Turkey is generally considered a safe destination, and many expats relocate there without problems. Certain areas, such as the border between Turkey and Syria, should be avoided due to fighting and a possible risk of terrorism. Road safety is also a concern, and expats should take to the roads with caution. 

Crime in Turkey

Crime rates in Turkey are mostly low, but pickpocketing, muggings and scams may occur in the popular tourist areas of Turkey. Expats should follow the normal precautions to lower the risk of being a victim of such crimes – stay alert, keep valuables out of sight and avoid dark or unlit areas.

Terrorism in Turkey

In the past, there have been terrorist attacks in Ankara and Istanbul, but a government crackdown against terrorism has led to a much lower risk level in these areas today. However, the southeastern portion of Turkey is still considered dangerous. Several governments carry advisories against travel to the provinces of Hakkari and Sirnak. Any area within six miles (10km) of Turkey's border with Syria should also be avoided.

Protests in Turkey

Protests and demonstrations may occur in Turkey, and are generally directed against the government and its policies. Expats should monitor local developments and avoid all large political gatherings. Participating in anti-government demonstrations can lead to arrest.

Road safety in Turkey

Road safety is a concern and expats may find driving in Turkey a challenge. Although road conditions have improved over the last few years, the country has a high rate of road accidents, particularly at nighttime. Poor lighting conditions and badly maintained vehicles are common causes of accidents.

Pedestrians aren't always given the right of way by drivers, even in designated areas such as zebra crossings. Expats should therefore exercise caution when crossing the street.

Expats considering a move to Turkey will naturally have many concerns about life in this culturally rich country. From their safety and security to healthcare and schooling concerns, here are answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about expat life in Turkey.

Are there international schools in Turkey?

There are numerous international schools in Turkey, with most being based in Ankara or Istanbul. These schools teach foreign curricula such as that of the UK, US and the International Baccalaureate. Tuition at these schools can be steep, and due to the high demand, places can be limited, so parents should plan well in advance.

Will I find good healthcare facilities in Turkey?

There are many private and public hospitals in Turkey. The quality of healthcare varies, but hospitals are generally efficient and doctors well trained. Turkey has actually gained a reputation as a medical tourism destination, particularly in the areas of cosmetic surgery, dentistry and fertility treatments.

It is difficult to get a work permit in Turkey?

Getting a work permit for Turkey can be difficult as there are restrictions on which jobs are available to foreigners, and employers will also have to prove that a local does not possess the skills required for the job. Expats will therefore need to find a job before making moving to Turkey.

With a developed transport infrastructure, getting around Turkey is quite easy. Most towns and cities have taxis and bus services, and railway and bus routes also connect most destinations across the country. The road network is well developed, so it's possible to drive in Turkey, but road conditions are not always of a high standard.

Public transport in Turkey

Buses

Turkey has a well-developed bus network. Bus travel is one of the easiest and cheapest options for getting around the country. Most Turkish cities and towns have a central bus station (otogar) where expats can catch a bus to most destinations across the country. Tickets can be bought at the bus station or bus company offices. Most city buses in major cities only accept pre-purchased tickets; in Istanbul, expats can purchase jetonlar (tokens) or an Istanbul Kart (smart card).

Most buses are air-conditioned and offer a good quality service. Many are staffed by assistants who serve drinks and snacks. Long-distance Turkish buses aren't usually equipped with onboard toilets, but there are frequent stops at rest stops along the way. Cell phone use is generally restricted on many buses, and expats may get a few dirty looks if they talk too loudly.

Trains

Turkish Republic State Railways operates passenger trains across the country and links all the major cities. 

On some routes, there are comfortable seating and sleeping compartments. The high-speed Istanbul to Ankara line is the most used in Turkey, with several daily trains operating on this line. Delays are frequent, but the journey generally takes six to ten hours.

As well as the Istanbul to Ankara route, the high-speed train also operates on the Ankara–Konya and Eskisehir–Konya routes. Turkey's transport minister announced plans to have high-speed train routes operating throughout the country within 30 years.

There are also metro systems in many of Turkey's main cities, including Istanbul, Ankara, Bursa, Adana and İzmir. Some cities and towns in Turkey also have light-rail transit systems, including trams.

Ferries

There are numerous ferry services in Turkey. They include a regular service across the Dardanelles at Gallipoli, cross-Bosphorus and short-hop ferries between various parts of Istanbul. Ferries also connect Turkey with other countries in the region, including Greece and Cyprus.

Useful links

• The Turkish Republic State Railways website has more information on trains, schedules and routes in the country. 

Taxis in Turkey

Taxis are available in most Turkish cities and are reasonably priced. Yellow cabs are metered. Most drivers don't speak English, so it's best to have the address written down in advance to show the driver. Tipping is not expected, but a small tip may be appreciated.

Mini-bus taxis, commonly known as dolmuş, are available in large cities and towns. These taxis stop to pick up and drop off passengers anywhere on a pre-established route. They can be flagged down anywhere along their route. Although these taxis are cheaper than yellow cabs and are often faster than regular buses, they can make for a scary ride as drivers tend to be reckless.

Local rideshare apps such as BiTaksi operate in Istanbul and Ankara. Many expats prefer using these apps as it gives them more control over routes and service prices while diminishing language barrier issues. After being banned in 2019, Uber has made a comeback in Turkey and is operating in the cities of Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir. Therefore, this is another option for travel around the city. 

Useful links

• New arrivals to Turkey can use BiTaksi and Uber to book a taxi in the city. 

Driving in Turkey

Although the country has a good network of roads, driving standards in Turkey are generally poor. Turkey has one of the world's highest motor vehicle accident rates, and local drivers are notorious for being reckless. Expats should drive defensively and with caution.

Renting a car in Turkey should be easy and straightforward. There are a few international car rental companies like Hertz, Europcar, and Budget available throughout the country.

Traffic drives on the right side of the road, and road signs are similar to those used in Europe and are plentiful. There is no shortage of petrol stations, which are often open 24 hours a day. That said, petrol is expensive in Turkey.

Expats who will be living in Turkey for six months or longer will need a local driving licence to drive in the country legally. New arrivals must receive a health certificate from a medical practitioner and take an eye test to confirm their fitness to drive. Thereafter, expats will need to take and pass both theoretical and practical tests to secure their driving licences. Expats from certain countries can simply exchange their driving licences for local driving licences if their governments have reciprocal agreements with Turkey. 

Useful links

• Turkey's traffic department website has more information on securing driving licences in the country. 

Air travel in Turkey

Turkey's main airports include Atatürk International Airport, located outside of Istanbul, and Ankara Esenboğa, which is just outside the capital. There are daily domestic flights to and from many destinations across Turkey. The national carrier, Turkish Airlines, is the most popular, but there are several smaller carriers offering flights to various destinations in the country.

Expats doing business in Turkey will find themselves in a unique and dynamic business environment. With the country at the crossroads of Asia and Europe and its access to the Middle East, Turkey is a melting pot of Western, Eastern and Arabic influences.

Due to its political and economic stability, and its strategic geographic location, it has been seen by many international investors as the stepping stone to Central Asia and the Middle East. As such, many international organisations have set up regional offices in Turkey, particularly in the capital, Ankara, and Istanbul.

Doing business in Turkey is not overly complicated, but expats need to have a good grasp of the local business environment and the country’s unique cultural and social dynamics.

Fast facts

Business hours

Business hours are usually Monday to Friday, 8.30am to 6pm, with lunch generally between 12pm and 1pm.

Language of business

Turkish is the official language of business, although English is widely spoken by Turkish businesspeople. It may be useful for expats to learn a few key phrases of Turkish as this will be highly appreciated, but interpreters are also plentiful in Turkish business circles.

Greeting

A firm handshake is exchanged when male associates greet each other, and direct eye contact should be maintained at all times. This is often accompanied by the Islamic greeting, 'Assalamu alaikum' (peace be upon you). Although some Muslim women prefer not to, most women will also shake hands with business associates. If unsure, wait for a woman to initiate greetings.

Business dress

Business dress in Turkey is conservative. Men are expected to wear a suit and tie, although high temperatures and humidity in Turkish cities may sometimes negate this and a shirt and smart trousers are acceptable. Women should also wear smart business suits and keep their shoulders, arms and legs covered.

Gifts

Gift-giving is not an established practice in Turkish business circles, with Turks preferring to take business associates out for dinner instead. If giving gifts, avoid alcohol or pork products.

Gender equality

Conservative attitudes are still common in Turkey, although Turkish businessmen are generally respectful of women.

Business culture in Turkey

Family is important in Turkish culture, and this carries through to the nation’s business culture. Many businesses in Turkey are still family-run and -owned, and business is intimate. The key to doing business in Turkey is, therefore, in building strong and long-lasting personal relationships with Turkish associates. 

Communication

Courtesy and respect are essential. When conducting meetings in Turkey, asking personal questions about family, and chatting about Turkish culture and football are good first steps before moving into any formal business discussions. Direct eye contact is also crucial, as Turks see this as a sign of respect.

Gestures are significant in Turkey, but may be confusing if expats aren't aware of their meaning. Nodding one’s head forward and down indicates 'yes', while 'no' is indicated by nodding one’s head up and back, usually with raised eyebrows. Shaking one’s head from side to side indicates that something is not understood. 

Hierarchy

Rank and authority are respected in Turkish business circles. Decisions are made from the top down, generally by the head of the family or company. Nevertheless, the opinions of the group are important, and those doing business in Turkey may find themselves having initial meetings with less senior associates first. They may only move on to meet higher-level executives or senior family members once a relationship and trust has been established. Decision-making can, therefore, be a slow process, and patience is required.

Religion and business

Although Turkey is a secular state, Islam is the dominant religion and has a strong influence over Turkish culture and business practices. This is evident in the frequent prayer times for Muslims, who will break five times a day to pray. Friday is traditionally the Islam holy day, and most men will attend Friday afternoon prayers. Expats doing business in Turkey should keep this in mind when arranging business meetings and appointments.

During the holy month of Ramazan (Ramadan), Muslims fast during daylight hours and refrain from smoking and drinking. Expats should respect the traditions and refrain from eating, drinking and smoking in front of Muslim associates during this time.

Dos and don’ts of business in Turkey

• Do maintain eye contact when speaking to Turkish associates

• Do remember that business can be extremely personal in Turkey, so building personal relationships is important to establishing lasting business connections

• Do use both hands when handing over a business card or giving a gift

• Don't be offended if a Turkish business associate stands close while conversing. Turks do not require as much personal space as some Westerners may be used to.

• Do learn the significance of gestures when negotiating with Turkish associates as these may lead to confusion or miscommunication

As a country straddling Europe and Asia, Turkey is a unique destination with a rich cultural heritage that blends East and West. Although the country has such diverse influences and is quite multicultural, expats may still have some difficulty adjusting to the local culture in Turkey.

Turkish people are generally friendly and welcoming to foreigners, and expats should move to Turkey with an open mind and not be afraid to embrace all aspects of their new life. The slightest effort to learn and speak Turkish will be highly appreciated.

Religion in Turkey

Although the majority of Turkey's population is Muslim, the country is adamant about its persona as a secular state. This stance is enshrined in the country's constitution but, between the secularists and the traditionalists, tension continues over issues such as the Islamic headscarf and women's rights. 

For all practical purposes, and in Istanbul in particular, one can safely practise their religion and Western dress is widely worn. Despite this, local religious customs should always be respected. This is especially important during the Muslim holy month of Ramazan (Ramadan) when Muslims refrain from eating, drinking and smoking between sunrise and sunset.

Understanding gestures in Turkey

Turks consider it rude to say 'no' outright if something is not possible. Instead, expats may get a roundabout explanation, which new arrivals may find confusing and frustrating. Unlike shaking the head, Turks have a unique gesture for indicating ‘no’ – it is an upward flick of the head accompanied by a clicking of the tongue. 

Addressing others in Turkey

In Turkey, women will always be addressed by their first names with a hanim (pronounced 'hanum', meaning lady) attached to it. It is not considered familiar or rude to use first names. For example, Jane Smith will be addressed as Jane hanim, rather than Mrs Smith. The male equivalent of hanim is bey (pronounced 'bay') and, as such, John Smith will be addressed as John bey.

Women in Turkey

Turkish people are known for their friendliness, but sometimes this extends a bit far when it comes to how men respond to women. Although most men are respectful towards women, reports of sexual harassment of foreign women in Turkey are an unfortunate reality, particularly on public transport or on the streets of Istanbul. It’s not unusual for Turkish men to perceive Western women as sexually promiscuous and for expat women to be the target of unwanted stares or comments. Female expats should avoid going out alone, especially at night.

Turkey has a sound banking infrastructure with plenty of local and foreign options for expats to choose from. Expats moving to Turkey on an employment package may be surprised to find that they generally don't get to select the bank they would prefer to use. Instead, employers choose a single bank to work with. Employees are then responsible for opening an appropriate account with that bank to receive payment.

Money in Turkey

The official currency of Turkey is the Turkish Lira (TRY), which is divided into 100 kuruş. 

• 5 TRY, 10 TRY, 20 TRY, 50 TRY, 100 TRY and 200 TRY

• 5 kuruş, 10 kuruş, 25 kuruş and 50 kuruş and 1 TRY

Banking in Turkey

Of the local banks in Turkey, Garanti Bank is known for making a more pointed attempt at employing staff who can communicate in English and is often picked by employers hiring foreigners for its efforts (though not necessarily successful) to cater to expatriates. Alternatively, İşbank owns several European branches and may be more convenient for expats relocating from the EU. Akbank is another local option that offers a full range of services for expats.

Foreign banks in Turkey include Deutsche Bank, HSBC and Citibank. Nearly all banks provide Internet banking services, and local banks offer web pages in English as well as Turkish.

Most banks operate between 9am and 5pm. Some Turkish banks remain open during lunch hours, but this tends to be the busiest time of the day, and queues can be long.

Opening a bank account

Opening a Turkish bank account is relatively easy for expats. Generally, a copy of one's passport, a tax number, a residence permit and proof of address are required. To obtain a Turkish tax individual number (TIN), expats need to go to the local tax office with their passport. Expats are encouraged to check the documentation requirements with their specific bank, as processes and requirements may differ from bank to bank. 

ATMs and credit cards

There are ATMs in most malls. Bureau de change offices are available in commercial areas in Turkey's main cities. Visa and MasterCard are commonly accepted in Turkey – including for home delivery, as the delivery person will bring a portable card machine. However, personal cheques aren't widely accepted in most places, and banks do not routinely issue chequebooks.

Taxes in Turkey

Income tax in Turkey ranges from 15 to 35 percent and is levied against all income. Expats who have lived in Turkey for longer than six months in a calendar year are considered tax residents and must pay income tax on their worldwide income.

That said, some exceptions exist for foreigners who stay in Turkey for six months or more for a specific job or business, or for particular purposes as specified by Turkish income tax law. Non-residents are only subject to paying tax on their income derived from within Turkey.

Straddling Europe and Asia, Turkey is a multicultural country with a rich history. Thanks to Turkey's sunny weather, welcoming culture and low cost of living, many expats relocate to Turkey for retirement, but the country has plenty to offer expats who can obtain a work permit. As with most countries, moving to Turkey has its benefits and disadvantages.

Below are some of the main pros and cons of living in Turkey.

Cost of living in Turkey

+ PRO: Low cost of living

Turkey boasts a cost of living that is much lower than many other European countries. Expats with foreign purchasing power can live very well in Turkey, although even those who work in Turkey and are paid in Turkish lira can live comfortably.

- CON: Expensive imported goods

Due to a high import tax, imported goods come at a premium. Expats should also be aware of the high cost of electronics and importing cars.

Healthcare in Turkey

+ PRO: Generally affordable healthcare

Turkey has invested a tremendous amount into transforming its healthcare system, expanding access to and quality of healthcare. Under the public health scheme, those earning below a certain threshold have access to free healthcare. Private healthcare is also relatively affordable and is of great quality. As a result, Turkey has become something of a medical tourism destination.

- CON: Healthcare access and quality varies across the country

In the less developed parts of Turkey, public healthcare quality and accessibility may not be as good. Expats in rural areas should familiarise themselves with the standard of healthcare in their area.

Accommodation in Turkey

+ PRO: Variety of housing options

There is a wide range of accommodation in Turkey, with fantastic opportunities to rent or buy apartments, houses, condominiums or villas. Expats can use an online property portal to find accommodation, or work with a real-estate agent.

- CON: Negotiation may be necessary

Negotiation is a key aspect of Turkish culture, and renting is no exception. Expats who are unfamiliar or uncomfortable with negotiating can ask an estate agent to negotiate for them.

Education in Turkey

+ PRO: Free primary and secondary education

Public primary and secondary education is free for all residents in Turkey. The language of tuition in public schools is Turkish, however, making this a viable choice only if children are young enough to pick up a new language easily or can already speak Turkish.

- CON: Limited space and high fees in international schools

There are international schools in Turkey that teach in English or other foreign languages, but space is limited and fees tend to be high. Expat parents planning to move to Turkey should secure a spot as soon as possible and ensure their budget can accommodate the costs involved.

Getting around in Turkey

+ PRO: Widespread and cost-effective public transport

Public transport is well-developed in Turkey. Bus travel in Turkey is easy and cheap, trains and planes are great for travelling between cities, and many of Turkey’s main cities have metro systems. Taxis and mini-bus taxis are also available in most cities.

- CON: Road safety is a concern

Adherence to road rules is low, and local drivers can be reckless. Turkey has one of the world’s highest motor vehicle accident rates, so expats should exercise caution both as drivers and pedestrians.

Working in Turkey

- CON: Strict employment laws

It can be difficult for foreigners to secure a job. Because of the country’s high unemployment rate, the government is conservative with issuing work permits.

Lifestyle in Turkey

+ PRO: Hospitable and friendly people

Hospitality is a foundation of Turkish culture, and Turkish people are known for their friendliness and generosity. It's not unusual for people in public to be invited by strangers to have tea or a meal.

+ PRO: Turkey is a secular state

The majority of people in Turkey are Muslim, but individuals are free to practice their religion. That said, it is always wise to respect local religious customs such as refraining from eating, drinking and smoking in front of fasting Muslims during Ramadan.

Most expats who move to Turkey do so for the sunny skies and its ideal retirement options. There are also thousands of expats working in Turkey and many more trying to relocate to take advantage of professional opportunities.

A limiting factor for foreign nationals has always been Turkey's conservative approach to issuing work permits. Despite improvements in bureaucracy, the government is still hesitant to grant too many of these prized pieces of paperwork as a result of the country's high unemployment rate.

Job market in Turkey

Those who have been lucky enough to be brought abroad by an employer willing to sponsor their job contract will find the Turkish labour force generally hard-working and dedicated, with few qualms about working after hours if necessary.

The Turkish economy is growing consistently. It has been lauded for its complex mix of modern industry and commerce, along with a traditional agricultural sector.

It is still possible for expats with an adequate skill set and a bit of determination to find jobs in Turkey. Most often, foreigners obtain employment working in the tourism, teaching, real estate and finance fields in the more expat-friendly cities of Istanbul and Ankara. These major metropolises also present opportunities in the engineering, information technology, construction, finance, supply chain management, marketing and sales departments, although positions in these fields are more of a rarity.

As in the past, there is plenty of opportunity for expats to teach English in Turkey. Many institutions merely require a college degree with no formal teaching training necessary, although having the appropriate qualifications will assist in getting the job. Adequate salaries accompany these positions, but expats looking to support a family will need a larger income.

Nevertheless, the Turkish job market is restricted for foreigners, and expats are prohibited from working in specific fields. For example, foreigners are not allowed to be employed in the mining industry, as executive directors of travel agencies and in some professional occupations, such as pharmacy, nursing and dentistry.

Finding a job in Turkey

As employers have to apply for work permits for Turkey on behalf of foreign workers, expats should find employment before they arrive. 

A key means of securing a job is to browse online job portals and to contact recruitment agencies. Many multinational corporations are operating in Turkey and might list prospects on their websites. 

Useful links

• LinkedIn and Indeed are some of the most popular international job sites where multinational companies often publish postings.
• Learn4Good and JustLanded are local job sites offering job postings for expats in Turkey.

Work culture in Turkey

Generally, Turks are hospitable towards foreign workers. This is ideal for expats as business can be intimate in Turkey. Turks like to take time to form relationships and prefer doing business with those they trust. Turkish business culture is also exceptionally hard-working, and new arrivals should expect to work longer hours than they may be used to. 

Business is hierarchical in Turkey. Those in senior positions are given great respect, and their decisions are typically not questioned in public.

It is also essential for expats to remember that although Turkey is a secular state, Islam is the dominant religion and does have an impact on business culture. Respecting religious practices and acknowledging how these may impact office hours or colleagues' behaviours will assist expats in gaining the trust and respect of their co-workers. Moreover, this will also help expats adjust to the working environment in Turkey.

Turkey embassies

• Turkish Embassy, Washington DC, United States: +1 202 612 6700

• Turkish Embassy, London, United Kingdom: +44 20 7393 0202

• Turkish Embassy, Ottawa, Canada: +1 613 789 4044

• Turkish Embassy, Canberra, Australia: +61 2 6234 0000

• Turkish Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa: +27 12 342 6053

• Turkish Embassy, Dublin, Ireland: +353 1 668 5240

• Turkish Embassy, Wellington, New Zealand: +64 4 472 1290

Foreign embassies in Turkey

• United States Consulate General, Istanbul: +90 212 335 9000

• British Embassy, Ankara: +90 312 455 3344

• Canadian Embassy, Ankara: +90 312 409 2700

• Australian Embassy, Ankara: +90 312 459 9500

• South African Embassy, Ankara: +90 312 405 6861

• Irish Embassy, Ankara: +90 312 459 1000

• New Zealand Embassy, Ankara: +90 312 446 3333

Turkey is a vast country with huge variability in climate. Along Turkey's coast, the weather is influenced by the adjacent sea. The Mediterranean Sea produces the country's famed hot summers and mild winters, while areas close to the Black Sea have cooler summers and modest ranges in temperature. The weather in Turkey's interior features an even greater contrast, with hot summers and cold winters. 

The capital, Ankara, has warm and dry summers with averages of 68°F (20°C), and cold and snowy winters. January, the coldest month, generally has an average temperature of 30°F (-1°C). Ankara's rainy season is in spring, and it's particularly wet during May.

The majority of expats choose to settle in Istanbul, which can be windy throughout the year. Summer in Istanbul is from June to September, and features hot and humid weather with temperatures averaging 82°F (28°C). Summers are also usually drier, though rain can occur year round. Winters, which begin in December and end in March, are characterised by cold, wet and occasionally snowy weather, but temperatures rarely reach freezing.

Situated on the Anatolian Peninsula, Turkey straddles both Europe and Asia. Expats moving to Turkey will discover that, while the country consists of rolling hills, an elevated central plateau and high Rocky Mountains, it is also surrounded by water on three sides. With access to the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea, Turkey is blessed with gorgeous coastlines. 

Expats relocating to Turkey will discover that wonderful contradictions are part of a daily life that flawlessly marries the ancient and the modern, where Europe and Asia meet across the Bosphorus Strait.

Living in Turkey as an expat

Due to the country's strict employment laws, it can be difficult for foreigners to secure a job. Despite this, most new arrivals either find work in finance, tourism, construction or teaching English within the Turkish schooling system. 

Those moving to Turkey should ensure they have all the relevant paperwork in place. Visitors can now only stay in Turkey for a total of 90 days in any period of 180 days, and visas need to be applied for before entering the country. Those wishing to reside in Turkey long-term must obtain a relevant residence or work permit.

The country’s healthcare system as a whole may not be up to the standards that many Westerners are used to, but top-notch private healthcare facilities can be found in the major cities of Ankara and Istanbul. Many doctors in these facilities can also speak English.

Cost of living in Turkey

Expats will find the cost of living in Turkey more reasonable than in neighbouring European countries. Everyday expenses are affordable in Turkey, although imported goods and petrol tend to be pricier than in places such as the UK and the US. While accommodation is comparably cheap in Turkey, expats will find this to be their biggest expense. Even private healthcare won't break the bank. 

Those expats with foreign purchasing power can make their money last longer and reach further, even if they choose to live in the popular expat areas or coastal resort towns.

Families and children in Turkey

Although public schooling is free for all residents, the majority of expats send their children to international schools in the country. Most of these schools can be found in Ankara and Istanbul. While these schools teach international curricula in international languages, expats wanting to send their children to these schools should be prepared to pay high fees. That said, parents will often find these fees justified, as international schools often offer excellent facilities and teaching standards, as well as a wider range of extracurricular activities. 

Alternatively, expats who have young children and plan to stay in Turkey permanently should consider a local school. This will help the children to pick up the language quickly, assimilate into the culture and make local friends. 

Climate in Turkey

The climate in Turkey is highly variable thanks to the country's large geographic size. Along Turkey's coastlines, the adjacent sea influences the weather. While the Mediterranean Sea produces its famed hot summers and mild winters, the areas close to the Black Sea have cooler summers and measured ranges in temperature. The weather in Turkey's interior features an even greater contrast, with hot summers and cold winters.

Although Turkey's most popular city and the centre where most expats are based is Istanbul, there is much more to the country than just one city. Turkey has a wide range of landscapes and sights that will readily appeal to history buffs, nightclub fanatics, archaeology nuts, sun worshippers, city lovers and shopping addicts. Expats moving to Turkey to dip their toes in the rich culture and vibrant lifestyle of the beautiful country will discover just how much it has to offer. 

Fast facts

Official name: Republic of Turkey

Population: About 85.3 million

Capital city: Ankara

Other major cities: Istanbul, Antalya, Izmir, Bursa

Neighbouring countries: Turkey is bordered by Bulgaria and Greece to the west, Georgia and Armenia to the northeast, Iran to the east and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. Cyprus sits just off Turkey's southern coast.

Political system: Presidential representative democracy

Major religions: Islam is the dominant religion, with more than 90 percent of the population practising the faith. 

Main languages: Turkish is the official language, but some English is often spoken and widely understood in the main cities and tourist areas.

Time: GMT+3

Electricity: 220V, 50Hz. The European two-pin plug is standard.

Money: The Turkish Lira (TRY) is divided into 100 kuruş. To open a bank account in Turkey, most banks require proof of address, a passport and a Turkish tax individual number (TIN).

Internet domain: .tr

International dialling code: +90

Emergency numbers: 155 (police), 112 (ambulance), 110 (fire)

Transport and driving: Cars in Turkey drive on the right side of the road. Major cities have adequate public transport, but a car may be necessary if living in more remote areas.

Whether going to Turkey on holiday or wanting to live and work there for the long term, it's necessary to obtain a visa to visit the country.

Expats should note that their passports must be valid for at least six months from their date of arrival in Turkey.  

Visit visas for Turkey

Nationals of several countries can obtain a visa upon arrival at the border, but it is recommended that travellers apply for their visa online before travelling to Turkey. The e-visa application is straightforward, making it easy to get a tourist or business visa in a matter of minutes. 

Most entry visas for Turkey are multiple-entry and valid for 90 days. It used to be possible to leave Turkey after 90 days and then re-enter the country immediately for a further 90-day period. However, the Turkish authorities have changed this. Visitors will only be able to stay in Turkey for a total of 90 days in any period of 180 days. These days don't have to be consecutive, but they can't be exceeded. The law directly affects expats who have previously resided in Turkey on a tourist visa and made 'visa runs', exiting the country temporarily every 90 days to renew their privileges.

Those who overstay their visa will be subject to bans or fines. This law is designed to encourage long-term residents and expats living in Turkey to apply for proper residence status – documentation that ends up being far costlier than a basic tourist visa.

Work visas for Turkey 

Once they've found a job, expats wishing to work in Turkey must apply to their nearest Turkish mission to obtain a work visa. Expats will need to provide their passport, visa application form and a letter from their employer.

Other documents must also be submitted to the Turkish Ministry of Labour and Social Security simultaneously by the employer (no later than ten working days after application) to begin with the work permit application process. Applications usually take up to two months to finalise. Upon their arrival in Turkey, expats must present themselves to their nearest police station to receive the required residence permit. 

Useful links

• The Turkish Ministry of Labour and Social Security provides a list of the documentation employers must submit. 

Residence permits for Turkey

It is now no longer necessary for foreigners working in Turkey to apply for their residence permit separately, as their work permit will include their residence authorisation. 

Those moving to Turkey with their families should also note that dependants applying for a residence permit must also file their application at the Turkish consulate.

Depending on the category applied for, the time for which a residence visa is valid ranges from 30 days to three years. The most popular residence visa available, the short-term residence visa is valid for a maximum of two years. 

Foreigners who wish to live, study or work in Turkey are required to register at their nearest police department upon arrival in Turkey, regardless of the validity of their visa. They will be required to present several documents, such as their passport and proof of address.

*Visa regulations are subject to change at short notice, and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Expats eager to obtain a work permit for Turkey may have their hopes put on hold as the process is characterised by a large amount of paperwork and coordination. 

Expats may be surprised to learn that requesting a work permit is a double-application process that also involves applying for a work visa. Both the expat employee and the sponsoring employer must apply, with the necessary documents, to the appropriate bodies within ten days of each other. The expat will be required to submit their application to their nearest Turkish consulate, and their employer in Turkey must deal with the Turkish Ministry of Labour and Social Security. 

Only those individuals who can prove they possess a specific skill that is in shortage in Turkey qualify to receive a work permit. Furthermore, only a business entity formally registered in Turkey can submit a work permit application.

Theoretically, it follows that an expat who wishes to work in Turkey must have a job offer before pursuing the permit. Expats should note that there are several job categories that the Turkish government has specifically banned foreign nationals from working in.

Turkey's Ministry of Labour and Social Security has more on work permit application processes for specific sectors. 

Applying for a work permit for Turkey

Work permits for Turkey are processed by the Ministry of Labour and Social Security (within Turkish borders) while the work visa is granted by the Consulate of the Turkish Republic. Work permit application processes differ for specific sectors. 

Generally, an application must be accompanied by a letter from the employing company. Typically, the letter must contain essential information such as the business's name, address and industry, as well as other specifics dictated by the Turkish state.

Normal processing time is approximately one month, but it may take longer. Work permits are dual-purpose as they also function as residency permits. 

*Please note that visa and work permit regulations are subject to change at short notice and expats should contact their nearest Turkish consulate for the latest information.

The quality of healthcare in Turkey varies from region to region. Expats moving to Turkey will be happy to know that healthcare in the country is generally cheaper than elsewhere in Europe and that there are many private and public hospitals across the country. 

Expats moving to one of the major urban centres in Turkey, such as Istanbul or Ankara will have access to high-quality private hospitals with experienced doctors and medical staff, most of whom can speak English. Those living in more rural areas, however, will find access to healthcare still quite limited.

Expats should note that health insurance is a requirement for all visa holders. After a year in Turkey, expats can sign up for the public healthcare system.

Health insurance in Turkey

It's compulsory for all residents who are under 65 and living in Turkey to have either public or private health insurance. 

Expats who have been residents in Turkey for more than a year with a valid residence permit can apply to Turkey's public health insurance scheme (GSS), which is administered by the state-run Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu (SGK). Expats must contribute to the SGK for at least 30 days before requesting access to healthcare services, but many employers contribute to public health insurance on their employee’s behalf, so expats needn't worry about this.

Despite this, many expats opt for additional private medical insurance to supplement their public insurance and to cover medical care at private institutions. It’s worth noting that the European Health Insurance Card, relating to free medical treatment in EU countries, is not valid in Turkey. 

Several international companies offer private expat health insurance. Local Turkish companies also offer competitive rates and services. International health insurance can cost thousands of US dollars per year, depending on one’s policy and benefits. Local Turkish health insurance is equally effective and far cheaper. 

Public healthcare in Turkey

Though most expats prefer to opt for private care, public healthcare in Turkey has seen improvements in recent years that have led to an increase in the quality of public institutions.

Public healthcare is largely free to those in the system, though some costs are subsidised rather than fully funded. Out-of-pocket expenses tend to be minimal, but expats can also get additional private health insurance to cover these additional expenses. 

Private healthcare in Turkey

Private hospitals in Turkey are relatively cheap and offer good quality care. In fact, Turkey is beginning to make a name for itself as a medical tourism destination, particularly in the areas of cosmetic surgery, dentistry and fertility treatment. It’s normally easy to make an appointment at a private hospital as many of them have English-speaking call centres. Although private facilities and services in Turkey are cheaper than in other countries, it is still necessary to get private health insurance to cover medical expenses. 

Medicines and pharmacies in Turkey

Pharmacies (eczane) are plentiful in the main towns and cities. Expats living in Turkey will find that accessing medicines at pharmacies is relatively easy. Many prescription medications are available cheaply and over the counter. Most neighbourhoods in major cities have a duty pharmacy that is generally open 24 hours a day.

Health hazards in Turkey

While Turkey's water is officially declared safe to drink, it often has a chemical taste, so it is recommended that expats only drink bottled water. Malaria is present in the southeastern regions of Turkey, and prophylaxis is necessary if travelling to the affected areas. May to October is the highest risk period for Malaria, so expats should take further precautions during these months.

Pre-travel restrictions and vaccinations for Turkey

There are no specific vaccinations required for entry into Turkey, although those coming from a yellow fever infected area should have a yellow fever certificate.

It’s also recommended to have a rabies injection, especially if travelling outside the main urban areas, as Turkey has one of the highest incidences of rabies in Europe.

Emergency services in Turkey

Turkey has a public ambulance service, which can be contacted by dialling 112. Some hospitals in the major cities offer private ambulance services which can be accessed directly through them. These are often better equipped and have faster response times than public ambulances. 

If expats are willing to negotiate, use common sense, and keep their wits about them, finding suitable, well-priced accommodation in Turkey should be a straightforward process. Housing is widespread and varied, with many great deals to be found. It is also a feasible and popular option for expats to buy property in Turkey, as property rates are fairly low.

Types of accommodation in Turkey

There are many types of accommodation available in Turkey, from flats and apartments to houses, condominiums and luxury villas. The price of property in Turkey varies greatly according to the type and quality of a residence, its location, how recently it was constructed and whether it has parking facilities. Parking space is at a premium in Turkish cities, especially in Istanbul. As can be expected, property prices are generally higher in urban areas than in rural areas.

There are no specific expat areas in Turkey, although expats moving to Istanbul might want to check out the districts of Nişantaşı, Teşvikiye and Cihangir. These all offer a good range of accommodation options, and at the same time are vibrant parts of the city to live in.

Furnished vs unfurnished

Rental properties in Turkey can either be furnished or unfurnished, as both are equally available. Furnished apartments and villas often include everything from beds to cutlery and crockery. Many expats prefer renting fully furnished accommodation, as it saves them time and the money involved in either transporting furniture from their home countries or buying it once in Turkey. That said, furnished accommodation will be pricier than unfurnished, and it also usually requires a larger deposit.

Short lets

Short lets from platforms such as Airbnb and Zingat are fantastic options for expats initially moving to Turkey, as they allow them to explore the different areas and suburbs in their new cities. The main benefit of short lets is that they are more affordable than hotels, and the cost typically includes utilities. Additionally, short lets are typically fully furnished, allowing rents to fully experience living in a particular neighbourhood before fully committing. 

Finding accommodation in Turkey

There are several online property portals for finding accommodation in Turkey, while expat social media groups are also a viable option. Expats should also consider engaging the services of a reputable real-estate agent when searching for a place to rent. The vast majority of Turkish estate agencies will have a dedicated rentals department. Not all agents can speak English, so it's worth trying to find an agent who is more experienced in dealing with expats.

Useful links

• Emlakjet is a popular online property portal in Turkey. While the website may be in Turkish, new arrivals can find some of the best deals here. 
• Zingat offers both short-term and long-term rental solutions throughout Turkey. 

Renting accommodation in Turkey

Finding suitable accommodation in Turkey should be a straightforward process, but expats should do some research before leaving their home country. As with most aspects of life in Turkey, negotiation is key when renting accommodation. Points like the monthly rental fee and the deposit to be paid can all be negotiated with the landlord. If one lacks the stomach or the skills to do it alone, one can ask the real-estate agent to negotiate these points.

The rental process

The rental process in Turkey depends on the route expats choose to take. Most expats will research properties online and contact some local estate agents who will set up viewings. The estate agent will help with any negotiating to reach an agreement with the landlord, and will then draw up a rental contract. The deposit and the first month’s rent need to be paid before the start of the tenancy.

If one decides to rent accommodation directly from a landlord, the process is fairly straightforward and more relaxed. Expats should nevertheless uphold a formal relationship with their landlord and ensure they still get a signed and notarised rental contract. This will help them avoid any misunderstanding that could come up in the future.

Leases

Rental agreements in Turkey don’t necessarily follow a specific form or set of requirements. When renting directly from the landlord, a verbal agreement is often made, but it is recommended to secure a written tenancy contract. This can be used to document the lease term, rent and deposit as well as the responsibilities of both the tenant and landlord. 

The period of a long-term lease agreement is typically negotiated between the landlord and the tenant. Long-term rental contracts are typically signed for one year. There is also a rental increase for each year the contract is extended. This rate should be agreed upon when the contract is drawn up. Tenants should ensure that they understand all the terms and conditions laid out in the contract, and if there are any uncertain clauses, these should be sorted out and amended before signing anything.

Turkey's rental law does not have any stipulations on pets. Therefore, the onus on allowing or disallowing pets is on the landlord. Expats will need to discuss this with their landlord and ensure they get written permission to live with their pet. 

Deposits

The tenant will likely have to pay between one and three months' rent as a deposit, as well as one month's rent in advance, to secure their new apartment. The deposit is reimbursed after deductions have been made to cover damage caused by the tenant or unpaid utility bills at the end of the term of the lease agreement. Agents will also charge a fee for their services, which is also typically negotiable. 

Termination of the lease

Tenants may terminate a lease in Turkey by giving at least 15 days' notice. If notice is not given within the prescribed period, the lease will be extended for an additional 12 months, so it's essential that expats give their landlords appropriate notice should they wish to move. Tenants should also ensure they return the property in the same condition they found it, as landlords will deduct money for repairs from their security deposit should the property be damaged beyond normal wear and tear. 

Utilities

Whether the tenant is liable for utility bills in Turkey will depend on the agreement made with the landlord. Sometimes these costs are included in the monthly rental price, and other times not.

Some landlords will arrange all utility services themselves. Others will leave the responsibility to their tenant. In rare cases – mostly when renting directly from an owner – utilities may be included in the monthly rent. Expats should ensure they understand the arrangement before they move into their accommodation.

Utilities can be paid at banks or with automatic payments through one's bank account. Automatic payments are the most convenient option. These can easily be arranged by visiting the bank with a copy of the bill. Expats should never make a payment to someone who comes to the door claiming to be an agent, as utilities are never paid like this.

Electricity

Electricity supply in Turkey is managed by the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEİAŞ) and is distributed by several companies across the country. The company is currently undergoing privatisation and reinvestment to boost electricity and gas production. Turkey faces power outages, so tenants should ensure they purchase surge protectors to prevent appliance damage. 

To connect their electricity, newcomers must visit their local supplier's office and fill out a subscription form. Electricity Generation Company (EÜAŞ), ENKA and Istanbul Energy are the main electricity suppliers in Istanbul, while Ankara is served by Bedaş and EÜAŞ.

Expats will need to provide the supplier with their rental agreement, proof of identity and the previous installation number, which can be found on the electricity meter. Tenants must then pay a subscription fee and select the wattage to be delivered to their home. Renters can expect to receive their bills monthly, quarterly or biannually depending on their supplier. 

Gas

Expats moving to Turkey's major cities such as Istanbul and Ankara will have access to mains gas. While almost 80 percent of Turkey's population has access to natural gas, some provinces do not enjoy the same access. The major gas suppliers such as Istanbul Gaz Dağıtım (IGDAŞ) and Başkent Doğalgaz Dağıtım (BAŞKENTGAZ) are government-owned.

Similar to electricity, tenants must visit a local supplier's office and submit their rental agreement, previous installation number, proof of identity and utility bill to connect their gas. Expats must pay a refundable security deposit as well as a non-refundable connection fee.

Water

The water supply in Turkey is managed by local municipalities, and in major cities like Ankara and Istanbul, the drinking water is sourced from dams and is then chlorinated. This chlorination often makes the water unpalatable, and as such, most people in the country choose to drink bottled water. Large bottles of water are available for delivery to one's residence.

Still, customers will need to connect their water for other uses. They can transfer an account to their name by visiting their municipal water office with their rental contract, proof of identity, meter reading and connection fee. Expats must be aware that subscription procedures can vary between municipalities – it's important to check with one's local municipality before beginning the process. 

Water bills are issued monthly or quarterly, and they typically include an environmental tax. The local municipality will institute a penalty for late payments after a seven-day grace period.

Internet 

Turkey boasts excellent and inexpensive internet service providers (ISPs). WiFi access abounds in the country, while ADSL is also available. Expats must provide their identity documents and a recent utility bill to subscribe to a service. Most ISPs will offer integrated mobile and internet services, making it easy for expats to keep in touch in Turkey. 

Bins and recycling

Waste management in Turkey is overseen by local municipalities which are responsible for collecting, separating, disposing and recycling rubbish. In urban areas, the municipality provides large dumpsters where residents can drop off their rubbish for curbside collection. 

Recycling is a relatively new concept in Turkey, and its definition continues to evolve. Households are encouraged to separate recyclable waste from other materials, and Istanbul is home to several recycling facilities. Another significant part of the country's recycling efforts is the rubbish collectors who make a living from collecting recyclables and selling them to depots around the city that then sell them to factories for recycling. 

Useful links

• See Accommodation in Istanbul and Accommodation in Ankara for more region-specific housing information.
• TTNet, Turkcell Superonline and DorukNet are among the major ISPs in Turkey. 

The standard of education and schools in Turkey varies. As Turkish is the language of instruction at all public schools, most expat parents choose to send their children to private or international schools instead.

Public schools in Turkey

Education in Turkey is compulsory for all children between the ages of six and 18 from primary through to secondary school. Primary and secondary education in public schools is free to all children, including foreigners.

High school education in Turkey comprises different branches, including general, vocational and technical schools, with each having a different educational focus. Upon finishing their secondary education, students are awarded the Lise Diplomasi (Secondary School Diploma), which secures the right to partake in nationwide exams for university entry.

The language of instruction at public schools is Turkish, but all children are required to learn a foreign language. Language choices are typically either English, German, Spanish or French.

The school day is generally made up of a morning and afternoon session, with the school week running from Monday to Friday. The academic year in Turkey typically runs from mid-September through to early June and is divided into two semesters.

Private schools in Turkey

Private schools in Turkey follow the Turkish national curriculum, with the language of instruction being Turkish. Some of the more prestigious private schools offer bilingual education.

Expat children wanting to attend a private school in Turkey will have to undergo a general exam to determine their level of competency.

International schools in Turkey

Most international schools are based in Ankara and Istanbul. These schools cover various international curricula and teach in several foreign languages, including English, German and French.

Spaces are often limited at international schools in Turkey. This is particularly true in Ankara, which has a large diplomatic community owing to the number of foreign embassies in the city. Expat parents will therefore need to plan well ahead to secure a spot for their child.

Most international schools offer students the opportunity to learn the Turkish language. They also have field trips and cultural activities to assist children in assimilating better into Turkish culture and society.

Tuition at private and international schools is costly. It is important to factor this into one's contract when negotiating a package for relocation to Turkey.

To learn more about specific international schools, see International Schools in Istanbul and International Schools in Ankara. 

Homeschooling in Turkey

Homeschooling is considered illegal in Turkey. A loophole that some expat parents use is that this law specifically refers to Turkish children, and foreigners therefore tend to have some success with homeschooling. That said, parents of children with dual Turkish citizenship will have to follow the law or face hefty fines or, in extreme cases, imprisonment.

Special-needs education in Turkey

The Turkish government has a policy to keep children living with disabilities in mainstream classes as far as possible.

Many international schools in Turkey offer special-needs education, but the type of support offered varies between schools. Some schools offer assistance for students with mild learning difficulties, while others will have more extensive support systems designed to deal with a range of needs. 

The British International School in Istanbul is one international school that offers special needs support throughout its primary and secondary departments. 

Istanbul has also opened a special education and training school, called HAYPADER Special Education Practice School, which offers equal opportunities in education to children with disabilities. This school also offers scholarships for children from low-income families.

Expat parents looking for special-needs education should be sure to research schools before relocating to Turkey. The ideal is to find the best fit between the school and the child – one that can meet their particular needs and has the right experience and resources. Parents could contact the Guidance and Research Centre in the area they will be living in. 

The Guidance and Research Centre is an organisation that reviews children’s physical abilities, personal development and academic capabilities and uses this data to provide recommendations on education options. It also gives the family guidance and counselling on the care and treatment of a child with special needs. 

Useful links

• Expats can visit the Ministry of Education's website to find out more about Guidance and Research Centres. 

Tutors in Turkey

Receiving private tutoring in Turkey while preparing for a national examination is common. Due to fierce competition to get into elite high schools and universities, most children will receive tutoring at some point during their academic careers.

There are three forms of private tutoring in Turkey. The first, and priciest, is one-on-one tutoring. This is usually done by an accomplished university student or a retired teacher. These tutors often guarantee excellent results and therefore charge high prices.

The second type of tutoring happens on school premises and is offered by volunteer teachers outside normal class hours. This form of tutoring is frequently organised by the school board.

Finally, the most popular form of tutoring is provided by private tutoring centres (dershaneler). These centres act like private schools with professional teachers. Students first complete an entrance test and are placed into classes according to their results. These schools charge a monthly fee and can be costly.