Keeping in touch with friends and family in China is easy, thanks to the country’s advanced internet and communication systems. The internet is fast and affordable, so you’ll have no trouble staying connected. Still, it’s important to be aware of a few unique things about living in China.

Telecommunications and media in China are run by three government-owned companies: China Mobile, China Telecom, and China Unicom. Some websites and services you’re used to in your home country might be blocked due to censorship.

Internet in China

In major cities such as Beijing, internet access is widely available through home connections, internet cafés and free WiFi in many hotels, airports, restaurants, and coffee shops. 

At home, you can choose between 4G or DSL internet from major providers like Alibaba, Baidu, or Tencent. 5G is also becoming more common, and many phones now support it.

To set up home internet, visit a China Mobile, China Telecom, or China Unicom store. You can also ask a Chinese-speaking colleague to call the provider and arrange a home visit for you. Installation is usually quick, but the cost depends on where you live, the internet speed you want, and how long your contract is.

Great Firewall

In China, you can't access services like Gmail, Skype, YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter unless you use a workaround. Most expats recommend using a VPN to get around this, as it's also needed for streaming services like Netflix or BBC iPlayer.

Avoid free VPNs because they often track and sell your data. Instead, consider paying for a reliable Virtual Private Network (VPN) provider like NordVPN, ExpressVPN, or SurfShark.

Useful links

• China Mobile
• China Telecom
• China Unicom
• NordVPN
• ExpressVPN
• SurfShark

Mobile phones in China

China Mobile, China Telecom and China Unicom are also the biggest mobile phone operators in the country. Most new arrivals get a pay-as-you-go package, though contracts are also available. Applicants may need to supply their passport and visa to buy a SIM card.

WeChat

While Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram are popular in countries like the US and UK, China's top messaging app is WeChat. It's similar to WhatsApp but also lets you make payments, shop, and more. 

With over a billion users, having WeChat is a must if you want to communicate with people in China. Many businesses also use it for internal communication.

English media in China

English-language media in China is easily accessible. The CCTV (China Central Television) news channel provides around-the-clock coverage in English and is known to be more liberal than most Chinese channels.

You can also read English newspapers like China Daily, China Times, and regional papers such as Shanghai Daily. However, to access Western newspaper websites, you'll need to use a VPN.

Getting around in China is easy, thanks to the country's various transport options. For long-distance travel, options include high-speed trains, buses, and domestic flights. Most cities have buses, trains, subways, ferries, and taxis, while walking and cycling are also popular for short trips. They are cheap and healthy, and many cities offer bike-sharing programmes as part of their public transport systems.

Driving in China can be tricky, with heavy traffic and some chaotic roads. It’s a good idea to explore your area using public transport before taking to the roads.

Public transport in China

Standards vary from city to city, but China's wider public transport network is fairly comprehensive. Its train and long-distance bus services allow people to travel long distances easily.

Trains

The national railway network in China is extensive and covers the entire country. China also has railway links with neighbouring countries, and the famous Trans-Siberian Railway reaches Beijing. The country's rail infrastructure is continuously improving and expanding, especially the high-speed trains. Most of China’s infrastructure is owned and administrated by the state-owned China Railway.

The different types of trains in China operate on different routes and at varying speeds. High-speed trains travel between major cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen. We recommend using these if possible, as they're the most comfortable option.

Various travel classes are available on different train services. Long-distance trains generally offer sleeper compartments, allowing passengers to get some rest while travelling. Soft sleepers are the most comfortable, followed by hard sleepers, and then there are soft and hard seats.

Train tickets in China are only released 15 days in advance and can be bought online or at stations. That said, as tickets can't be transferred, passengers must provide proof of ID when travelling by train in China.

Most railway staff don't speak English, so it may be best to enlist the help of a local acquaintance when buying tickets. Tickets sell out rapidly during national holidays and festivals like the Chinese New Year. At these times, it's often worth getting tickets through an agent to avoid long station queues.

Metro

China's largest cities are home to some of the best – and busiest – metro systems. Most cities have a unique rechargeable public transit card that is usable across various modes of transport, including the subway. Metro systems are clean and efficient, with short waiting times. Stations generally have maps, signs, and announcements in Standard Chinese and English, alleviating language barrier concerns.

Taking the metro in China can be a chaotic experience, especially during rush hour. To avoid getting lost or confused in a crowded station, it's best to plan the route in advance by looking at the colour-coded maps and memorising or writing down the name of your destination.

Buses

Although service standards on buses vary widely between relative luxury and incredible discomfort, they're an inexpensive way to get around China. Large cities operate efficient Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems with priority bus lanes, as well as trolleybuses and bus services provided by multiple companies.

Air-conditioned buses with comfortable seating and onboard entertainment frequently travel from the major cities, but could cost more than an equivalent train ride. Rural buses, on the other hand, are likely to be a challenging experience. Personnel rarely speak English, signs are usually in Chinese, buses are poorly maintained and delays are common.

Boats

China is said to have more navigable waterways than any other country in the world, including rivers, streams, lakes, and canals. While waterways are largely used by ships carrying cargo for major shipping and removals logistics, passenger transport by boat is a great way to travel in China. 

Cities such as Shanghai and Guangzhou offer ferry services which conveniently and affordably connect different areas of the city. Boat cruises also make for a popular sightseeing activity for new arrivals and tourists.

Useful links

• China Railway
• Beijing MTR Corporation Limited
• Shanghai Metro

Taxis in China

Taxis are easy to find in most major cities and are reasonably priced. That said, fares go up at night, and getting a taxi during rush hours or in bad weather can be difficult.

Taxi drivers in China typically don’t expect tips, as tipping can be seen as a form of corruption. Some may try to take longer routes with foreign passengers, but the extra cost is often minimal. To avoid problems, always choose metered taxis. Be cautious of unofficial taxis, especially at airports and tourist spots, as they frequently charge much more.

Most taxi drivers don't speak English, even in major cities like Beijing and Shanghai. It’s a good idea to have your destination written down in Chinese. Alternatively, you can use ride-hailing apps like DiDi, which make it easier to get a taxi and ensure you arrive at the right place.

Useful links

• DiDi

Driving in China

Driving in China can be chaotic, so defensive driving is essential. Lanes are frequently ignored, car horns are constantly used, and the concept of 'right of way' can feel non-existent. Traffic jams are common, and finding parking can be a challenge. On the plus side, in major tourist areas, some road signs are also written in English.

You can’t use an International Driving Permit in China, so you’ll need a Chinese driver’s licence if you want to drive. Some countries have agreements with China, allowing you to exchange your home licence for a Chinese one without extra tests. If your country doesn’t have such an agreement, you’ll need to pass both written and practical driving tests. You’ll also need to complete a health check, which includes testing your vision, hearing, and overall health.

Driving in China can be stressful, so you might want to think twice before getting behind the wheel. The safest option is to rent a car with a driver who knows the local roads and driving customs.

Cycling in China

Cycling is a cheap and convenient way of getting around Chinese cities. Many cities have dedicated cycle paths, and some offer bike-sharing programmes and e-bicycles or e-bikes. These are easy to rent by scanning a bar code or number plate on the bicycle and paying a fee.

Given the erratic nature of Chinese traffic, cyclists must ride defensively, so it may be best for inexperienced cyclists to give it some time before attempting to take to the road.

Useful links

• DiDi Bike
• Hello Bike

Air travel in China

Given the country’s size, travellers in a hurry often prefer to take a domestic flight to get to their destination. As flight delays are common, it may be better for passengers travelling shorter distances to use ground-based transport. You should regularly check flight updates and details if you want to fly to China and between cities.

Several airlines, including Air China, China Southern Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, and Shenzhen Airlines, operate between the major cities and tourist destinations.

Prices for flights within mainland China are set at domestic rates, but discounts are regularly available on the busiest routes. Buying online via a Chinese website or travel agency is generally cheaper than on international channels.

Perhaps unexpectedly, this also means that tickets bought in advance aren't cheaper. Instead, seats are usually cheaper for seats closer to the departure date. On the other hand, planes are typically full during peak periods, so if you need to travel on a specific date, it's better to book ahead of time even if prices are higher.

Useful links

• Air China
• China Southern Airlines
• China Eastern Airlines
• Shenzhen Airlines

Living in China as an expat

An East Asian powerhouse that stretches over a landmass almost as large as the entire continent of Europe, China offers foreigners an experience that varies greatly depending on where they end up. 

Most expats picture the urban jungles of China's megacities, while others imagine the country's diversity ranging from bamboo forests to tropical rainforests, arid deserts to mountain ranges, rivers, and valleys. Whatever the destination, moving to China is an opportunity to experience a country that's both rich in history and focused on innovation.

The most popular places among expats living in China are Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenzhen. Despite the influx of foreign workers, Chinese cities might not be as diverse as you'd expect, and as an average Westerner, you'll often have to adapt to a great deal of culture shock. Regional differences are also vast, and you will find variations in how things are done in different cities, from cuisine to housing regulations.

As a foreigner, you will likely have to contend with jostling crowds and tedious bureaucracy, but the luxuries of higher-than-average income and active expat communities contrast this. Many Western expats take a while to adjust to the fact that the government is involved in the lives of its citizens and actively censors materials it considers harmful to society. Keeping in touch with friends and family through typical social media platforms is a common hurdle to overcome.

While a way of life centred around traditional family structures and values persists amid the rapid development, China's economic growth has come at a price. Its problems with pollution and overpopulation are well documented. That said, as it enters the next stage of development, the country is moving away from industry and is now developing its service sector and improving its environmental sustainability.

Beijing City Guide
Shanghai City Guide
Guangzhou City Guide

Working in China

Thanks to its immense growth over the past few decades, China has continued to attract foreigners with specialised skills and advanced education to work in sectors like IT, finance, engineering, and sales. That said, competition for jobs has increased, and relocation packages have been driven down by candidates from elsewhere in Asia who are willing to work for less than most Western expats.

You'll need both a work visa and work permit to live and work in China legally. After entering China with a work visa (Z visa), you must apply for a work and residence permit and register your presence in the country with your local Public Security Bureau (PSB) office. Chinese visa and work permit processes can be complex, but your employer can usually help you navigate the local system. 

Working in China
Visas for China

Chinese culture

Whether you're moving to China for business or to expand your horizons, you may find its unfamiliar culture, high population density, and language barrier challenging. Understanding the local culture in China can be an essential aspect of effectively managing the transition to the country. 

Concepts like 'saving face' and guanxi are an important part of Chinese culture, and understanding them can help you catapult your career and social life in China. Try to avoid publicly embarrassing locals and focus on building personal relationships. 

Chinese people are often welcoming and friendly, but local etiquette standards may be different from what Western expats are used to. The work culture in the country strongly emphasises hierarchy, so elders and senior associates must be respected. 

Local Culture in China
Business Culture in China

Finding accommodation in China

The quality of housing in China varies significantly, ranging from large luxury apartments to small apartments with no windows and a squat toilet. Most expat employers provide housing, making the move to China much easier. If you must go through the rental process alone, be prepared for high rental prices in cities like Beijing and Shanghai. 

The rental market in China's large cities moves quickly. We recommend visiting online property portals frequently, securing a real estate agent and ensuring your documents are ready to ensure you can speed up the process once you find a property you like. Working with a relocation company can also significantly ease the pressure. 

Advice on Renting Accommodation in China
Best Places to Live in Beijing
Best Places to Live in Shanghai
Best Places to Live in Guangzhou

Cost of living in China

Depending on your lifestyle, the cost of living in China can be very affordable. If you embrace a local lifestyle, you'll find everything from groceries and public transport to entertainment reasonably priced, but anything from abroad comes at a cost. 

If your employer does not cover housing, it will likely be your largest expense. International schooling and private healthcare will also take a big chunk of your salary. 

Although salaries are no longer as lucrative as they once were, building a solid nest egg while working in China is still possible if you live frugally. 

Cost of Living in China

Living in China with children

China is a wonderful country for raising children, with many family-friendly activities to entertain them. As it tries to accommodate the expats in its borders, China has expanded its healthcare system to include facilities aimed at Westerners and its private hospitals are of a high standard. 

Maternity and paternity benefits in China vary widely across the country's provinces. The country is actively working towards increasing birth rates, which has led to an increase in maternity and paternity leave benefits. Cities like Beijing and Shanghai offer 158 days of maternity leave, while the general duration of paternity leave is 15 days. 

Healthcare and Medical Insurance in China

Finding a school in China

The standard of public education in China varies, but the country's curriculum was previously centred around rote learning. Recently, China has emphasised critical thinking and implemented new teacher training programmes to enhance curriculum delivery methods. 

While Chinese schools generally teach in Mandarin, expats have access to world-class international and private schools, although these come at a price. Most of these schools teach globally recognised curricula, like the International Baccalaureate (IB), in familiar languages like English. Some offer country-specific curricula and languages, allowing children to continue learning in their home country's curriculum. 

Schools and Education for Expats in China
International Schools in Beijing
International Schools in Guangzhou
International Schools in Shanghai

Getting around in China

Driving in China takes getting used to, especially because of almost constant traffic congestion and plenty of aggressive drivers. Many expats prefer the high-quality public transport in China, with its bullet trains, city subway systems and vast bus networks.

Getting Around in China

Climate and weather in China

China's large geographic size means its weather and climate vary significantly. The country is divided into subarctic, tropical, medium temperate, subtropical, and temperate climatic zones. Major cities like Beijing are known for freezing winters and warm summers. Shanghai has cold, rainy summers, while winters are generally cold. 

Climate Charts for China

Fast facts

Population: Over 1.4 billion

Capital city: Beijing

Neighbouring countries: Covering a vast expanse of the Asian mainland, China's neighbours include Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar to the south; India, Bhutan, Nepal, Afghanistan, and Pakistan to the southwest; Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan to the west, Mongolia to the north, part of Russia to the northeast, North Korea, South Korea and Japan to the east, and Taiwan to the southeast.

Geography: As the world's third-largest country by geographic size, China covers a vast landscape stretching around 3.7 million square miles (9.6 million square kilometres). Its diverse terrain includes high plateaus, sunken basins, mountains, desert and coastal regions. China is also home to Asia's longest river, the Yangtze.

Political system: Single-party socialist republic

Major religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Chinese folk religions

Main languages: Mandarin Chinese, with hundreds of local dialects

Money: The Renminbi (RMB), also referred to as the Chinese Yuan (CNY), is the official currency. It is divided into 10 jiao.

Time: GMT+8

Electricity: 220V, 50Hz. The most common plug type is the Chinese Standard three-pin plug (type I), but plug types A and C are also available.

Internet domain: .cn

International dialling code: +86

Emergency contacts: In most major cities, the emergency numbers are 110 (police), 120 (ambulance), and 119 (fire)

Transport and driving: Traffic drives on the right-hand side, except in Hong Kong and Macau. The country has an expansive national railway network, which includes high-speed trains. Public transport may be difficult for non-Mandarin speakers to navigate.

China is a large country with a rich history and many traditions. If you're planning to move here, you'll need to adjust to many new things. It's a good idea to learn as much as you can before making the move. Here are answers to some common questions to help you prepare.

Is it worth learning Mandarin? What about Cantonese?

The main language spoken in China is Standard Mandarin, which is based on Central Mandarin. Cantonese is mainly spoken in Hong Kong, Macau, and the Guangdong Province.

Most people in China don’t speak English, which can be a big challenge for newcomers. While many Chinese people are eager to learn English, it’s a good idea for you to learn some basic Mandarin phrases. Simple words and sentences will help you order food, shop, and ask for directions.

Mandarin is quite different from Western languages, so it can be tricky to learn. The spoken language and written characters are separate, which adds to the challenge. Still, if you put in the effort, learning Mandarin can be very rewarding. It will help you socially and in business situations. Even knowing basic grammar can be a big advantage if you want to work for a Chinese company.

Local Culture in China

How is life in China for female expats?

Gender stereotypes in China can be very strong, and this often makes it hard for women to succeed in management roles. If you're a woman, you might also find that the dating scene isn't great, which is a common topic on expat forums.

Diversity and Inclusion in China

Will my internet be censored?

The Chinese government strictly controls internet use. Some websites are blocked, and popular social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube aren’t available.

That said, most sites, including foreign news sites, can still be accessed. Many expats use Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) to reach blocked content, but even VPNs don’t always work well these days as the government cracks down on them.

Censorship is an ongoing issue, and how strictly it’s enforced can change over time.

Keeping in Touch in China

Is China safe?

Most expats report feeling safe in China. In major cities, it's usually fine to walk home at night, but you should still avoid risky areas and bad neighbourhoods. Be careful in crowded places, as pickpocketing and scams can happen to foreigners.

One big concern is food safety. You might get sick from food that's not clean or cooked properly, so be cautious about what you eat. Pollution is another issue, especially if you have breathing problems. Ensure you follow health alerts and advice from local authorities to stay safe.

Safety in China

Banking, money, and taxes are easily manageable in China, with various local and international options available.

The language barrier may present challenges, but many organisations have service options in English. If things become complicated, it's also easy to employ the expertise of a translator or enlist the help of a Chinese friend.

Money in China

The official currency of China is the Renminbi (RMB or CNY). It’s often referred to as the Yuan or Kuài, an informal word for money. One renminbi is equal to 100 fen or 10 jiao. 

• Notes: 1 RMB, 5 RMB, 10 RMB, 20 RMB, 50 RMB, 100 RMB
• Coins: 1 jiao, 5 jiao, and 1 RMB

Banking in China

With many local and international banks to choose from, there are plenty of options when it comes to banking in China. The most popular local banks include Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and the Agricultural Bank of China, while international offerings include HSBC and Standard Chartered, among others.

Some expats, especially those who plan to stay in China only for a short while, prefer offshore accounts, even though these carry hefty transaction fees.

Opening a bank account

Opening a bank account in China is usually straightforward. Depending on your needs, you can pick from international or local banks, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.

If you already have an account with an international bank, you may prefer to use them. While this might be the most convenient option, keep in mind that ATMs might be hard to find, especially in smaller cities.

To open a basic bank account, you'll typically need your passport and a small initial deposit. Some banks may also ask for a copy of your visa or proof of residence. It's a good idea to have your Chinese phone number set up for verification and communication with the bank. Some branches might also ask for your taxpayer identification number, so make sure to have this information ready.

The language barrier can be tricky, as most banking information is in Chinese. If you don’t speak the language, you may need help with translations. It's often best to find a branch near your home or workplace with English-speaking staff to assist you with complex queries.

ATMs and credit cards

Taxes in China

If you’re an expat in China, your taxes will depend on whether you’re considered a tax resident or not. You’re a tax resident if you live in China for at least 183 days in a tax year (from 1 January to 31 December). 

As a tax resident, you’ll need to pay taxes on your worldwide income. If you’re not a tax resident, you’ll only pay taxes on the income you earn within China.

China uses a progressive tax system, meaning the more you earn, the higher the tax rate, ranging from 3 percent to 45 percent. Tax rules can change, and the penalties for not following them can be severe, so it’s important to stay updated.

Since tax affairs for expats can be complicated, it’s a good idea to get help from a tax professional. Employers in China often help new employees register for the tax system and usually deduct income taxes from your salary automatically.

Useful links

• State Taxation Administration of the People's Republic of China

China is the world’s second-largest economy, offering many job opportunities for expats. Traditionally, most expats move to China for jobs through an intra-company transfer, to start a business, or to teach English.

To work in China, you’ll need a Chinese work permit. Getting one can be a complicated process, but your employer will typically handle most of it for you.

See Work Permits for China for more on working legally in the country.

Job market in China

Expats working in China typically fill upper-management and senior-level jobs in IT, human resources, finance, accounting and manufacturing. That said, as economic dynamics have shifted, skilled expats at all levels of the corporate ladder have been seeking employment in China. 

As the country moves towards a service-based economy and demands more specialised skills, many expats are now working in fields like sales, marketing, engineering, and banking.

The education sector remains the largest employer of expats, with many foreigners working as teachers. While teaching English used to be a lower-paying job, it now offers a good salary for expats with a college degree. Teaching is also a popular option for young expats who want to earn money while experiencing a new country and culture.

Finding a job in China

Most expat jobs in China are found in major cities like Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou, which have large expat communities. Speaking Mandarin can help you land a high-paying job, but many international companies use English for daily communication, so it's possible to get by without knowing Mandarin.

Most expats are hired by international firms, since there are fewer opportunities with Chinese-owned companies. Although many companies still cover housing, airfare, health insurance, and some tax payments, relocation packages aren't as generous as they once were.

Local businesses often prefer hiring Chinese candidates who have overseas experience. This is partly because hiring foreign employees can be expensive, and newcomers frequently struggle with the language and culture.

Some companies hire middle-management employees from places like Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. These candidates typically speak English, ask for lower salaries, and often know some Mandarin. Many young expats from elsewhere get around this by taking lower-paying entry-level jobs, trading income for experience that will help them later in their careers, either in China or abroad.

To find a job in China, you can check company websites, online job portals, and employment networks like 51Job, Zhaopin, and eChinacities. Recruitment agencies can also be helpful.

When you get a job offer, make sure to carefully read your employment contract and understand the terms. Having a valid work permit and visa is essential, as foreigners who break the law in China can face serious consequences.

Useful links

• 51Job
• Zhaopin
• eChinacities

Work culture in China

In Chinese business culture, relationships, known as guanxi, are vital. This concept is similar to networking, but is more complex. People spend a lot of time building and maintaining relationships because local businesspeople usually prefer to work with those they know and trust.

Another key part of Chinese business culture is "saving face." It's important to act with respect and dignity, and avoid doing anything that could embarrass or offend your Chinese colleagues.

Adjusting to Chinese corporate culture can be difficult for Western expats. The language barrier is one of the main challenges, so learning some basic Mandarin phrases is helpful.

Although it may be tough at first, many expats who successfully adapt to working in China report being very satisfied with their experience.

Healthcare in China is a significant point of contention for many expats. You can get treatment at public hospitals, international clinics inside public hospitals, or private facilities designed for expats. The system focuses on hospitals, so you won’t need to look for a general practitioner.

As can be expected from such a vast country, the quality of care, the ease of access and the associated costs vary tremendously between different places and institutions. Most expats in China do, however, take out private health insurance and seek treatment at private facilities.

Public healthcare in China

China's public healthcare system can be hit or miss. In cities, you’ll find plenty of hospitals and medical services, but in rural areas, it might take hours to reach the nearest clinic.

In general, however, China’s public healthcare system is considered substandard. While this may not be the case with every facility, the language barrier, slow service and long queues dissuade most Westerners from seeking treatment in a public hospital. Once expats overcome these inconveniences, the quality of treatment itself is often decent, even if the methods used by doctors are different.

International wings in public hospitals

Some public clinics have opened international wings in an attempt to bridge the gap between the quality of care at costly private hospitals and the poor service at public facilities. These exist as partnerships between the state and the private sector and aim to provide access to public healthcare with Western standards.

Many of these share doctors with public facilities but don't have long waiting times. International wings are a relatively new phenomenon and are only found in China's largest commercial centres. They also focus more on customer care, are more likely to have English-speaking staff, and can offer treatment at a lower cost than private hospitals.

Useful links

• National Health Commission of China – Hospitals

Private healthcare in China

Almost 90 percent of hospitals in China are run by the government, so private healthcare only accounts for a small percentage of healthcare services in China. International hospitals are well represented in larger cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, but are often absent in most smaller cities and rural communities. 

While these private facilities often have English-speaking medical staff with Western training, the high standards and service-orientated treatment come at a high price. Many expats find the cost worth it, as private hospitals frequently offer shorter waiting times and private rooms, which are a rarity in public facilities. 

Health insurance in China

Public health insurance in China is facilitated through three main programmes: 

• Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance: Compulsory for all urban workers who contribute to the scheme through their taxes.

• Urban-Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance: A voluntary programme for the unemployed. 

• New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme: For rural citizens.

Though 95 percent of the Chinese population has at least basic health insurance, coverage isn't comprehensive. Public health insurance, for instance, generally only covers half of the medical bills. Premiums also tend to be high, even for the most basic insurance plans.

It's, therefore, essential that you negotiate private health insurance as part of your employment package. If this isn't possible, you may consider securing your policy. We also recommend ensuring that the hospital of your choice recognises the insurance policy you hold. 

Medication and pharmacies in China

Expats in Chinese cities will have access to the prescription medicines they're used to, as well as a range of traditional Chinese medicines. Some pharmacists have expertise in both areas, and those who do are valuable resources.

Prescription regulations vary between countries, so you should do some research to find out if any medication you take regularly is available over the counter in China or if you need a prescription. 

Pharmacies are widely available in urban areas and are conveniently organised into different departments. Most labels are in Chinese, so you might need assistance from a local friend, colleague or bilingual pharmacist.

Health hazards in China

Pollution is a concern in many Chinese cities, and may be an issue for any expats with pre-existing respiratory problems. If you live in an urban area, you should try to exercise regularly and use an air purifier at night.

The safety of drinking water in China is another health concern. It's best to avoid drinking tap water and consume bottled water instead.

Different areas pose varying health risks. Regions with higher altitudes, such as Qinghai Province, could cause altitude sickness. It's advised to follow instructions from the Chinese authorities regarding any health alerts.

Vaccinations for China

There are several vaccinations that are necessary to enter China, depending on where you are coming from. Although it's possible to enter with a negative PCR test, China requires that travellers be vaccinated against COVID-19. If you're coming from a country where yellow fever is endemic, you must show proof of recent vaccination against the disease. 

Since polio is still a risk in certain parts of China, a booster shot may be necessary, especially if you are moving to one of the areas where the disease is still active. Those who are travelling during the Japanese Encephalitis season (June to October) must also be vaccinated. 

We also recommend ensuring your routine vaccinations for hepatitis A and B, typhoid, influenza, rabies, and measles are up-to-date before your trip. 

Emergency services in China

The state’s emergency medical services provide emergency services in China. These are widespread and efficient in urban areas, but are less reliable or absent in rural regions. Ambulances often have a physician on board, but it's best to look out for and avoid so-called 'black ambulances' – unlicensed, private ambulances that could charge you a fortune.

• 120 – Ambulance
• 119 – Fire
• 110 – Public Security Bureau

If you want to bring your personal belongings when you relocate, you should consider shipping and removals in China carefully. When weighing the pros and cons of shipping goods here, there are key things to bear in mind.

You can rent a furnished apartment, and there are plenty of furniture and appliance shopping options. This is usually the cheaper alternative, so it may be worth leaving household belongings in storage in your home country if you plan to return.

Shipping companies in China

We recommend getting quotes from several companies and researching the recommended organisations when you're considering shipping furniture to China. Large international companies may have offices in your home country and China, while others may outsource one end of the shipping process to local companies.

Many expats use relocation firms when making the move, often provided by the employing company. These firms specialise in a comprehensive selection of services, from getting visas to shipping logistics. We recommend consulting relocation companies as well as moving companies.

We highly recommend that you purchase insurance for your shipment. Insurance typically comes as part of a moving package, though some expats prefer to take out insurance separately through a different company.

Relocation companies in China

Shipping goods to China

Shipping times vary depending on where in the world you are shipping from, though most companies can provide an accurate estimated arrival time. You can search through expat forums and online testimonials to confirm this estimate.

Although costs can be much higher than if shipping by sea, airfreight is a popular method and a much faster way to ship smaller cargo. It is typically billed by weight, while sea freight is billed according to the size of the container. Some expats prefer to spend a little more on the cost of excess baggage to have their belongings with them immediately on arrival.

You should also note that China levies various taxes depending on the type of imported goods. Electrical goods are always taxed, and depending on their material, books, CDs, and DVDs may be confiscated by customs.

Be meticulous about making copies and keeping the completed documents, as these will be needed when exporting the items from China back to your home country.

Bringing medicine into China

Shipping medical and dental supplies and equipment into China is restricted. You should check the latest customs requirements and query the moving company on this. Pharmacies and healthcare centres in the country may stock the same medication, so bringing it in may not be necessary.

There are also restrictions for both tourists and expats on carrying medication in their luggage when travelling into China. You should keep your prescriptions and limit the medicine to the amount deemed reasonable for personal use.

Shipping pets to China

Bringing pets into China generally proves expensive and requires extensive documentation and potentially quarantine.

Cats and dogs require proof of rabies vaccination and an international health certificate issued at least 14 days before entering China. Your furry friend must also be implanted with an ISO-compliant microchip. If your pet is already implanted with a non-compliant microchip, you'll have to provide a scanner that is capable of reading the chip. 

Travellers are only allowed to bring one pet per adult, and you won't require an import permit if you travel with your pet. Dogs must be registered with the local police within one month of arriving. Certain dog breeds, such as German Shepherds and Rottweilers, are banned or restricted in Chinese cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai. 

Useful links

• People's Republic of China General Administration of Customs 

Many expats are unsure what to expect from the local culture in China. Since China is vastly different from many Western countries, it's normal to experience some culture shock at first. 

China is known for its rich and unique traditions, so you’ll have plenty of new things to explore and learn. That said, the country’s fast development makes it easier for newcomers to adjust and feel at home.

Meeting and greeting in China

When greeting in China, people usually say “ni hao,” which means “hi”. To show more respect, they say “nin hao”.

While some Chinese people might shake your hand to show they understand Western customs, handshakes aren't a traditional part of Chinese greetings. You can expect locals to be welcoming and friendly regardless.

Language barrier in China

The language barrier in China can be a big challenge for expats. Chinese Mandarin is the official language, but there are hundreds of other dialects spoken across the country. 

Even if you learn Chinese Mandarin, you might find that some people, especially in rural areas or among the older generation, don’t speak it at all. Depending on the region, some locals may speak Cantonese rather than Chinese Mandarin. 

Another challenge is that while many young people learn English in school, they don’t get much practice using it, so even if they understand basic phrases, they might be too shy to speak.

People generally don’t bother translating things into English outside the big cities, where most foreigners are. As such, it's a good idea to learn a few useful phrases in Chinese before arriving in the country.

Time in China

China has only one official time zone: GMT+8, also called Beijing Time. In reality, thanks to China's vast landmass, it actually spans several time zones. In some provinces far from Beijing, people often use two kinds of time: the official time and the local time.

Chinese people living in urban areas are usually punctual, and you should keep this in mind when setting up meetings. In contrast, time is more flexible in smaller towns and rural areas. For example, instead of saying, “Let’s meet at 6 pm,” people might just say, “Let’s meet in the evening.”

Women in China

Although society's ideas about women’s roles are changing, many people in China still hold traditional views. Today, women are in management roles in Chinese companies, but they are often also expected to take care of the home and children.

The Chinese government is working to protect women’s rights by updating laws like the Women's Protection Law to create safer workplaces. Still, sexual harassment remains an issue. Stay alert when you’re in public spaces, and try to avoid poorly lit areas at night.

Read Diversity and Inclusion in China for more on the role of women and gender equality in the country.

Religion in China

Religion isn’t very popular in China, especially in cities. You’re more likely to find religious people in rural areas. 

Most religious people are either Buddhist or Muslim, but there are small groups of Christians in larger cities. Although many people in China aren’t religious, you might see locals visiting Buddhist temples during celebrations like the Spring Festival to pray for their family’s happiness.

LGBTQ+ in China

China decriminalised homosexuality in 1997 and stopped classifying it as a mental disorder in 2001. That said, there are no laws protecting LGBTQ+ people from discrimination. Despite this, the LGBTQ+ community in China continues to grow, especially in cities like Shanghai and Beijing.

Keep in mind that public displays of affection, regardless of orientation, are generally frowned upon, especially in rural areas, so it’s better to avoid them. Also, LGBTQ+ content is often censored on social media and other platforms, so be aware of this when sharing or looking for related content.

Have a look at Diversity and Inclusion in China for more. 

Politeness in China

When you move to China, you might notice some behaviours that seem rude compared to what you're used to in your home country. For example, people in China don’t say “please”, “thank you”, or “excuse me” as frequently as people in many Western countries do.

Although this might feel impolite to you, it’s not considered rude in Chinese culture. China has its own way of showing politeness, and it might take a little time for you to adjust. Try to keep this cultural difference in mind and don’t take it personally if things feel unfamiliar.

Cultural dos and don’ts in China

Chinese culture is so diverse that only the most essential and crucial cultural dos and don'ts are listed below.

• Don't be surprised if a stranger asks about personal things like age and marital status
• Don't refuse a dinner invitation, as this will cause the host to lose face. Rather reschedule.
• When eating out with local people, don't criticise Chinese food and culture. Instead, focus on the positive aspects.
• Don't be too individualistic. China has a collective culture that values society over the individual.
• Do spend time in parks. Chinese people spend much of their time in city parks, singing or dancing together. 
• Do be aware of Chinese laws and legal customs. There are cultural sensitivities relating to politics that may present as touchy topics, and these should be avoided, particularly when doing business.

Chinese visa processes are notoriously difficult to navigate, and the safest option would be to work through an immigration expert or relocation company. Immigration procedures are largely carried out locally, and each locality has a unique structure. This means that expats who apply for a work permit in China must fulfil different requirements depending on where they'll be working. 

After entering the country with your work visa (Z visa), you should apply for work and residence permits for China as soon as possible. 

Visas for China

Work permits for China

Each case is unique, and there are differences between each city’s immigration and labour processes. There are, however, a few standard requirements that you will likely have to fulfil:

• The work visa (Z visa) is required before arrival
• A locally registered company in China must sponsor the work permit application
• You will need to live and work in the same location as your sponsoring company
• A medical examination is required

The employee will undergo a medical examination at an authorised hospital, either inside or outside China. The report must be signed by their doctor and stamped with the hospital’s seal. The medical report will be attached to an employment licence application, which is usually submitted by the Chinese employer to their local labour bureau.

Some cities, such as Beijing, also require foreign employees to have proof of no criminal record attested by Chinese authorities.

Once an employment licence is approved and granted, the company requests a Z visa invitation from their local Foreign Economic and Trade Commission. These are forwarded to the expat employee, who applies for a Z visa at the Chinese embassy or consulate in their home country. After the employee arrives in China, they must apply for a work permit at their local labour bureau.

Residence permits for China

Within 24 hours of arriving in China, you must complete a Temporary Residence Registration Form and produce your passport at the nearest Public Security Bureau (PSB). If you're staying in a hotel, you may be able to register there, but if you're staying with a Chinese resident or private accommodation, you will have to register at the local PSB. Some cities require expats to do this after every trip they make out of the country.

As of December 2024, foreigners no longer need to obtain a physical Foreigner's Work Permit. This information will now be integrated into an electronic social security card. 

The Chinese residence permit is proof that an expat is legally living in the country. If you want to move to a different region of China, you'll have to get permission from your local PSB and apply for a new residence permit at the PSB in your new destination.

If you need to make changes to the residence permit, such as changing your address, you must apply within a certain time frame after the change occurs.

The following may be required when applying for a residence permit for China:

• Passport, photos, and other supporting personal documentation
• Fingerprints and other biometric information
• A health certificate
• Work permit and other relevant supporting materials issued by Chinese authorities

Useful links

• Government Service Platform of National Immigration Administration

*Visa and work permit regulations can change at short notice, and expats should contact their nearest Chinese embassy or consulate for the latest information.

Its extensive territory means that the weather in China differs between regions. With the Himalayas in the west, the Gobi Desert in the north and pervasive city smog in a country spanning two major ecozones, there is a vast degree of variation in China’s climate, which ranges from sub-arctic to tropical.

From south to north, China can be divided into five climatic zones: tropical, subtropical, temperate, medium temperate, and subarctic.

South China, with cities such as Guangzhou, generally has hot and humid summers with frequent rains, and high temperatures of above 86°F (30°C). Winter temperatures range from mild to warm and experience lighter rains and lower humidity levels.

Cities such as Shanghai in the east are affected by ocean currents and monsoons. They experience humid and rainy summers and cold winters with light rain and occasional snow.

Central China is popular with tourists for its natural beauty and the ancient attractions in cities such as Wuhan. It has year-round precipitation, distinctive seasons and relatively warm temperatures throughout the year, occasional light snow in winter, and summer monsoons.

Western China, a large region spanning desert plateaus to mountainous Tibet, is known for its geographic diversity. Winters in the region are dry and cold, while some areas experience scorching summers and others are milder.

Northern China, which most notably is home to Beijing, is known for winters that are progressively colder the further north you go, with some of the lowest temperatures in the country. Summers are often warm, with high levels of rainfall and humid conditions.

Weather in Shanghai
Weather in Beijing

Famous for its architectural marvels, strong economy and diverse cuisine, China is a popular expat destination. While it may seem like an expat paradise, with seemingly endless professional opportunities and vibrant culture, there are also some downsides to living in the Southeast Asian giant. Potential expats should consider both the pros and cons of moving to China before deciding whether it's worthwhile to make the leap.

Working in China

+ PRO: Robust job market

China is the world’s second-largest economy, just behind the US, and therefore offers plenty of job opportunities for skilled professionals in various sectors. These include teaching English as a foreign language, finance, manufacturing, and human resources.

+ PRO: High expat salaries

If you're working in China, you will enjoy an excellent quality of life. With some careful budgeting, you may even be able to put some money away for a rainy day, thanks to the lucrative employment packages on offer. That said, expat packages may not be as profitable as they once were, but some employers still cover costs such as housing, airfare, health insurance, and some tax payments.

- CON: Complicated work permit application processes

Chinese work permit application processes are infamously challenging to navigate, as each city has its own immigration and labour processes. Fortunately, employers take care of the bulk of the administration. Still, you will typically need to undergo a medical examination and move to the same city as the sponsoring company to secure a Z visa.

Working in China 
Work Permits for China

Healthcare in China

+ PRO: International wings in public hospitals

Due to the inadequate standards of care at Chinese public healthcare facilities and the country’s growing expat population, public hospitals in Chinese commercial centres have introduced international wings to offer expats quality treatment at a lower cost. You can also find English-speaking staff at these facilities.

- CON: Healthcare standards are generally subpar

China’s cities generally have access to hospitals offering diverse services, while its rural areas have few to no public healthcare facilities. The standard of care at these facilities tends to be inadequate and slow, while you may be further frustrated by the language barrier.

- CON: Health insurance is expensive

Health insurance premiums in China are typically quite exorbitant, even for the most basic policies. An additional point of contention is that the coverage may not be as comprehensive as expats might be used to.

Healthcare in China

Cost of living in China

+ PRO: Affordable food, electronics, and public transport

Your cost of living in China will largely depend on the lifestyle you prefer. If you would like to enjoy Western luxuries and food, you will find China's cost of living quite steep. On the other hand, embracing the local way of life and shopping for locally produced food and electronics, as well as travelling on public transport, makes things fairly affordable.

- CON: Accommodation in major cities is pricey

Housing in cities such as Beijing and Shanghai is notoriously expensive and is even on par with major European cities. If you're moving to these regions of China, you will need to budget carefully or negotiate for housing expenses to be included in your relocation package.

Cost of Living in China

Accommodation in China

+ PRO: Lots of affordable housing available

You will be spoilt for choice when it comes to housing in China. The most common type of accommodation here is apartments, while freestanding houses are few and far between. You can find everything from serviced apartments to small flats in enormous complexes to small rooms with Chinese-style ablution facilities.

+ PRO: Luxury accommodation with sought-after amenities is widespread

China’s big cities, such as Shanghai and Beijing, often offer many luxury accommodations, including serviced apartments and villa complexes with amenities such as swimming pools, gyms, and internet services. However, these do come at a high cost.

- CON: Apartment sizes may be small and low in standard

While China may have myriad accommodation types, the housing standards in the country may be questionable and smaller than what most expats may be used to. We recommend viewing an apartment in person before committing to a rental agreement. 

Accommodation in China

Safety in China

- CON: Pollution is a serious health hazard

China is one of the world’s biggest manufacturing hubs, and with that level of industrial activity comes pollution. Smog frequently fills the air in China’s major cities and can cause sinus congestion. To ensure your safety in China, we recommend using an air purifier and speaking to your healthcare provider if you have a pre-existing medical condition.

- CON: Drinking water is unsafe

Pollution in China has also affected its water quality, making it unsafe for consumption. Instead, opt for bottled water for drinking and cooking.

Safety in China

Education and schools in China

+ PRO: International schools abound

As an expat parent, you will have no trouble finding a suitable international school for your children. Many schools offer the International Baccalaureate programme, while others offer their home country’s curriculum.

- CON: Competition for international schools is stiff

Although there are plenty of international schools in China, competition for places can be tough and the prestigious schools will have long waiting lists. Admission processes are also quite involved, including placement tests, interviews, and a mountain of forms for parents to fill out.

- CON: Public schools emphasise rote learning rather than critical thinking

Parents with young children who want to assimilate into the local culture may choose to send them to public schools. Public schools in China heavily emphasise rote learning and cramming, which usually involves children spending most of their day at school and in after-school lessons.

Education and Schools in China 

Getting around in China

+ PRO: Plenty of public transport options

Considering China’s huge geographic size, it’s only fitting that the country has a plethora of public transport options. Buses, ferries, metros, and taxis are all available in most of China’s cities. Walking and cycling are also popular in China, offering a low-cost and healthy way to commute.

- CON: Driving is chaotic

Driving in China will most likely be a challenging experience for an expat. As one of the world's most populous countries, China’s traffic congestion is severe, parking is limited and drivers rarely adhere to road regulations. For those reasons, most expats who buy a car in China hire a local driver.

Transport and Driving in China

Known for its rigid, exam-driven public system and an educational philosophy that emphasises results and discipline, China is serious about schooling. As an expat parent, you'll be faced with a difficult decision when choosing a school in China, with language and cultural barriers being two major considerations. 

There are various options for education and schools in China. You can choose to send your children to a public, private or international school, while homeschooling is another popular choice for expats and some locals.

Public schools in China

Foreigners occasionally send their children to public schools in China, particularly in the early preschool years. Western families are becoming more comfortable with the idea of permanence in China, and some want their children to become as well assimilated as possible.

Pre-school in China is not compulsory, but generally lasts three years. Compulsory education in China lasts for nine years and the education system is structured as follows: 

• Primary education (ages 6 to 12)
• Junior secondary education (ages 12 to 15)
• Senior secondary school (ages 15 to 18)

While public education typically lasts nine years, most children go on to attend senior secondary school, which can be either an academic or vocational high school.

As is often the case, some state schools in China are better than others. Overall, the best schools offer a high standard of education and are, in many cases, more competitive and rigorous than the public options in an expat’s home country.

If you choose this option, you should bear in mind that Chinese schools don't have second-language programmes for non-Chinese-speaking students. All lessons and coursework are in Chinese, with few concessions made for foreign students. School days are also long, and the teaching style tends to centre less around critical thinking and more on teaching by rote. That being said, the Chinese government is working towards introducing interactive teaching methods to promote critical thinking. 

Useful links

• Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China

Private schools in China

Some Chinese private schools are better-funded equivalents of state-sponsored education, while others integrate aspects of international curricula and may offer instruction in English as well as Chinese. Alternative learning schools like Montessori and Waldorf also fall into this category. 

They often boast better infrastructure, more comprehensive facilities, and a larger selection of extracurricular activities than state alternatives. Tuition costs more than in public schools, but it is much less than in international schools.

Private schools in China tend to attract students from diverse but well-to-do backgrounds. This may be the perfect bridge for expat students who want to integrate into the local culture but also learn a familiar curriculum in a familiar language. 

International schools in China

Most expats in China send their children to an international school. In no short supply, these institutions are regularly the obvious choice for parents who want a smooth and quick transition for their children.

Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou boast the largest concentrations of international schools, but many medium-sized cities will have at least two or three nearby. Most follow the International Baccalaureate (IB) curriculum or the curriculum from the country they represent. That said, standard coursework often features local culture and many schools also teach Mandarin or Cantonese. Classes are usually in English or the primary language of the school's home country.

International schools in China come in different forms and cater to all kinds of students. Admission to these schools is competitive, and the most popular frequently have long waiting lists. Admission can be a long process involving forms, interviews, placement tests and application fees, and it's typically best for parents to start corresponding from their home country.

One thing that connects all of these schools is the high cost of tuition. Costs at some schools rival international university tuition. If you're moving to China for work, you should try to negotiate an education allowance into your package if it isn't already included. 

Best International Schools in Shanghai
Best International Schools in Beijing
Best International Schools in Guangzhou

Useful links

• China International Baccalaureate School Association

Homeschooling in China

Homeschooling has been growing in popularity among foreigners and locals alike in recent years. Larger cities often have homeschooling support groups for parents and students, which provide opportunities for families to interact with one another.

That said, homeschooling is considered illegal for locals in China, but as an expat, you can legally homeschool your children. Chinese law stipulates that all children must receive nine years of compulsory education at a registered school. Still, the government has not yet fully implemented this law, nor does it seem to apply to expat children as they hold foreign citizenship. 

Nevertheless, the government has become increasingly vocal about its disapproval of the practice recently and has reiterated in numerous statements that homeschooling is not acceptable in China.

If you intend to homeschool your children, you should consider your options carefully, especially since homeschooled children aren't allowed to write the final school-leaving exam that determines entry to Chinese universities.

Special-needs education in China

In China, special-needs education has historically been provided separately from mainstream schools. There has been a recent move towards inclusive education, including greater admission of students with disabilities into mainstream schools as well as teacher training programmes. Still, progress has been limited: children may not receive all the necessary support, while early detection of learning difficulties is uncommon.

Parents of children with disabilities, whether physical, psychological or behavioural, should look to the services available in private and international schools. While the level of support varies between international schools, they are more likely to offer support facilities, including learning support teachers, counsellors and assistive devices.

Tutors in China

Education is highly valued in China, so children who need extra support outside the classroom may look for tutors. Tutoring is common in China and can be done in person or online. Parents can find tutors for their children who specialise in a specific curriculum or particular subjects and subject areas. 

The number of resources available is virtually endless, and there are many online platforms and portals to network and search for tutors, including TeacherOn and Preply, as well as tutoring companies such as Shanghai Expat Tutors.

Useful links

• TeacherOn
• Preply
• Shanghai Expat Tutors

Moving to China is both exciting and challenging. The language barriers and cultural differences in the country might be difficult for expats to adjust to, but it's still possible to enjoy your time in China. 

Diversity and inclusion in China are becoming increasingly important. That said, how inclusion is understood here differs slightly from Western ideas. In China, inclusion focuses more on accepting differences rather than celebrating them.

Accessibility in China

In the run-up to the 2008 Olympics, China signed the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), committing to providing fundamental freedoms, such as the right to education, employment, and transport. Since then, China has made progress in ensuring that its cities are more accessible to the elderly and those with disabilities.

Although still behind Western standards, major cities have features such as curb drops at intersections and raised paths for the blind. The more recently built public transport facilities are fully accessible; most airports and metro stations have elevators between floors and 'braille trails' on the ground for the blind, along with disabled toilets and other facilities. 

Buses rarely have ramps, though, and the available ramps tend to be steep, so most wheelchair users will require assistance when boarding and alighting. Accessible taxis are hard to find in China.

There is little deference for people with disabilities in China, and not many locals will give wheelchair users space to enter a metro train or proceed along a pavement, so it may be necessary to be assertive.

Useful resources

• Wheelchair Travel

LGBTQ+ in China

The Chinese constitution provides for equality for all citizens, although there is no explicit mention of sexual orientation or gender identity.

China excluded homosexuality from hooliganism in 1997, but the LGBTQ+ community still faces discrimination, and more recently life has been getting harder for gay people in China. There has been a social media crackdown on LGBTQ+ groups, and China’s only LGBTQ+ celebration, Shanghai Pride, has not taken place since 2021.

Despite this, every major city in China has a thriving gay scene, with gay-friendly bars, restaurants, and clubs.

Useful resources

• OutChina
• Tongyu

Gender equality in China

The equality of men and women was enshrined in China’s Constitution in 1954, and since then women in China have seen notable gains in life expectancy and literacy. This is mainly due to China’s rapid economic development. China’s modernisation has, however, seen a drop in the female workforce participation rate. Women are usually solely responsible for child and elder care in China, which principally explains their lower representation in the workforce.

Gender-biased sex selection continues to be a problem in China, particularly in poorer rural areas, due to a 'son preference'. Incidents of sex-selective abortions and female infanticide have resulted in male overpopulation. This is changing, though, as women now account for 49 percent of China's population. This is largely due to the fact that it is now illegal to identify the gender of a baby before birth for non-medical purposes or to terminate pregnancy for gender preference.

Useful resources

• China Europe International Business School – Evolving Diversity Dynamics in China 

Women in leadership in China

Although women represent almost half of the population, they occupy less than 8 percent of senior leadership positions in China. The level of female representation in key government roles is currently non-existent as of 2024, the only woman who was part of the Chinese Communist Party Politburo resigned in 2023, leaving the party with no female leaders. 

Only 14 percent of board directors in listed companies in China are women (World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Report, 2024). That said, entrepreneurship is one area where Chinese women take a leading role. More than 20 percent of technology and healthcare start-ups in China had at least one woman on their boards, and 70 percent had at least one female executive. The Global Gender Gap Report puts China towards the bottom of its list—in 2024, it was rated 111th among 146 countries included in the study.

Useful resources

• World Economic Forum – Gender Global Gap Report

Mental health awareness in China

Mental health conditions are a growing issue in China, particularly among the elderly, who may face loneliness as their children move away to build new lives in big cities.

Mental health is a taboo subject among many in China, and the fear of being stigmatised and socially isolated discourages people from seeking help. To address this, the Chinese government has introduced laws aimed at raising awareness, training health workers, and integrating mental healthcare within the health service.

Expats can be at risk of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety, exacerbated by the stress and loneliness of moving away from home. Most international companies are now more aware of the impact of mental health issues, and many have adjusted their policies to provide better support. This includes ensuring that mental health conditions are well covered by the company’s chosen employee healthcare schemes, as well as promoting knowledge and decreasing stigma by holding in-house workshops.

Finding help as a foreigner in China can seem like a daunting prospect, but highly qualified mental health professionals, including psychiatrists, psychologists, and counsellors, are available in all the major cities.

Useful resources

• Beijing Mental Health Centre
• Alcoholics Anonymous Beijing

Unconscious bias training in China

Unconscious bias is an implicit set of often stereotyped ideas an individual carries about groups of people different to themselves. These ideas are not purposefully adopted but rather develop subtly over time, and people tend to hold unconscious biases about groups they never or rarely come into contact with. As a result, they're typically inaccurate and based on assumptions.

Unconscious bias can profoundly affect both personal and work conditions. In the workplace, unchecked bias undermines vital aspects of the company, with negative effects on employee performance, retention, and recruitment. In a bid to create a better work environment, many companies are beginning to institute unconscious bias training.

There is a preference in many Chinese companies to only take on candidates who are native Chinese. Despite claims of ‘zero tolerance’ by the authorities, xenophobia and racism continue to be a problem in China. According to Human Rights Watch, people of African descent in China face particular discrimination in employment, housing, and refusal of services, including by hotels, taxi companies and public transport.

Useful resources

• Project Implicit
• NonProfitReady

Diversification in the workplace in China

Many Western companies in China face difficulty in attracting and retaining foreign talent, and the reasons are not limited to Covid-related restrictions. According to a survey by the European Chamber of Commerce, other reasons include the high cost of living, a lack of good-quality affordable education, poor air quality, internet restrictions, and geopolitical concerns, particularly in the case of American companies.

That said, many global companies now recognise the benefits of a workplace that champions diversity, equity, and inclusion. Studies show that diversity often breeds creativity and innovation, and organisations with a diverse and inclusive workforce are happier and more productive. A study by the City University of Hong Kong showed 46 percent of those surveyed in Mainland China believe that diversity promotes innovation.

Safety in China

Serious and violent crime in China is rare, although expats can fall victim to petty crime and pickpocketing, particularly in tourist areas. Foreigners should take sensible precautions, like keeping valuables out of sight and only hailing taxis from a marked taxi rank. The standard of driving in China can be low, so the biggest safety risk may, in fact, be crossing a road.

Calendar initiatives in China

4 February – World Cancer Day
8 March – International Women’s Day
March – TB Awareness Month
April – Stress Awareness Month
1 May – Labour Day
19 May – Global Accessibility Awareness Day
10 September – World Suicide Prevention Day
October – Breast Cancer Awareness Month
10 October –World Mental Health Day
14 November – World Diabetes Day
November – Men’s Health Month ('Movember')
1 December – World AIDS Day

When you first start looking for accommodation in China, the sheer number of options might feel overwhelming. That said, you'll quickly notice that compact units in large apartment buildings are usually the most affordable choice. These apartments might seem small at first, especially if you're used to a bigger home. But with a little creative organisation, you'll find you can store everything you need and feel comfortable in no time.

It's also common for expats to hire a housekeeper in China, often called an ayi (which means "aunt" in Chinese). Ayis offer affordable cleaning and housekeeping services, making life more convenient.

Types of accommodation in China

A 'standard apartment' in China could vary significantly. It could range from a tiny, dark room with a squat toilet to a spacious unit with internet facilities and marble floors. Of course, most apartments are somewhere in between. To avoid surprises, take your time to research the housing market when you arrive, so you can find a place that works for you long term.

Accommodation prices vary widely according to size, amenities, and location. The most expensive real estate is usually found in big cities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. Within these, the priciest rentals include serviced luxury apartments that are often reserved for short-term rentals and villa complexes aimed at China’s nouveau rich and foreign executives.

If you want to save money, consider house sharing. This is a common choice for young foreigners. You can arrange it through couch-surfing websites, online forums, or by asking around. Sometimes, it’s easier for a group of expats to hire an agent and rent a whole apartment together than to find a single room.

Another option is staying with a Chinese family, known as a "homestay". You can arrange this through special websites, but it can be risky. Some expats enjoy the experience, but others have had issues with families or agencies expecting them to tutor children.

Furnished vs unfurnished

Apartments in China can be furnished or unfurnished, which also affects their price. Unfurnished apartments in the country typically include basic structural elements like doors, windows, kitchen fixtures, and bathroom fittings like sinks and showers. Before sending a large shipment of belongings overseas, you should keep in mind that there is an impressive assortment of furniture stores in China.

Furnished apartments are often pricier and will include everything from a bed and couch to kitchen appliances and utensils. These types of properties are often found in the country's big cities, usually in the form of serviced apartments. 

Shipping and Removals in China

Short lets

Short lets are a great choice for those who will be in China for the short term and are not looking to deal with purchasing furniture and appliances. These have become increasingly popular thanks to the proliferation of apps like Airbnb. Short lets offer all the amenities associated with traditional hotels but in a more cosy environment, making them perfect for medium-term stays. The cost for short lets often covers cleaning services and utilities like WiFi. 

Useful links

• Airbnb
• Tujia

Finding accommodation in China

If you don’t speak Mandarin, you’ll likely need help from a Chinese real estate agent to find a place to live. In larger cities, some agencies can assist in English, but you might still need to hire a translator to help with negotiations. Real estate agents in China typically charge a fee equal to one month’s rent or a percentage of it, which you, the tenant, are responsible for paying.

You can also check online platforms like FlatInChina and Sublet.com to search for rentals. Still, visiting the property in person is highly recommended before signing any rental agreement. Networking with friends or coworkers can also be a great way to find good rental deals.

If you’re moving to China for a teaching job, your employer might provide you with housing. The quality of these apartments can vary, but it often makes settling in much easier.

Useful links

• FlatInChina
• Sublet.com
• Anjuke.com

Renting accommodation in China

Making an application

If your employer is providing your accommodation in China, you'll simply need to register your residence to the local authorities by providing your passport, visa, rental agreement, and property ownership certificate from your landlord. Those going the property search alone can use their hotel's address when they initially land in China. 

Thereafter, it's recommended that you secure the services of an English-speaking real estate agent who can help you with the property search. You'll likely have to view multiple properties until you find one you like. You may then have to provide the landlord with your identification documents, residence permit, and bank statements or proof of employment to ensure you can afford the monthly rental fee. 

Once your agent and landlord reach an agreement, you'll need to sign a lease agreement. It's essential that you request your landlord's ID and proof of property ownership documents, which are needed for registering your permanent residence in China with the Public Security Bureau. 

Leases

Rental contracts are generally valid for one year; some leases may be valid for three or six months. Rent is normally paid monthly.

Unless both parties are comfortable with one language, a contract in both English and Chinese should be signed. It's advisable to have the contract checked by a Chinese speaker to ensure the translations are the same. While both documents are binding, the Chinese contract is often favoured when a dispute arises.

Some landlords may ask for cash payments, although online transactions are more secure. Expats with a Chinese bank account might be able to set up a direct debit or a standing order to cover their monthly rental expenses.

Prospective tenants should ask for documentation proving ownership of the property before signing any lease to avoid potential scams. 

Deposits

Landlords normally require a refundable deposit of at least one month's rent. Upon signing the lease, the tenant is generally expected to pay one or two months' rent upfront. You may be asked to pay three or six months' rent upfront if you're renting in a competitive market like in Beijing or Shanghai or if you're renting a luxury property. 

Terminating the lease

You'll typically have to provide at least a month's notice to your landlord before terminating your lease. Issuing your notice in writing is recommended to avoid any potential disputes. Some contracts may require providing at least two months' notice in the first year of the lease. 

We recommend taking a full inventory of the property before you move in and when you move out to ensure you receive your full security deposit. If there is any damage to the property beyond normal wear and tear or if there are any outstanding utility bills, the landlord may keep some of the deposit to cover these costs. 

Utilities in China

In most instances, the tenant is expected to pay utility bills in China. Payment methods can vary between cities, so you should check this with your relevant local authorities. Some services may require certain documentation, especially for first-time purchases. You should ask your estate agent about this in the contract negotiation stage.

Electricity

The State Grid Corporation of China is responsible for supplying electricity in northern and eastern China, while China Southern Power Grid supplies the southern parts of the country. Electricity payments are regulated by the state and tariffs are the same across the country. Many people use prepaid electric meters. 

First-time buyers should apply for a top-up smart card at an authorised outlet, such as a branch of the power supply company or certain banks, depending on the city. Units can then be loaded onto the card, which is inserted into their meter.

It's also possible to pay for electricity using platforms like Alipay and WeChat Pay. This is often much easier for expats, as these platforms are user-friendly. 

Gas

A mix of state-owned companies and international partnerships supplies natural gas. Some of the biggest gas suppliers in the country include PetroChina, SinoPec, and China National Offshore Oil Corporation. Tenants in apartments with access to a natural gas line will usually receive a payment notice shortly after a meter reader visits their property. 

The bill will indicate a fixed period within which to pay, and payments can be made at gas company outlets and certain banks, convenience stores and post offices. In some cities, you may be able to use your top-up card for your gas supply as well.

Water

Drinking water safety varies by region in China, but many locals and expats often drink bottled water. Local municipalities manage water, and the Ministry of Water Resources oversees national policy setting and resource management activities. 

Much like for gas, a meter reader comes to measure the household’s water consumption, and the local water company sends a payment notice that gives the tenant a set period in which to pay their bill at certain banks and outlets.

Bins and recycling

Waste management is a significant challenge in China and it's common to see waste lying on the side of the street in Chinese cities. That said, the government has improved waste management policies by introducing initiatives like banning foreign waste, implementing mandatory waste classification systems, and increasing incineration. 

Waste collection in China varies according to region, but in most large cities, door-to-door collection is common. Some neighbourhoods also have communal bins that encourage sorting waste at the source. Some regions often use designated pick-up points. If you live in an apartment building, we recommend finding out the exact waste collection process from your landlord or property manager. 

Waste picking is also a big business in China, so you can contribute to the country's recycling efforts by separating your recyclables and giving them to informal waste pickers. 

Useful links

• China Southern Power Grid
• PetroChina
• Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China
• Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China

Ancient China

• Archaeological evidence of human habitation in China dates back at least 500,000 years ago.
• 2070–256 BCE: Early dynasties include the Xia (2070–1600 BC), the Shang (1600–1050 BC), and the Zhou (1050–256 BCE).
• 1050–256 BCE: The Zhou period is marked by the development of a feudal system and the rise of a merchant class.
• 475–221 BCE: The Warring States period is characterised by constant conflict between the various states.
• 221–206 BCE: The First Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, emerges as the victor and establishes the Qin dynasty. Qin Shi Huang goes on to build the first Great Wall. 

Imperial China

• 206 BCE–220 CE: The Han Dynasty sees the continuation of the centralised imperial system established by the Qin. The Han period is also characterised by territorial expansion and the development of a bureaucratic system.
• 220–280: The Three Kingdoms period is marked by the fragmentation of the Han Empire into three independent states.
• 581–681: The Sui Dynasty reunites China and establishes the Grand Canal, connecting the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers.
• 618–907: The Tang Dynasty is a golden age of Chinese civilisation, marked by economic growth, cultural development, and territorial expansion.
• 960–1279: The Song Dynasty sees the development of a sophisticated culture and economy. Gunpowder and movable type printing are also introduced during this period.
• 1279–1368: The Mongol conqueror Kublai Khan establishes the Yuan Dynasty and sees China form part of a vast empire stretching from Europe to Asia.

Late Imperial China

• 1368–1644: The Ming Dynasty restores native Chinese rule and expands maritime trade.
• 16th century: Portuguese traders arrive in China and establish Macau as a Portuguese colony.
• 1644–1912: The Manchu-led Qing Dynasty is the last imperial dynasty in China, whose rule is marked by territorial expansion, cultural exchange, and population growth.
• 19th century: The Qing Dynasty is in decline, leading to a rise in regional warlords as the central government's power dwindles. Western nations also enact treaties enabling the development of foreign concessions in China's ports.

Modern China

• 1839–1842: The First Opium War marks the beginning of China's "Century of Humiliation" at the hands of foreign powers.
• 1850–1864: The Taiping Rebellion, a rebellion against the Qing Dynasty, leaves approximately 20 million dead.
• 1899–1901: The Boxer Rebellion, an anti-foreigner, anti-colonial and anti-Christian movement, rises but is ultimately crushed by an international coalition of armies.
• 1911: The Xinhai Revolution overthrows the Qing Dynasty and establishes the Republic of China. The following years are marked by political turmoil and warlordism.
• 1921: The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is established and gradually gains control over much of the country during the 1920s and 1930s.
• 1931–1945: Japan invades China and occupies parts of the country, leading to a brutal war lasting until 1945.

Communist rule

• 1949: The People's Republic of China is established under communist rule and led by Mao Zedong following the defeat of the Nationalists in the Chinese Civil War.
• 1950s: Mao launches the Great Leap Forward, a massive economic and social campaign to modernise China. The programme leads to widespread famine and economic failure.
• 1966–1976: Mao launches the Cultural Revolution, a radical political and social campaign to purge the country of counter-revolutionary forces. The revolution leads to widespread violence, economic disruption, and cultural destruction.
• 1976: Mao dies, and Deng Xiaoping becomes the country's de facto leader.
• 1980s: Deng Xiaoping launches a series of economic reforms to modernise and grow China's economy. The country becomes a major manufacturing centre for the world. 
• 1989: The Tiananmen Square protests occur in Beijing, as students and intellectuals demand political and economic reforms. The Chinese government uses force to quash the protests, killing hundreds to thousands of people based on historical estimates. 
• 1990s: China continues to grow economically, joining the World Trade Organization in 2001.
• 1997: Hong Kong's sovereignty passes from the UK to China, establishing the 'one country, two systems' policy.
• 2000s: China becomes the world's second-largest economy and begins to play a significant role in international politics and economics. The country also faces growing social and environmental problems, including air pollution, corruption and income inequality.
• 2003: China and Hong Kong are hit by a SARS outbreak, and the country enforces a quarantine to stop the spread of the virus. 
• 2008: China hosts the 2008 Olympic Games, and in the same year, Astronaut Zhai Zhigang completes the country's first spacewalk, showcasing its development as a world power. 
• 2010s: China continues to grow economically and politically and begins to assert itself as a major power in the world. The country faces increasing criticism from the international community for its human rights record and territorial claims in the South China Sea.
• 2018: The Communist Party abolishes the constitution's two-term limit for the presidency, making way for Xi Jinping to become China's ruler for life.
• 2018–present: The US-China trade war sees the US banning the sale and import of communications equipment from five Chinese companies, including Huawei and ZTE. The US government also prohibits federal employees from downloading the popular Chinese social media app TikTok on all federal devices and systems.
• 2019: Hong Kong's residents protest against a proposal to allow extradition to mainland China in months of anti-government and pro-democracy demonstrations. 
• 2019: The COVID-19 virus is detected in Wuhan in late 2019, setting off a global pandemic. China implements the widely criticised zero-COVID policy, which sees millions locked down in their homes and quarantine centres throughout the country.  

Doing business in China can be an exciting opportunity, but it comes with challenges. As one of the world’s largest economies, China has a rich history and plenty of business potential. If you're a Western expat, adjusting to Chinese culture may be difficult. Many people find that cross-cultural training helps make this transition easier.

The process of doing business in China isn't always straightforward. The government can feel overwhelming, and the language barrier can be hard to overcome. These challenges cause some expats to leave before their contracts are up. The visa process can be complicated, and starting a business can be expensive.

Despite these difficulties, more and more foreign workers are coming to China every year, eager to find success in this growing economy.

Fast facts

Business language

Mandarin is the official language of business in China. If you don't understand Mandarin, it's considered polite to supply your own interpreter at meetings.

Business hours

Business hours are usually from 8am to 5pm or 6pm, Monday to Friday, with an occasional break from 12pm to 2pm. Some companies require work on Saturdays. 

Business dress

Business attire in China needs to be formal and subtle. Bright colours are inappropriate, and modesty is key. Flat shoes are the standard for women and are generally a good idea for expat women who are taller than their associates.

Greeting

Use titles and family names when greeting Chinese businesspeople (this can be confusing, as names are traditionally reversed from the Western order). Contrary to popular belief, bowing isn't normally done outside certain ceremonies and a nod will often suffice. It's also best to wait for the other person to initiate a handshake.

Gifts

Gift giving is common practice, but traditions are changing. Official policy forbids bribery, so gifts may be declined. A good policy is presenting a symbolic gift to the company, in which case it's presented to the most senior person available. You should avoid expensive gifts, as they create the obligation for reciprocity.

Gender equality

Although women have historically been viewed as subordinate, work opportunities have grown, with more women visible within executive positions in Chinese business.

Business culture in China

Guanxi

In China, personal relationships are key to professional success, so it’s important for you to understand the business culture, especially the concept of guanxi. Guanxi refers to the relationships you build with others in business and the process of maintaining them.

Many early business meetings in China focus on building these relationships. The goal is for both parties to be able to rely on each other for support or favours. If you do something for someone, they will likely return the favour later.

Guanxi is all about trust, and without strong relationships, you may struggle to succeed. You can maintain guanxi by exchanging gifts, being flexible in negotiations, or inviting business partners out for meals.

It's also essential to be patient and not rush decisions or negotiations. This is a crucial part of doing business in China, and while it may be slow at times, the long-term rewards are worth the wait.

Saving face

"Saving face" is closely tied to the concept of guanxi, or relationships. "Face" is divided into two parts: mien-tzu, which is about reputation and success, and lien, which relates to a person’s integrity and moral character.

It's important not to embarrass anyone in public, as causing yourself or someone else to lose face can harm business relationships.

As an expat, you’ll need to balance guanxi and saving face carefully, especially for legal reasons. Building close relationships and giving gifts can be tricky, as there’s a fine line between showing goodwill and crossing into bribery.

Hierarchy

Hierarchy and seniority are key elements of Chinese business culture. Elders and senior associates should always be given respect, which is done by avoiding eye contact and showing deference at meetings.

Attitudes toward foreigners in China

Chinese companies are often eager to work with Western businesses. Unfortunately, there is sometimes a degree of distrust, at least partially because of the country’s troubled history with the West and political differences. But foreign businesspeople who try to respect and understand Chinese culture are better regarded than those who expect to be accommodated.

Dos and don’ts of business in China

• Do acknowledge senior associates first
• Do make every effort to avoid offending or embarrassing Chinese associates in public
• Don't be offended by personal questions
• Do say “maybe” or “let me think about it” rather than a flat “no”
• Don't make remarks about communism or discuss Chinese politics
• Don't gesture with your hands when talking
• Do exchange business cards at every introduction. Ensure cards include the business title, as well as a Chinese translation on one side of the card.

If you're concerned about your safety in China, your focus will be much less on the dangers travellers are usually worried about, such as pickpocketing, and more on the seemingly innocuous areas like food and driving. 

Serious crimes are rare, but petty theft can happen, especially in busy tourist areas or crowded markets. To stay safe, take simple precautions like locking your doors, keeping valuables out of sight, and, if you’re a woman living alone, avoid ground-floor apartments. In larger cities, stay alert, watch your belongings, and avoid poorly lit areas at night, especially if you’re travelling alone.

Health risks vary across China. For example, in high-altitude areas, you might get altitude sickness. During the rainy season in places like Guangdong, mosquito-borne diseases like dengue fever increase. Also, be mindful of air pollution, unsafe food additives, and reckless drivers.

By being aware and taking these steps, you can improve your safety in China and make your stay more pleasant. 

Pollution in China

The smog in China, especially in big cities and industrial areas, can be overwhelming. If you live in these places, exercise regularly and use an air purifier while sleeping.

Pollution can cause problems like nasal congestion and eye irritation. Children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing medical conditions may be particularly susceptible to its effects. 

Hospitals, Health Insurance, Health Hazards, and Pharmacies in China

Food and water safety in China

As China's population grows, more local food producers try to cut costs by using illegal additives or unsafe practices. As such, 'food scandals' have become a common part of the news cycle. While you shouldn’t let this stop you from trying local foods like dim sum or thousand-year eggs, it’s important to be cautious.

Stick to street vendors that are always busy. This is not only a good way to gauge which vendors are worth buying from, but decreases your chances of being served freshly cooked food. When buying raw food, make sure it looks fresh, appealing, and is within its expiration date.

Don’t drink tap water, as it’s usually not safe. Instead, stick to bottled water.

Terrorism in China

Terrorism is very rare and often doesn’t affect expats or the areas where they live. In the past, there have been small attacks in Ürümqi, the capital of Xinjiang province in northwest China. 

These incidents are frequently linked to separatist extremists from the Uyghur minority in the region. That said, these events are typically limited to Xinjiang and don’t have an impact elsewhere.

Driving safety in China

Driving in China can be frustrating when it feels like everyone else is ignoring the rules and basic road manners. If you're new here, it’s a good idea to use public transport whenever you can. It’s typically fast, safe, and affordable, plus it's a great way to learn to find your way around your new city. 

Walking is also a great option as China can be quite pedestrian-friendly, but you do need to stay alert to the unpredictable surrounding traffic. 

If you want to use a car, consider hiring a driver initially. If you decide to drive yourself, stay patient and give yourself time to adjust to the local driving style.

Getting Around in China

Political situation in China

It's essential to be aware of the political situation in China. The country is a one-party state, so we recommend avoiding open political discussions with new acquaintances. 

Should a demonstration take place, avoid the area. If you do find yourself in the midst of a protest, leave the area and don't take any pictures. 

The Chinese government also censors the internet, so it's essential to avoid posting or reposting anti-government sentiments. 

You will likely need a visa to enter China, but citizens of 43 countries are allowed visa-free entry. These include several European and Asian countries, as well as New Zealand and Australia. Whether you’re looking to travel for tourism, business, transit, or to visit family and friends, you can stay for 15 to 30 days, depending on your nationality.

All you need is a passport that will stay valid during your trip. This visa-free policy will be in place until December 31, 2025, in a bid to boost tourism in China.

Citizens of all other countries will need a visa to enter the country legally. Visas are categorised by a letter according to applicant characteristics – this can initially seem confusing, but once familiar with the appropriate titles, visa application processes will become clearer.

That said, visa regulations can change suddenly and without warning. There is often a degree of inconsistency between online resources, consulates, and the local Public Safety Bureau (PSB), where you must register within 24 hours of arriving.

Be as thorough as possible with your documentation, and where a minimum requirement is stated, go over and above that. For instance, it’s a good idea to ensure that your passport is valid for more than the six-month minimum required by Chinese authorities, especially for longer stays.

For more information on visa types and requirements in China, visit the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China’s website.

Work Permits for China

Useful links

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China’s Website

Applying for a Chinese visa

We recommend applying for your visa at least one month in advance but no earlier than three months before the intended date of travel.

You can start the process by using the China Online Visa Processing System. You’ll usually need to visit an official Visa Application Centre or embassy in person as well. This is to obtain biometric fingerprint scans, which may be checked and collected again when registering with the PSB after arrival in China. Visa applications can be tracked online.

Useful links

• China Online Visa Processing System

Tourist visas for China (L visa)

Tourist visas, categorised as L visas, are issued for tourist visits to China. These come in single-entry, double-entry, and multiple-entry variants. Single-entry visas are valid for three months from the date of issue, while double- and multiple-entry visas are valid for six or 12 months for stays of no longer than 30 days at a time.

The Chinese government requires proof of a travel itinerary or an invitation letter, as well as proof of funds and evidence of a return or onward ticket.

Non-commercial visit visas for China (F visa)

F visas are issued to applicants who intend to visit China for non-commercial purposes such as conferences, cultural exchanges and study tours. Single-entry F visas are usually valid for 30 days, while longer multiple-entry visas can also be applied for.

The Chinese government requires an invitation letter to issue an F visa. The invitation letter must include your name, details about your visit, and information about the inviting party.

Business visas for China (M visa)

The M visa, or commercial trade activities visa, is issued to applicants going to China for commercial and trade activities. In addition to the standard documentation, you will also need a letter of invitation from your host company in China or documents such as an official trade fair invitation.

M visas are generally limited to stays of up to 30 days but are eligible for extensions.

Dependant visas for China (Q and S visas)

Relatives of Chinese citizens or foreigners with permanent residence in China can apply for a Q visa. Q1 visas are for stays over 180 days; Q2 visas are for stays 180 days or less.

Relatives and dependants of foreigners working in China can apply for S visas if their travel purpose is visiting or for personal matters. S1 visas are valid for over 180 days, while S2 visas are valid for up to 180 days.

Long-term multiple-entry visas for China

The 5- and 10-year multiple-entry visas for China are largely available to citizens of the US, UK, Canada, and Argentina. Nationals of these countries must meet specific requirements, such as holding one or more two-year multiple-entry visas, before they are granted a long-term multiple-entry visa.

The visa is issued for business, tourist, short-term family visits, or personal affairs purposes (M, L, Q and S visas, respectively). Expats who have previously held multiple-entry visas can typically explore their options for a 5-year visa. Once granted this, they may be able to apply for a 10-year visa.

Work visas for China (Z visa)

The Z visa is typically issued to expats who will be employed in China for more than six months, although shorter-term entry permits are also available. Note that if you are working in the journalism field, you must apply for a separate J visa. If you are deemed highly skilled and urgently needed in China, you can obtain an R visa.

Chinese authorities require extensive documentation for Z visa applications, usually including a confirmation letter of invitation issued by the Chinese company.

You should note the difference between a work visa and a work permit for China. Although they are closely related, the former allows you to enter the country for work, while the latter enables you to stay and work in the country.

The Z visa is valid for an initial 30 days. After entering China, you must apply for a residence permit, which can be valid for up to five years, depending on the length of your employment contract.

Visa regulations are subject to change at short notice, and expats should contact their nearest embassy or consulate for the latest information.