as well as their children. It is managed at the state level, and each state determines its own eligibility requirements within the federal guidelines.

Most expats on temporary visas are not eligible for Medicaid. Even lawful permanent residents (green card holders) typically must wait five years after obtaining qualified immigration status before enrolling, although there are exceptions for children and pregnant women in some states.

Children’s Health Insurance Plan (CHIP)

Families who earn too much to qualify for Medicaid may be eligible for low-cost treatment for their children under the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), also funded by federal and state resources. Again, eligibility rules vary from state to state. In about half of the states, pregnant women are also eligible for CHIP coverage. Some states charge a monthly premium for CHIP coverage. By law, total out-of-pocket costs may not exceed 5 percent of the family’s annual income.

Eligibility for expat children depends on their immigration status and state policies. Lawfully present immigrant children may qualify in some states without a waiting period; others require a five-year residency period.

Useful links

Healthcare in the USA

The majority of hospitals in the US are privately owned, typically run by non-profit associations or investor boards.

The standard of medical facilities in the US is high. With adequate insurance, you’ll have access to some of the best medical technology. Doctors are highly trained, and many of the best specialists can be found in the US.

The advantages of private healthcare in America include short waiting times for operations and specialists, as well as competing medical services.

Finding a primary care physician (PCP) is your first step. Check your insurance company’s provider directory to see which doctors are in-network, as out-of-network care costs significantly more. You can also ask colleagues for recommendations or use your insurer’s online tool to compare doctors. Once you select a PCP, you’ll typically need their referral to see specialists if you have an HMO plan.

Pharmacies in the USA

Pharmacies can easily be found in US cities. They are located in drug stores, grocery stores and large department stores, and are often attached to hospitals and medical clinics.

Almost all prescription medications can be found at a pharmacy in the US. Medication costs in the US are significantly higher than in most countries. Keep all receipts to claim costs from your insurance provider.

If you’re bringing medication from another country, you must have a valid prescription to prove it’s for personal use. US Customs generally allows up to a 90-day supply in original packaging, although some medications are prohibited regardless of prescription. Medications that don’t meet requirements will be confiscated at customs.

Useful links

FDA: Drug Safety and Availability

Pre-travel restrictions and vaccinations for the USA

If you’re planning to settle in the US for an extended period, you’ll need to undergo a medical exam and show proof that your immunisations are up to date. If requirements aren’t met, you’ll receive the necessary vaccinations during the medical exam. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has an up-to-date list of required vaccinations for immigration.

As of March 2025, COVID-19 vaccination is no longer required for immigration medical examinations, but the other standard vaccinations are still mandatory.

Ongoing vaccinations in the USA

Once settled in the USA, annual flu shots are recommended for everyone over six months old, typically available from September through March. Many employers and pharmacies offer free flu vaccinations.

If you have children, be aware that all US states require certain vaccinations for school attendance, although specific requirements and exemption policies vary by state. Standard school-required vaccines include MMR, polio, tetanus, and varicella. Some states also require meningococcal and HPV vaccines for older children.

Useful links

Emergency services in the USA

Emergency medical services in the US are regulated by individual state governments and, by law, must be provided to anyone in need.

In the case of a medical emergency, dial 911. The operator will then dispatch an ambulance to the location of the emergency. Paramedics in the US are highly trained and can provide an excellent level of care at the scene of an accident. If the situation is not immediately life-threatening, you can also make your way to the nearest hospital emergency department. For urgent non-emergency issues, consider an urgent care clinic.

Emergency department or urgent care?

Emergency departments are staffed 24/7 with physicians and nurses trained in administering emergency care, while urgent care clinics are ideal for urgent but non-emergency situations. They are typically staffed with physicians, physician assistants or nurse practitioners. Urgent care providers can do basic lab and imaging tests, such as X-rays, and provide diagnoses and offer treatment plans. Urgent care clinics have set hours and an established list of conditions that can be treated. As a result, Urgent care clinics are generally less expensive and have shorter wait times than emergency departments.

Be aware that both ambulance transport and emergency care will result in bills, which can be substantial even with insurance. Your insurer may provide a list of preferred hospitals for emergencies. Keep your insurance card accessible at all times, as you’ll need to provide coverage information when receiving emergency treatment.

Useful links

911.gov

Doing Business in the USA

Many expats are enticed by the idea of doing business in the USA and lured there by the fabled American Dream, the belief that with hard work, every individual can succeed and prosper. This ideal continues to drive immigration to what many perceive to still be the world’s wealthiest and most powerful country.

The USA is the largest economy in the world and the destination of choice for entrepreneurs. Those hoping to succeed in business in the USA will need a solid understanding of the country’s business culture and how Americans interact in the workplace.

America has a free-market economy, which has thrived because of a willingness to accept new ideas and nurture budding entrepreneurs.

Fast facts

Business hours

The standard work week is Monday to Friday, 9am to 5pm, although many professionals work well beyond these hours. Hybrid and flexible arrangements have become commonplace in many industries.

Business language

English is spoken in business circles.

Dress

Business dress varies widely by industry and location within the USA. Traditional corporate environments and client-facing roles in professional services still call for formal suits, but many companies have adopted business casual as standard office wear.

Gifts

Gifts aren’t generally expected in business settings in the USA. Many companies have strict ethics policies limiting the value of gifts employees can accept, and some prohibit them entirely to avoid conflicts of interest. If you’re invited to a colleague’s home on a social occasion, it’s appropriate to give chocolates, flowers or wine.

Gender equality

Women have equal legal rights in the USA and hold positions at all levels of business, including C-suite roles. The gender pay gap has narrowed but not disappeared in recent years.

Appropriate greetings

A firm handshake with good eye contact is appropriate when offered. While it’s best to start by addressing business contacts formally, you’ll find that most Americans quickly move to using first names.

Business culture in the USA

In such a geographically large country, it’s somewhat difficult to generalise about business practices and culture in the USA’s different regions. The East Coast tends toward a faster pace, and the West Coast leans more casual and innovation focused. Still, there are a few traits worth bearing in mind, regardless of where in the country you hope to do business.

Business culture in the USA is incredibly individualistic. The working world rewards ‘go-getters’ while those who lack independence, initiative, and self-reliance will lag behind. Merit, experience, and past achievement are the vehicles for advancement. Expats coming from societies where seniority is a consequence of social class, length of service, maturity, or consensus may find acclimating to this idea especially challenging.

Management

In a similar vein, management is somewhat egalitarian, but big decisions and the responsibility for failure and success fall onto the shoulders of ‘the boss’. Although many meetings may be had and much discussion may have taken place, senior managers may disregard the opinions of those in middle- and lower-level positions entirely, a particularly infuriating point if you come from a consensus-oriented culture.

Communication

Americans tend to be very direct in the way they communicate and value logical thinking over many other values. If you can express your opinions clearly and in a straightforward manner, you’ll find you can command greater respect in American business circles. Much of the USA’s business culture is based on the notion that time is money, and business associates may get annoyed with those who waste time and beat around the bush.

Meetings

Punctuality is valued in the USA, so you should ensure you’re never late for business meetings, whether in person or virtual. Arriving late to an appointment will be regarded as a sign of disrespect. While business meetings may appear somewhat informal at times, they are taken seriously.

Business does tend to be conducted quite quickly, and Americans prefer to keep small talk to a minimum. In the USA, the focus tends to be on reaching an agreement and signing a contract as soon as possible rather than building a relationship.

Dos and don’ts of business in the USA

Don’t arrive late for business meetings or appointments with clients
Do dress formally for initial meetings and interviews. Afterwards, follow the example set by business associates and colleagues.
Don’t let small talk drag on in meetings, but do expect a minute or two of pleasantries about the weather or weekend before getting down to business
Do silence your mobile phone before entering meetings
Do take the opportunity to socialise with colleagues and clients. Business in the USA is often conducted over breakfast meetings or coffee rather than solely in the office.
Don’t over-indulge if attending networking events where alcohol is served. The focus should be on relationship-building, not drinking.
Do respond to emails promptly and keep messages concise and direct
Don’t forget to tip appropriately at business meals. The standard is 20 percent for good service, and the person who extends the invitation typically pays.

Articles about the USA

Diversity and Inclusion in the USA

Accessibility in the USA

Further reading

LGBTQ+ in the USA

Further reading

Gender equality in the USA

Further reading

Women in leadership in the USA

Mental health awareness in the USA

Further reading

Unconscious bias education in the USA

Further reading

Diversification of the workforce in the USA

Further reading

Safety in the USA

Calendar initiatives in the USA

Work Permits for the USA

Types of work permits for the USA

H-1B visa for speciality occupations

L-1 visa for intracompany transfers

O-1 visa for individuals with extraordinary ability

E-2 Treaty Investor visa

TN visa for Canadian and Mexican professionals

Other work visas

Applying for a work permit for the USA

Green Cards and permanent residence in the USA

Useful links

Visas for the USA

Visitor and business visas for the USA

Useful links

Temporary work visas for the USA

Useful links

Permanent residence in the USA

Employment-based Green Cards

The application process

Other pathways to permanent residence

Renewing your Green Card

Useful links

Weather in the USA

Accommodation in the USA

Types of accommodation in the USA

Furnished vs unfurnished

Short lets and temporary housing

Useful links

Finding accommodation in the USA

Useful links

Renting accommodation in the USA

Making an application

Signing a lease

Deposits

Pets

Termination of the lease

Utilities in the USA

Electricity

Gas

Water

Bins and recycling

Internet

Useful links

Transport and Driving in the USA

Driving in the USA

Driver’s licences

Public transport in the USA

Intercity trains

Local railways and subways

Buses

Useful links

Taxis in the USA

Useful links

Air travel in the USA

Useful links

Education and Schools in the USA

Education system in the USA

Public schools in the USA

Charter schools

Magnet schools

Useful links

Private schools in the USA

Useful links