Straddling Europe and Asia, Turkey is a multicultural country with a complex, layered history. Thanks to Turkey’s sunny weather, welcoming culture and low cost of living, many expats relocate to Turkey for retirement, but the country has plenty to offer expats who can obtain a work permit. As with any move abroad, relocating to Turkey has its upsides and its drawbacks.

Below are some of the main pros and cons of living in Turkey.

Cost of living in Turkey

+ PRO: Low cost of living

Turkey has a cost of living that is much lower than in many other European countries. Expats with foreign purchasing power can live very well in Turkey, although this benefit is dramatically reduced for those earning a local salary, as persistent, high inflation puts a tight squeeze on any budget paid in Turkish lira.

- CON: Expensive imported goods

Due to a high import tax, imported goods come at a premium. Expats should also be aware of the high costs of electronics, fuel, and importing cars, all of which are subject to heavy taxes.

Cost of Living in Turkey 

Healthcare in Turkey

+ PRO: Generally affordable healthcare

Turkey has invested heavily in transforming its healthcare system, rolling out vast, modern ‘city hospitals’ to expand access and quality. The national health scheme, SGK (Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu), is mandatory for most residents. Expats can usually join after their first year by paying a monthly premium, which covers nearly all costs in public hospitals. Alternatively, the private sector is known for having facilities that rival luxury hotels at prices far below Western averages.

- CON: Healthcare access and quality varies across the country

In the less developed parts of Turkey, public healthcare quality and accessibility may not be as good. Expats in rural areas should familiarise themselves with the standard of healthcare in their area.

Healthcare in Turkey

Accommodation in Turkey

+ PRO: Variety of housing options

There is a wide range of accommodation in Turkey, with a wide selection of apartments, houses, condominiums or villas available to rent or buy. You can use popular online property portals to find accommodation, or work with a local real estate agent, known as an emlakçı.

- CON: A challenging and unregulated rental market

Finding a rental in major cities is a cutthroat business. To hedge against inflation, landlords frequently ask for six or even 12 months of rent upfront, on top of a substantial deposit. Negotiation is a key aspect of Turkish culture, and you may find the final agreed-upon terms differ from the initial listing. Having a Turkish-speaking friend or a reputable emlakçı assist with the contract is a non-negotiable part of the process.

Accommodation in Turkey 

Education in Turkey

+ PRO: Free primary and secondary education

Public primary and secondary education is free for all residents in Turkey. The language of tuition in public schools is Turkish. This makes it a viable choice only if your children are young enough to pick up the language easily or already speak it.

- CON: Limited space and high fees in international schools

There are international schools in Turkey that teach in English or other foreign languages, but space is limited and fees tend to be high. Expat parents planning to move to Turkey should secure a spot as soon as possible and ensure their budget can accommodate the costs involved. As a popular alternative, many private Turkish schools (known as kolej) offer strong bilingual programmes at a more affordable price than their international counterparts.

Education in Turkey 
International Schools in Turkey

Getting around in Turkey

+ PRO: Widespread and cost-effective public transport

Long-distance coaches here are a far cry from the standard bus experience. You can expect spacious 2+1 seating arrangements and a steward pouring lemon cologne into your hands after a snack service. If you prefer rails, the high-speed YHT connects Istanbul and Ankara, although tickets often sell out days in advance. Locally, the dolmuş is king. These shared minibuses have no fixed stops; you simply flag one down and pass your cash forward to the driver via the other passengers.

- CON: Road safety is a concern

Driving standards in Turkey can be alarming for newcomers. Adherence to road rules is often optional, and the driving style is best described as assertive and fast. This contributes to a high motor vehicle accident rate, so you should exercise extreme caution, both behind the wheel and as a pedestrian.

Transport and Driving in Turkey

Working and doing business in Turkey

+ PRO: A relationship-driven business culture

Doing business in Turkey is built on a foundation of personal trust. The culture is highly social and far less transactional than in many Western countries. Be prepared for business to be conducted over extended lunches, dinners, or countless glasses of tea (çay). This approach naturally slows things down. Yet, in Turkey, a bond of trust holds more weight than legal fine print. Business often follows friendship, not the other way around.

- CON: Protectionist work permit policies

Securing employment as a foreigner is notoriously difficult. The government keeps a tight grip on work permits to prioritise local hires. Companies are often required to prove that a local candidate cannot fill the role and must meet certain criteria, such as employing several Turkish citizens for every one foreigner on staff. The process is far more straightforward for intra-company transfers or for professionals with highly sought-after skills in specific sectors.

Working in Turkey
Work Permits in Turkey

Safety in Turkey

+ PRO: Low rates of violent crime

Day-to-day personal safety is a major plus for many expats. Those relocating from large North American or European cities often express surprise at how safe they feel. Violent crime is relatively low, and it’s common to see neighbourhoods full of life late into the evening, with families and children out and about.

- CON: Petty crime and serious road safety concerns

Like any major global hub, cities such as Istanbul have their share of petty crime. You should be watchful of your belongings and aware of common scams, particularly in crowded tourist zones. The more immediate, daily concern is road safety. The driving style is aggressive, and this remains one of the biggest risks to personal safety. Finally, while it doesn’t affect daily life for the vast majority of residents, Turkey does border less stable regions, so checking your home government’s travel advisories is a prudent step. These typically focus on very specific border areas.

Local culture in Turkey

+ PRO: Hospitable and friendly people

Hospitality is a cornerstone of Turkish culture. People are generally known for their warmth and generosity, and often show a genuine curiosity towards newcomers. Don’t be surprised if a shopkeeper you’ve just met invites you for a glass of tea (çay), or a new acquaintance insists on paying for your meal; these are common and genuine expressions of welcome.

+ PRO: Turkey is a secular state

The concept of secularism is a founding principle of Turkey. While the country's population is overwhelmingly Muslim and religious traditions are very much a part of public life, individuals are constitutionally free to practice their own beliefs. This creates a society where modern attitudes and traditional practices coexist. Showing respect for local customs is always appreciated, such as being mindful of those fasting during Ramadan by refraining from eating or drinking in public, especially in more conservative areas.

Local Culture in Turkey

As a country straddling Europe and Asia, Turkey has a deep, complex character shaped by centuries of trade and empire. This setting makes it a fascinating place to live. Even with its multicultural influences, expats may still face a learning curve when adjusting to the local culture in Turkey.

Turkish people are famously welcoming to foreigners, a concept known as misafirperverlik (hospitality). Expats should arrive with an open mind, ready to engage with their new life. You’ll find that even a stumbling attempt to speak Turkish will be warmly received and can make a real difference in your daily interactions.

Language barrier in Turkey

You should not underestimate the language barrier in Turkey. While English is common in the main tourist centres of Istanbul (like Sultanahmet and Beyoğlu) and coastal resorts, it is not widely spoken in daily life, even in other parts of the big cities. For professional networking, you’ll find English is the standard in many international firms. In government offices, however, or at the bank and when dealing with your landlord, you will need Turkish.

This is where new arrivals can get into a jam. All official documents and rental agreements will be in Turkish. You will need to budget for certified translators (tercüman) for any critical paperwork, such as your residence permit (ikamet) application.

Learning a few key phrases is both polite and practical for showing respect. Simple words like 'merhaba' ('hello') and 'teşekkür ederim' ('thank you') will go a long way. Locals are famously patient and appreciative of any attempt you make to speak their language.

Time in Turkey

The concept of ‘Turkish time’ is something new arrivals will quickly encounter. Punctuality in Turkey is highly situational. For business meetings, especially with international partners or in major corporations, you should be on time. Punctuality is seen as a sign of professionalism and respect, just as it would be in London or New York.

Social time is a different matter entirely. Life moves at a more fluid pace. If you are invited to a friend’s home for dinner at 8pm, arriving at 8.15pm or 8.30pm is perfectly normal. Arriving exactly on time might even catch your host off guard. This relaxed approach extends to bureaucratic matters, where a ‘five-minute’ wait can easily become an hour. A good deal of patience and the phrase ‘yavaş, yavaş’ ('slowly, slowly') will do wonders for your peace of mind.

Cultural differences in Turkey

Beyond gestures and greetings, you will find that cultural differences in Turkey often hinge on communication styles. Many North Americans and Europeans are used to very direct, ‘say what you mean’ interactions. In Turkey, there is a much greater emphasis on ‘saving face’ and maintaining a pleasant atmosphere. This is why you may get a long explanation instead of a simple ‘no’. For new arrivals, this can feel like an evasion, but it is a polite social formula.

This indirectness is linked to the high value placed on personal relationships. In many Western cultures, rules and procedures are paramount. In Turkey, who you know (tanıdık) can often be the key to getting things done. Building genuine, personal connections with colleagues or local shopkeepers – often over endless glasses of tea (çay) – is a core part of how the society functions. A little personal warmth can solve problems that rigid adherence to the rules cannot.

Direct communication is not always the default in Turkey. Many Turks consider it impolite to give a flat ‘no’ (hayır) if something isn’t possible, favouring a more indirect or roundabout explanation. This can be confusing for new arrivals. You will quickly learn the common, nonverbal way of saying ‘no’: a simple upward flick of the chin. This is often paired with a raised eyebrow and a soft ‘tut’ (or cık) sound from the tongue. This is not a shake of the head; it’s a distinct gesture you’ll see daily.

Meeting and greeting in Turkey

Greetings are a way to build the personal relationships that matter in Turkey. In a professional setting, a firm handshake is the standard for both men and women. In a mixed gender setting, it is polite to wait for the woman to extend her hand first. Socially, things are warmer. Friends, and even new acquaintances, will often greet each other with two kisses on the cheek (one on each side). This is common between two women and between a man and a woman. Two men who are close friends may also embrace or pat each other on the back.

If you are invited to a Turkish home, you have truly been welcomed. Always remove your shoes at the door – your host will almost certainly provide you with a pair of slippers (terlik). It is a firm custom to bring a gift. A box of pastries (like baklava) or good-quality chocolates is always welcome. If you bring wine, be certain your host partakes in alcohol, as many do not.

In Turkey, daily etiquette includes the use of honorifics. Rather than using Mr or Mrs with a surname, it is polite to attach hanim (pronounced ‘ha num’, meaning ‘lady’) to a woman’s first name, and bey (pronounced ‘bay’, meaning ‘sir’) to a man’s. For example, Jane Smith will be addressed as ‘Jane Hanım’, and John Smith as ‘John Bey’. This is not seen as overly familiar; on the contrary, it is the standard, respectful way to address professional and new acquaintances. Using first names alone is often reserved for close friends and family.

Religion in Turkey

While the vast majority of Turkey’s population is Muslim, the country’s identity as a secular state is enshrined in its constitution. This creates a complex social environment. You will encounter ongoing public debate between secularists and traditionalists, particularly over issues like the role of religion in public life and the evolving conversation on women’s rights.

For all practical purposes, particularly in major cities like Istanbul or Izmir, you can safely practise your religion. Western dress is also common in these areas. This freedom, however, goes hand in hand with respecting local religious customs. This is especially important during the Muslim holy month of Ramazan (Ramadan). During this time, many Muslims refrain from eating, drinking, or smoking between sunrise and sunset. While life in expat and tourist hubs continues, it is considered poor form to eat or drink openly on the street in more conservative neighbourhoods.

Bureaucracy in Turkey

Dealing with Turkish bureaucracy, or ‘red tape’, is a rite of passage for almost every new arrival. Processes for essentials like your residence permit (ikamet), opening a bank account, or getting utilities connected can feel opaque and slow, and they rely heavily on physical paperwork. You may find that rules change with little notice; what worked for one person last month may not work for you today.

Patience is your greatest strength in these situations. Arrive at any government office (devlet dairesi) with excessive politeness, all your documents in a folder (plus copies of everything), and expect to wait. For complex issues, especially related to work permits or business registration, hiring a local consultant or ‘fixer’ (danışman) is standard practice. Their fee is often well worth the time and frustration saved.

Women in Turkey

Turkish people are known for their warmth, but this can sometimes be misconstrued, particularly in how some men interact with women. While most encounters are respectful, sexual harassment of foreign women in Turkey is a frequently discussed reality. This can range from persistent, unwanted stares and verbal comments (catcalling) to, in some cases, being followed or touched. It is most commonly reported on crowded public transport or on the busy streets of major cities like Istanbul.

Some expat women report a persistent, uncomfortable feeling that they are perceived by some men as more ‘sexually available’ than local women, which is then used as an excuse for this unwelcome attention.

The advice to ‘avoid going out alone at night’ is common, but expat women living in Turkey often find this impractical. A more sustainable approach is to exercise the same, if not heightened, level of street smarts you would in any major global city. Always be aware of your surroundings. Avoid walking alone in unfamiliar or poorly lit areas late at night. Consider using a ride-hailing app (like BiTaksi or Uber) or a trusted taxi stand rather than hailing a cab on the street. Many women find that dressing more conservatively can help reduce (although not eliminate) unwanted attention.

LGBTQ+ in Turkey

LGBTQ+ expats will find a complex social and legal environment in Turkey. While homosexuality is not a crime and has been legal for over a century, this legal status does not translate into social acceptance or legal protection. There are no laws recognising same-sex marriage or partnerships, and anti-discrimination protections are not extended to sexual orientation or gender identity.

Social attitudes remain broadly conservative. While you will find open and welcoming communities within liberal ‘bubbles’ – particularly in Istanbul neighbourhoods like Cihangir and Beşiktaş – discretion is paramount. Public displays of affection are generally frowned upon for all couples in Turkey; this is especially true for same-sex couples, who should avoid them.

In recent years, the political climate has become increasingly hostile. Public events like the Istanbul Pride parade are consistently banned, and anti-LGBTQ+ rhetoric from government officials has become more common. While private life in more progressive districts is still thriving, expats are advised to exercise caution and avoid political activism related to LGBTQ+ rights, as this can lead to deportation.

Managing your banking, money and taxes in Turkey can be a mixed bag. The country has a sound, modern banking system, but the sleek infrastructure often runs headfirst into local bureaucracy. Expats from the US and UK are frequently surprised by these administrative hurdles and the challenges of managing assets amid high inflation.

If you’re moving to Turkey on an employment package, you may also find that you don’t get to select your preferred bank. Employers often have a payroll agreement with a single bank, and you will be responsible for opening an account with that specific bank to receive your salary.

Money in Turkey

The official currency for money in Turkey is the Turkish Lira (TRY). In theory, the Lira is divided into 100 kuruş. However, due to significant inflation, kuruş coins have very little value and are rarely used in daily transactions, with prices typically rounded to the nearest Lira.

• Notes: TRY 5, TRY 10, TRY 20, TRY 50, TRY 100 and TRY 200
• Coins: TRY 1 (plus 25 and 50 kuruş coins, which are less common)

While major cities and tourist areas are very card friendly, with widespread contactless payment, it’s a good idea to keep cash on hand. Smaller shops, local markets (pazars), and taxis will often require Lira cash.

Banking in Turkey

When it comes to banking in Turkey, you will find several large local banks that are well equipped to serve foreigners. Garanti BBVA is frequently recommended, as it has invested in English-language mobile apps and aims to have English-speaking staff in key branches. İşbank (or İş Bankası) and Akbank are other large, full-service local options. All three offer private banking (Özel Bankacılık) services for wealth management.

Major international banks like HSBC also have a significant retail presence. Other foreign banks, such as Deutsche Bank or Citibank, operate in Turkey but focus on corporate and investment banking rather than individual retail accounts for the general public.

Bank operating hours are typically 9am to 5pm on weekdays. Be aware that many branches close for a lunch break (often 12.30pm to 1.30pm), which can lead to long queues just before closing and after reopening.

Opening a bank account

Opening a bank account can be one of the first bureaucratic hurdles you face. While the process is straightforward on paper, many expats find it frustrating. The main challenge is that requirements can vary from bank to bank, and even from branch to branch.

You will definitely need two things to start:

• Your original passport
• A Turkish Tax Identification Number (TIN), or Vergi Numarası. You can get this from any local tax office (Vergi Dairesi) relatively easily, often in under an hour, just by showing your passport.

The third requirement is proof of address. This is where it gets tricky. Some branches will insist on a Turkish Residence Permit, while others will accept a notarised rental contract or a recent utility bill (even one from your home country). It is best to check with the specific branch in advance and be prepared to try more than one.

ATMs and credit cards

ATMs (bankamatik) are widely available across all Turkish cities, not just in malls. You will also find ‘bureau de change’ offices (döviz) in commercial and tourist areas. Visa and MasterCard are the most commonly accepted credit cards. While some top-tier hotels may accept American Express, it is not widely used, and you should not rely on it. The ‘home delivery’ with a portable card machine is a standard feature.

Getting a Turkish credit card can be difficult when you first arrive. Banks typically want to see several months of salary deposits into your new account before they will approve a credit line.

Useful links

• The Banks Association of Turkey (TBB)

Taxes in Turkey

Understanding your obligations for taxes in Turkey is a critical step in your move. Turkey has a progressive income tax system, with rates for employment income currently ranging from 15 percent to 40 percent. This is levied against all income.

On top of income tax, you must also pay mandatory social security contributions (known as SGK), which cover pensions, health insurance, and unemployment. These contributions are significant and are deducted from your salary alongside income tax.

If you have lived in Turkey for longer than six months in a single calendar year, you are generally considered a tax resident. This means you must pay tax on your worldwide income. Non-residents are only subject to tax on income earned within Turkey.

That said, some exceptions exist for foreigners in Turkey for a specific job or purpose. Turkey has double-taxation treaties (DTTs) with many countries, including the US and the UK, to prevent you from being taxed twice, but this does not necessarily simplify your filing obligations.

As expat tax issues can be complex, it is highly recommended to consult a specialist tax practitioner.

Useful links

• Turkish Revenue Administration (GİB)
• Invest in Turkey: Tax Guide
• Social Security Institution (SGK)

Working in Turkey can bring career opportunities and development for expats who are fortunate enough to secure a position. Doing so can be challenging, though – a significant limitation for foreign nationals has always been Turkey’s conservative approach to issuing work permits. Recent reforms introduced in 2024 have implemented stricter criteria regarding financial adequacy and employment ratios to help protect job opportunities for locals.

Job market in Turkey

If you’ve been lucky enough to be brought abroad by an employer willing to sponsor your job contract, you’ll find the Turkish labour force generally hardworking and dedicated, with few qualms about working after hours if necessary.

The Turkish economy continues to expand steadily. Turkey ranks as one of the world’s largest economies, recognised for its industrial and commercial strengths alongside a traditional agricultural sector.

Expats can still find jobs in Turkey with the right skill set and a bit of determination. Foreigners most often work in tourism, teaching, real estate or finance, particularly in Istanbul and Ankara. These cities also offer positions in engineering, IT, construction, finance, supply chain management, and marketing and sales departments, though such roles are more challenging to come by.

As in the past, there are plenty of opportunities to teach English in Turkey. Many institutions merely require a college degree with no formal teaching training necessary, although having the appropriate qualifications will assist in getting the job. Adequate salaries accompany these positions, but if you’re looking to support a family, you’ll need a larger income.

Nevertheless, the Turkish job market is restricted for foreigners, and expats are prohibited from working in specific fields. For example, foreigners aren’t allowed to be employed in the mining industry, as executive directors of travel agencies and in some professional occupations, such as pharmacy, nursing, and dentistry.

Finding a job in Turkey

Employers have to apply for work permits on behalf of foreign workers, so you should find employment before you arrive.

Browsing online job portals and contacting recruitment agencies are your best routes to securing a position. Many multinational corporations operate in Turkey and list openings on their websites.

Work Permits in Turkey
Visas for Turkey

Useful links

• Kariyer.net
• Indeed
• Learn4Good

Work culture in Turkey

Turks are hospitable towards foreign workers, which serves newcomers well since business can be personal here. Turks take time to form relationships and prefer doing business with those they trust. The work culture is demanding, so standard Monday-to-Friday hours often extend into evenings when projects require it.

Business is hierarchical in Turkey. Those in senior positions are given great respect, and their decisions are typically not questioned in public.

Turkey is a secular state, but Islam is the dominant religion and does influence business culture. Respecting religious practices such as prayer times and the holy month of Ramadan will earn you the trust and respect of your colleagues. This awareness will also smooth your adjustment to the working environment.

Business Culture in Turkey

The weather in Turkey is famously varied, which is no surprise for such a vast country. Many picture the classic Mediterranean climate, and that’s exactly what you’ll find along the south and west coasts: think hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. This is prime beach-going weather, though summer ‘Meltemi’ winds can cool things down on the Aegean.

The Black Sea coast on the north is a different beast entirely. It’s a temperate, green region with the highest rainfall. This climate keeps summers cooler and winters modest. Turkey’s interior, the Anatolian plateau, has a continental climate. Here, you’ll face a stark contrast: scorching, dry summers and properly cold, snowy winters.

Because of this, packing ‘layers’ is the golden rule for any trip. The shoulder seasons (April–May and September–October) are widely considered the best time to arrive. They offer a pleasant balance before the extremes of summer heat or winter cold set in.

The capital offers a clear taste of the weather in Ankara and its continental climate. You can expect warm, dry summers with a daily mean temperature around 73°F (23°C). Many residents find this ‘dry heat’ far more comfortable than the humidity of the coast. Winters are the polar opposite: cold and snowy, but the city is generally well equipped to clear major routes, so the daily commute remains manageable if you’re prepared. The rainy season is in spring, with May being the wettest month and often a peak time for pollen allergies.

The majority of expats choose to settle in Istanbul, which has a unique and often windy climate. The weather in Istanbul is notorious for its wind; you’ll get to know the ‘Lodos’, a strong southerly wind that can disrupt ferry services – a key part of the city’s commute – and is even blamed by locals for causing headaches.

Summer (June–September) is hot and humid, with average highs that reach 82°F (28°C). The humidity from the Bosphorus makes it feel much warmer. Winters in Istanbul, from December to March, are cold and very damp. Snow isn’t a yearly guarantee, but it does happen. Temperatures may dip to freezing, but rarely stay there for long.

Weather in Ankara
Weather in Istanbul

Living in Turkey as an expat

If you are considering moving to Turkey, you will find yourself situated on the Anatolian Peninsula, the physical bridge between Europe and Asia. While the interior is defined by craggy peaks and high plateaus, the country is hemmed in by water on three sides. You can drive from the rugged Black Sea coast to the turquoise waters of the Aegean in a single day.

Daily life here is a collision of eras; you might scan a QR code to pay for simit from a cart that looks like it belongs in the 19th century. However, bureaucracy can be a sharp reality check. The government has ‘closed’ over 1,100 neighbourhoods to new foreign residence permits to manage population density. Before you sign a lease or fall in love with a specific district, you must check the official closure list, or you risk being denied residency entirely.

Moving to and Living in Ankara 
Moving to and Living in Istanbul

Working in Turkey

Securing a local job is tough because Turkish law generally requires companies to hire five Turkish citizens for every foreign employee they sponsor. Unless you have a transfer with a multinational, your best bets are usually in finance, tourism or English teaching (TEFL).

Remote workers have a new lifeline: the Digital Nomad Visa. Launched in 2024, this programme allows applicants aged 21 to 55 with a steady income (roughly USD 3,000 monthly) to bypass local sponsorship hurdles entirely. If you don’t qualify for this, you must obtain a standard work permit before you start your job; working without one is illegal and carries the risk of deportation.

Working in Turkey 
Visas for Turkey 
Work Permits for Turkey

Turkish culture

You will likely find yourself sipping çay (tea) several times a day; it is the default gesture of hospitality, and refusing a glass can be seen as a slight. Whether you are negotiating a rug price or visiting a neighbour, the tea will keep flowing.

Although the state is secular, the atmosphere is undeniably shaped by Islam. The call to prayer (Ezan) echoes from minarets five times a day – a sound that quickly becomes the background track to your routine. Socially, you should prepare for a relaxed approach to time; plans often shift at the last minute, and patience is a necessary survival skill.

Local Culture in Turkey
Business Culture in Turkey

Finding accommodation in Turkey

Most expats choose to live in siteler – gated complexes that typically include security, gyms, pools and playgrounds. These offer a ‘soft landing’ for foreigners and are particularly popular with families. Since the removal of the 25 percent rent cap in July 2024, however, annual increases are now tied to the Consumer Price Index (CPI), meaning your rent could legally jump by 60 percent or more upon renewal.

Before you sign anything, you must check the government’s ‘closed neighbourhood’ list. Residency permits are no longer issued for foreigners in over 1,100 specific neighbourhoods (including popular parts of Istanbul like Fatih and Esenyurt) to control population density. To make matters worse, due to inflation, many landlords now demand six to twelve months of rent upfront from foreign tenants.

Renting Expat Accommodation in Turkey

Cost of living in Turkey

Turkey’s affordability is a tale of two currencies. If you earn Turkish Lira, the high inflation makes daily life expensive; if you earn a stable foreign currency, your purchasing power is stronger, although the gap is closing. ‘Dollar inflation’ has hit major cities hard, and you may find that dining out in trendy Istanbul districts now rivals prices in London or Paris.

While rent and services remain lower than in the US or Western Europe, imported goods are heavily taxed. You will pay a significant premium for electronics, cars, alcohol and fuel. Conversely, local produce at the weekly bazaars is high quality and incredibly cheap, so cooking at home is the best way to shield your budget.

Cost of Living in Turkey

Living in Turkey with children

Turkish culture is deeply family oriented, and children are welcomed – and often doted on – everywhere from cafés to boardrooms. A major advantage for expat families is the affordability of domestic help. Many professionals hire full-time, live-in nannies (often from the Philippines or Central Asia) for a fraction of the cost of childcare in the UK or US.

Regarding health, the private system is excellent and resembles 5-star hospitality in major cities. To obtain a residence permit, foreign nationals between 18 and 65 must have valid health insurance. While basic ‘foreigner insurance’ meets the legal requirement, we recommend a comprehensive international health insurance plan to get the best coverage in top-tier hospitals.

Healthcare and Health Insurance in Turkey

Finding a school in Turkey

While public education is free, the language barrier means most expat families opt for private institutions. You generally have two choices: an international school, which is legally restricted to holders of foreign passports and follows a curriculum like the IB or British A-Levels; or a private Turkish school, which follows the national curriculum but offers intensive English instruction.

International schools are concentrated in Istanbul and Ankara. Be prepared for sticker shock; annual tuition at the best institutions can rival university fees in the USA. If your children are young and you plan to stay long term, a local private school might be a better investment. It forces them to master Turkish early, and this will help them integrate in a way that an international bubble cannot.

Education and Schools in Turkey
Best International Schools in Istanbul
Best International Schools in Ankara

Getting around in Turkey

Public transport in major cities is efficient and integrates metros, ferries and buses into a single card system (like the IstanbulKart). There is also a vast network of shared minibuses known as dolmuş. While they are cheap and fast, they generally operate on a cash-only basis and are known for erratic driving and lack of comfort compared to the metro or ferry.

For intercity travel, the High Speed Train (YHT) network is an excellent alternative to flying, connecting hubs like Istanbul, Ankara and Konya. If you choose to drive, keep your wits about you; Turkish drivers can be aggressive, and the accident rate is high. The legal blood alcohol limit for private drivers is 0.05 percent, but for commercial drivers, it is strictly zero.

Public Transport and Driving in Turkey

Climate and weather in Turkey

Turkey’s weather is dictated by its geography. The Aegean and Mediterranean coasts offer the classic summer holiday experience: hot, dry days and mild winters. In contrast, the Black Sea region is lush and wet year round. The weather here mirrors the Pacific Northwest or the UK.

If you move inland to the Central Anatolian plateau or the east, the sea’s influence disappears. Here, the seasons are stark; summers are scorching and dry, while winters bring heavy snow and temperatures that frequently drop below freezing.

Weather and Climate in Turkey

Although Turkey’s most popular city and the centre where most expats are based is Istanbul, there is much more to the country than just one city. You might prefer the slow pace of an Aegean olive grove or the snowy peaks of the east to the bustle of the capital. Turkey has a wide range of sights that will readily appeal to history buffs, nightclub fanatics, archaeology nuts, sun worshippers, city lovers, and shopping addicts. Wherever you land, you will find a country that is challenging and endlessly welcoming to those who make the effort to understand it.

Fast facts

Official name: Republic of Türkiye

Population: Approximately 85.3 million

Capital city: Ankara

Other major cities: Istanbul, Izmir, Bursa, Antalya, Gaziantep

Neighbouring countries: Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to the west; Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the south.

Political system: Presidential republic

Major religions: Islam is the dominant religion, practised by over 90 percent of the population.

Main languages: Turkish is the official language. English is commonly spoken in business and tourist hubs, but is rare in rural areas.

Time: GMT+3

Electricity: 220V, 50Hz. Plugs are the standard European two-pin type (Type C and F).

Money: The Turkish Lira (TRY), divided into 100 kuruş

Internet domain: .tr

International dialling code: +90

Emergency numbers: 112 (Unified number for police, ambulance and fire)

Transport and driving: Cars drive on the right-hand side.

Getting your travel authorisation is a key part of planning your move. For many nationalities, securing short-term visas for Turkey is a refreshingly simple online process (e-Visa), and many others can enter visa-free. Securing long-term residence and work permits, however, is a different beast and a much more involved, bureaucratic process.

Expats must ensure their passport is valid for at least six months from their date of arrival in Turkey.

Visit visas for Turkey

When it comes to visit visas for Turkey, the process depends entirely on your nationality. Many European citizens can enter visa-free for up to 90 days. Citizens of the UK, USA, and Canada can now enter Turkey visa-free for up to 90 days within a 180-day period.

For other nationals, including Australians, the electronic e-Visa is the standard requirement. While visa-on-arrival kiosks still exist at some airports, authorities strongly recommend all eligible travellers get their e-Visa online before departure. The e-Visa application is a straightforward online form that can be completed in minutes.

Most tourist e-Visas (and visa-free entries) grant a stay of up to 90 days. This 90-day limit is part of the ‘90-in-180’ rule. It used to be possible to leave Turkey briefly and re-enter immediately for another 90-day period. This loophole has been firmly closed. Visitors can only stay in Turkey for a total of 90 days within any 180-day period. These days do not have to be consecutive, but the limit is strictly enforced. The law directly affects expats who previously lived in Turkey on a tourist visa by making ‘visa runs’ – exiting the country temporarily to reset the clock.

Those who overstay their visa will face fines and potential entry bans. This policy is designed to encourage long-term residents and expats to apply for proper residence status, rather than living in the country on back-to-back tourist visas.

Useful links

• Official Republic of Turkey e-Visa System
• Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Visa Info)

Digital Nomad Visas in Turkey

Launched in April 2024, the Digital Nomad Visa offers a route for remote workers aged 21 to 55 to live in Turkey without a local employer. To qualify, you must hold a university degree and prove a stable monthly income of at least USD 3,000 (or USD 36,000 annually).

The process is two-fold: first, you apply for a Digital Nomad Identification Certificate via the official government platform. Once certified, you take this document to a Turkish consulate in your home country to obtain the actual visa. This visa allows you to bypass the standard ‘local sponsor’ requirement and is currently open to citizens of the EU, the UK, the USA, and Canada, among others.

Work visas for Turkey

Once an expat has secured a job offer, the process for obtaining work visas for Turkey begins. The expat must apply to their nearest Turkish mission (consulate or embassy) to obtain a work visa. This application typically requires a passport, the visa application form, and a letter or contract from the employer.

This is a dual application. Simultaneously, the employer must submit a corresponding set of documents to the Turkish Ministry of Labour and Social Security (no later than 10 working days after the expat’s application) to begin the work permit application. The entire process, if all documents are in order, can take up to two months to be finalised. Upon arrival, the work permit card itself functions as the residence permit, so a separate application is not needed.

Work Permits for Turkey

Useful links

• Turkish Ministry of Labour and Social Security
• Turkish Consular Procedures (Visa Applications)
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Work Visa Info)

Residence permits for Turkey

Foreigners approved for a work permit do not need to apply for a separate residence permit, as the work permit itself grants them residence authorisation.

Dependants (spouses and minor children) of a work permit holder must apply for a ‘family residence permit’. This process typically begins by obtaining an appropriate visa from a Turkish consulate, after which they must file their formal residence permit application within Turkey via the central e-İkamet system.

For those not on a work permit (such as spouses, students, or property owners), the ‘Short Term Residence Permit’ (STRB) is the most common path. Depending on the category, these are typically issued for one or two years at a time. Other permit types, like student or family permits, have different standard validities.

All foreigners staying in Turkey for an extended period must complete their mandatory address registration at the local Civil Registry Office (Nüfus Müdürlüğü). This registration is required for many aspects of life in Turkey, including banking, utilities, and future permit renewals.

Crucially, you must choose your address carefully. To manage population density, the government has ‘closed’ over 1,100 neighbourhoods to new foreign residence permits. If you rent an apartment in a closed zone (such as Fatih or Esenyurt in Istanbul), your residence permit application will be automatically rejected, even if your paperwork is otherwise perfect. Always check the official closure list before signing a lease.

Useful links

• e-İkamet (Official Residence Permit Application System)
• Presidency of Migration Management (Göç İdaresi)

Visa regulations are subject to change at short notice, and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Expats eager to obtain work permits for Turkey should be prepared for a process defined by a high degree of paperwork and precise coordination. It is not a simple task and requires a patient, methodical approach from both the applicant and their sponsoring employer.

Requesting a work permit is a dual application process, which can be a surprise to many. Both the expat employee and the sponsoring employer must submit their respective documents to the relevant authorities within 10 days of each other. The expat submits their work visa application to their nearest Turkish consulate, while the employer in Turkey simultaneously files the work permit application with the Ministry of Labour and Social Security.

A company’s application is evaluated on several criteria, including its financial standing and its ratio of Turkish to foreign employees (often a ‘5-to-1’ rule is required). While not a strict requirement, applications are strongest when the individual possesses a specific skill not readily available in the local labour market. Only a legally registered business entity in Turkey can sponsor and submit a work permit application.

For standard employment, you must have a firm job offer before this process can even begin. The only significant exception is for remote workers applying under the Digital Nomad Visa scheme, which requires proof of foreign income rather than a local job offer.

Note that the Turkish government specifically bans foreign nationals from working in several protected job categories, primarily in the legal and medical fields (such as lawyers, notaries, dentists, and pharmacists).

Visas and Residence Permits for Turkey

Types of work permits for Turkey

There are several types of work permits for Turkey, each suiting a different situation. The vast majority of expats will start with a Definite Period Work Permit (Süreli Çalışma İzni). This is the standard permit, typically granted for one year and strictly tied to a specific employer and role. If an extension is approved, it can be for up to two years, and subsequent extensions for up to three years.

After eight consecutive years of legal work and residency, you can apply for an Indefinite Period Work Permit (Süresiz Çalışma İzni), which offers far more flexibility. Turkey also offers an Independent Work Permit for professionals working on their own account, although these are rarely issued. A far more accessible option is the Digital Nomad Visa (introduced in 2024), which allows qualifying remote workers to reside in Turkey without a local sponsor. Finally, the prestigious Turquoise Card is available for highly skilled professionals, high-level investors, or individuals in science, technology, and the arts.

Applying for a work permit for Turkey

The process for applying for a work permit for Turkey is a two-part system. The work permit itself is processed within Turkey by the Ministry of Labour and Social Security, based on the employer’s application. The corresponding work visa is granted outside Turkey by a Consulate of the Turkish Republic, based on the employee’s application. Application processes can differ for specific sectors, such as education or healthcare, which may require pre-approval from their own ministries.

The employer’s application is far more than a simple letter. The company must submit a comprehensive dossier to the Ministry, which includes the application form, the employee’s signed contract, and a range of corporate documents. This typically includes the company’s most recent Trade Registry Gazette, a recent balance sheet and profit/loss statement, and proof of its current tax standing. The employee’s own submission to the consulate will include their passport and contract, as well as a translated and apostilled diploma.

Once the Ministry has all the correct documents, its official processing time is 30 days. However, expats report that the entire process from the initial consulate visit to approval can take 60 to 90 days. Applicants should therefore plan for a wait of two to three months. Once approved and you have arrived in Turkey, the work permit card (çalışma izni) you receive is dual purpose, as it also legally functions as your residence permit.

Useful links

• e-Permit System (Employer Application Portal)
• Directorate General of International Labour Force
• Turkish Consular Procedures (Visa Pre-Application)
• Official Turquoise Card Information

Please note that visa and work permit regulations are subject to change at short notice, and expats should contact their nearest Turkish consulate for the latest information.

The quality of healthcare and health insurance for expats in Turkey varies from region to region. Expats moving to Turkey will be happy to know that healthcare in the country is generally cheaper than elsewhere in Europe and that there are many private and public hospitals across the country.

Expats moving to one of the major urban centres in Turkey, such as Istanbul or Ankara, will have access to high-quality private hospitals with experienced doctors and medical staff, most of whom can speak English. Those living in more rural areas, however, will find access to healthcare still quite limited.

Health insurance is a requirement for all residence permit holders. After a year of residency in Turkey, expats can sign up for the public healthcare system.

Health insurance in Turkey

Having health insurance in Turkey is compulsory for all residents who are under 65 and living in the country.

Expats who have been residents in Turkey for more than a year with a valid residence permit can apply to Turkey’s public health insurance scheme (GSS), which is administered by the state-run Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu (SGK). Once registered, services are activated after the first premium is paid. Expats with a valid work permit are enrolled in the SGK by their employer immediately, with no waiting period.

Despite this, many expats opt for additional private medical insurance to supplement their public insurance and to cover medical care at private institutions. The European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) and the UK’s Global Health Insurance Card (GHIC) are not valid in Turkey.

Several international companies offer private expat health insurance. Local Turkish companies also offer competitive rates and services. International health insurance can cost thousands of US dollars per year, depending on one’s policy and benefits. Local Turkish health insurance is far cheaper and meets the requirements for a residence permit, but the coverage may be less comprehensive than an international plan.

Visas and Residence Permits in Turkey

Public healthcare in Turkey

Although most expats prefer to opt for private care, public healthcare in Turkey has seen improvements in recent years that have led to an increase in the quality of public institutions. Many expats still lean towards private hospitals to avoid the long waiting times and potential language barriers common in the state system.

Public healthcare is largely free to those in the system, although some costs are subsidised rather than fully funded. Out-of-pocket expenses tend to be minimal, but expats can also get additional private health insurance to cover these additional expenses.

Useful links

• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (Turkish Ministry of Health)
• Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu (SGK)

Private healthcare in Turkey

Private healthcare in Turkey offers good-quality care and is relatively cheap compared to Western Europe or the US. In fact, Turkey is making a name for itself as a medical tourism destination, particularly in the areas of cosmetic surgery, dentistry and fertility treatment. 

It’s usually easy to make an appointment at a private hospital, as many of them have English-speaking call centres and online booking systems. Although private facilities and services in Turkey are cheaper than in other countries, it is still necessary to get private health insurance to cover medical expenses.

Medicines and pharmacies in Turkey

Accessing medicines and pharmacies in Turkey is relatively easy, as pharmacies (eczane) are plentiful in the main towns and cities. Pharmacies are easily identifiable by a large, illuminated red ‘E’ on a white background.

Many medications are available cheaply, but the rules for prescriptions differ from those in other countries. For example, some items like birth control pills or certain asthma inhalers may be sold over the counter. Conversely, all antibiotics, strong painkillers, and psychiatric medications strictly require a prescription from a Turkish doctor. 

Most neighbourhoods in major cities have a duty pharmacy (nöbetçi eczane) that is open 24 hours; all pharmacies post a list of the nearest ones on duty in their window.

Useful links

• Istanbul Chamber of Pharmacists (Duty Pharmacy List)

Health hazards in Turkey

While Turkey’s water is officially declared safe to drink, it often has a strong chemical taste, and most expats and locals alike prefer to drink bottled water. Air pollution in major cities such as Istanbul and Ankara can also be a significant health hazard, particularly during the winter months.

While Turkey was once a risk zone for malaria, the disease has been effectively eliminated, and there is currently no risk of transmission. However, in summer, mosquitoes remain a nuisance, particularly in coastal regions, so repellent is still a useful addition to your shopping list.

Vaccinations in Turkey

There are no specific vaccinations in Turkey required for entry, although those coming from a yellow-fever-infected area should have a yellow fever certificate. Expats should ensure they are up to date with all routine vaccinations, such as MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella), tetanus, and polio.

Vaccinations for Hepatitis A (spread via contaminated food and water) and Hepatitis B (spread via bodily fluids) are also standard recommendations. A rabies injection is another wise precaution, especially if you plan on travelling outside the main urban areas or being in close contact with animals, as Turkey has a high incidence of rabies in its large stray animal population.

Emergency services in Turkey

The single number for all emergency services in Turkey (including ambulance, police, and fire) is 112. While the public ambulance service is available via this number, some hospitals in major cities offer private ambulance services that can be accessed directly. These are often better equipped, may have faster response times, and are more likely to have English-speaking staff. 

Many private health insurers provide their members with a list of direct numbers for their preferred hospital network in case of an emergency.

Renting expat accommodation in Turkey can be a straightforward process, but it requires a dash of common sense and sharp negotiation skills, especially in a fast-moving market. While recent years of high inflation have made ‘great deals’ harder to find, housing is widespread and varied. For those looking to purchase, buying property in Turkey remains a popular option for expats, with rates that are often competitive compared to other European hubs.

Types of accommodation in Turkey

There are many types of accommodation available in Turkey, from standard flats (daire) and apartments to modern condominiums within a complex (site) or high-end residences (rezidans), as well as detached houses and luxury villas. The price of property in Turkey varies greatly according to the type and quality of a residence, its location, how recently it was constructed and whether it has parking facilities. Parking spaces are at a premium in Turkish cities, especially in Istanbul. As can be expected, property prices are generally higher in urban areas than in rural areas.

There are no specific ‘expat only’ areas in Turkey. Expats moving to Istanbul, however, tend to cluster in certain districts. On the European side, areas like Nişantaşı, Teşvikiye, and Cihangir are popular for their central location and lively social scenes. On the Asian side, districts like Kadıköy (especially the Moda neighbourhood), along with Bostancı and Suadiye, are highly sought after for their high quality of life and more residential atmosphere.

Areas and Suburbs in Istanbul

Furnished vs unfurnished

Rental properties in Turkey can either be furnished or unfurnished, as both are equally available. Furnished apartments and villas often include everything from beds to cutlery and crockery. Many expats prefer renting fully furnished accommodation, as it saves them time and the money involved in either transporting furniture from their home countries or buying it once in Turkey. That said, furnished accommodation will be pricier than unfurnished, and it also usually requires a larger deposit.

Short lets

New regulations require anyone renting a property for less than 100 days to hold a tourism license and secure consent from every resident in the building. This law has wiped out thousands of casual Airbnb listings. Ensure your host is fully licensed; otherwise, you risk immediate eviction.

For a compliant and hassle-free solution when you first arrive, consider services that specialise in furnished, mid-term rentals (30+ days), such as Blueground, or look for ‘aparthotels’. These options, while more expensive than a traditional lease, are more affordable than a hotel and typically include utilities. They also allow you to get to know different neighbourhoods before committing to a long-term contract.

Useful links

• Airbnb
• Vrbo
• Blueground

Finding accommodation in Turkey

Finding accommodation in Turkey requires careful effort due to the government's residency restrictions. To manage population density, over 1,100 neighbourhoods across Turkey (including popular parts of Istanbul like Fatih and Esenyurt) are ‘closed’ to new foreign residence permits. Before you fall in love with an apartment, you must verify that the address is in an ‘open’ zone; otherwise, you cannot legally register your residency.

There are several online property portals, and the largest platforms are Sahibinden.com, Hepsiemlak, and Emlakjet. Sahibinden is the most comprehensive (similar to Craigslist) but may have more outdated listings. Expat social media groups are also an option, but you must be extremely wary of scams, which often target new arrivals. For a safer process, expats should engage the services of a reputable real estate agent (emlakçı).

Not all agents speak English, so it’s worth finding one experienced with international clients. In Turkey, the agent’s commission (emlakçı komisyonu) is customarily paid by the tenant and is legally capped at one month’s rent plus VAT. Some people moving here will be lucky enough to have a relocation company working on their behalf; these specialists will assess preferences, shortlist properties, and handle much of the logistics.

Accommodation in Istanbul 
Accommodation in Ankara

Useful links

• Sahibinden
• Hepsiemlak
• Emlakjet
• Zingat

Renting accommodation in Turkey

Renting accommodation in Turkey involves a few key steps. As with most aspects of life in Turkey, negotiation is key. Points like the monthly rental fee and the deposit to be paid can often be negotiated with the landlord. If an expat lacks the stomach or the skills to do it alone, the real estate agent can negotiate these points.

Making an application

The rental process in Turkey depends on the route expats choose to take. Most expats will research properties online and contact some local estate agents who will set up viewings. The estate agent will help with any negotiating to reach an agreement with the landlord, and will then draw up a rental contract. The deposit and the first month’s rent need to be paid before the start of the tenancy.

If an expat decides to rent accommodation directly from a landlord, the process is fairly straightforward. You should nevertheless uphold a formal relationship with your landlord and ensure you get a signed rental contract (kira kontratı). For expats applying for a residence permit, this contract must be notarised (noter). This is a legal requirement for your permit application and also helps avoid future misunderstandings.

Leases

Rental agreements in Turkey don’t necessarily follow a specific form or set of requirements. When renting directly from the landlord, a verbal agreement is often made, but it is recommended to secure a written tenancy contract. This can be used to document the lease term, rent and deposit as well as the responsibilities of both the tenant and landlord.

The period of a long-term lease agreement is typically negotiated, with one-year contracts being the standard. After the first year, the contract typically extends automatically. A key point to understand is the annual rental increase. While landlords and tenants can agree on a rate in the initial contract, all renewal increases are heavily regulated by law. Landlords can now raise rents in line with the 12-month average Consumer Price Index (CPI). The previous 25 percent cap on increases expired in July 2024. Given recent inflation rates, you could face a legal hike of 40 to 60 percent when your contract renews. Always check the current official CPI rate before agreeing to an increase.

Turkey’s rental law does not have specific stipulations on pets. The decision is entirely up to the landlord. Expats will need to discuss this directly and get written permission. It is common for landlords, and particularly the management of modern condominium complexes (site), to have a ‘no pets’ policy, so this should be clarified early in your search.

Deposits

While the law caps the security deposit at three months' rent, market reality often demands more. To hedge against currency devaluation, many landlords now request six to twelve months of rent upfront, particularly from foreign tenants without a local credit history. The deposit is reimbursed after deductions have been made to cover damage caused by the tenant or unpaid utility bills at the end of the term of the lease agreement.

Termination of the lease

A standard one-year contract cannot be terminated mid-lease by the tenant without penalty. If you need to break the lease early, you’ll typically be liable for the remaining rent until the landlord finds a new tenant. To terminate the contract at its natural end (for instance, at the 12-month mark), you need to give the landlord written notice at least 15 days before the lease’s expiration date. If no notice is given, the contract automatically extends for another year under the same conditions (although new rent increase rules apply).

Tenants should also ensure they return the property in the same condition they found it, as landlords will deduct money for repairs from their security deposit should the property be damaged beyond normal wear and tear.

Utilities in Turkey

Whether the tenant is liable for utility bills in Turkey will depend on the agreement. In a standard long-term lease, the tenant is almost always responsible for registering and paying for all utilities, like electricity and water, as well as gas for heating. While some short-term or serviced apartments might bundle these costs, you should plan on managing them yourself. This requires you to open new subscriptions (abonelik) in your own name for each service.

Some landlords will arrange all utility services themselves. Others will leave the responsibility to their tenant. In rare cases – mostly when renting directly from an owner – utilities may be included in the monthly rent. Expats should ensure they understand the arrangement before they move into their accommodation.

Utilities can be paid at banks or with automatic payments through one’s bank account. Automatic payments are the most convenient option. These can easily be arranged by visiting the bank with a copy of the bill. Expats should never make a payment to someone who comes to the door claiming to be an agent, as utilities are never paid like this.

Electricity

The electricity supply in Turkey is privatised and managed by regional distribution companies. For example, Istanbul’s European side is served by BEDAŞ and its Asian side by AYEDAŞ. While the grid is generally stable in major cities, power surges or short outages can occur, so it’s wise to use surge protectors for sensitive electronics.

To connect your electricity, you must open a new subscription. This can often be done online through the e-Devlet (e-government) portal once you have a residence permit. Otherwise, you can visit a local office of your regional supplier.

You will need several documents: your passport and residence permit card (YKN), your notarised rental contract, the property’s DASK (compulsory earthquake insurance) policy, and the meter’s installation number (tesisat numarası). You must pay a security deposit (güvence bedeli), which is refunded when you close the account. Bills are issued monthly.

Gas

Most modern apartments in major cities like Istanbul and Ankara have mains natural gas (doğalgaz) for heating (using a kombi boiler) and cooking. The main suppliers are regional, such as İGDAŞ in Istanbul and Başkentgaz in Ankara.

The connection process is similar to electricity and can often be started online via e-Devlet. You will need your rental contract, DASK insurance, passport or residence permit, and meter number. Expats must typically pay both a one-time, non-refundable connection fee and a refundable security deposit.

Water

The water supply in Turkey is managed by local municipalities, and in major cities like Ankara and Istanbul, the drinking water is sourced from dams and is then chlorinated. This chlorination often makes the water unpalatable, and as such, most people in the country choose to drink bottled water. Large five-gallon (19L) bottles called damacana are available for home delivery from local services.

Still, you will need to connect the water supply for other uses. The main provider in Istanbul is İSKİ, and in Ankara, it is ASKİ. You can transfer an account to your name online via e-Devlet or by visiting a municipal office. You will need your rental contract, proof of identity, DASK insurance, and meter reading.

Water bills are issued monthly and typically include an environmental tax. The local municipality will institute a penalty for late payments after a short grace period.

Bins and recycling

Waste management in Turkey is overseen by local municipalities, which are responsible for collecting, separating, disposing of, and recycling rubbish. In urban areas, the municipality provides large dumpsters where residents can drop off their rubbish for kerbside collection.

Recycling is a relatively new concept in Turkey, and its definition continues to evolve. Households are encouraged to separate recyclable waste from other materials, and Istanbul is home to several recycling facilities. Another significant part of the country’s recycling efforts is the rubbish collectors who make a living from collecting recyclables and selling them to depots around the city, which then sell them to factories for recycling.

Useful links

• e-Devlet e-Government Portal
• DASK Earthquake Insurance

The standard of education and schools in Turkey varies. As Turkish is the language of instruction at all public schools, most expat parents choose to send their children to private or international schools instead.

Tuition at international schools is exceptionally high. Annual fees at top-tier institutions in Istanbul and Ankara can exceed rival university tuition in the USA or the UK. Expats should factor this significant expense into their contract negotiations, as an education allowance is a vital benefit for families.

Public schools in Turkey

Education in Turkey is compulsory for all children between the ages of six and 18 from primary through to secondary school. Primary and secondary education in public schools is free to all children, including foreigners, although parents are expected to cover ancillary costs for extras such as stationery, uniforms, and school bus services.

High school education in Turkey comprises different branches, including general, vocational and technical schools, with each having a different educational focus. Upon finishing their secondary education, students are awarded the Lise Diplomasi (Secondary School Diploma), which secures the right to partake in nationwide exams for university entry.

The language of instruction at public schools is Turkish, but all children are required to learn a foreign language. Language choices are typically either English, German, Spanish or French.

The school day is generally made up of a morning and afternoon session, with the school week running from Monday to Friday. The academic year in Turkey typically runs from mid-September to mid-June. It is divided into two semesters, with a two-week winter break usually starting in late January.

Useful links

• Turkish Ministry of National Education

Private schools in Turkey

Private schools in Turkey follow the Turkish national curriculum, with the language of instruction being Turkish. Some of the more prestigious private schools offer bilingual education.

Expat children applying to a private school in Turkey will typically be assessed with a general exam or portfolio review to determine their academic level and grade placement.

International schools in Turkey

Most international schools in Turkey are concentrated in Istanbul and Ankara, although options are growing in coastal hubs like Izmir and Antalya. They cover various curricula, including the International Baccalaureate (IB), British A Levels, and the American High School Diploma, with instruction primarily in English, German, or French.

Spaces are often limited at international schools in Turkey. This is particularly true in Ankara, which has a large diplomatic community owing to the number of foreign embassies in the city. Expat parents will therefore need to plan well ahead to secure a spot for their child.

By law, all schools must offer Turkish language and culture lessons. Many international schools also provide field trips and cultural activities to help children assimilate into Turkish society.

To learn more about specific international schools, see International Schools in Istanbul and International Schools in Ankara.

Special educational needs in Turkey

The Turkish government has a policy to keep children living with disabilities in mainstream classes as far as possible.

Many international schools in Turkey offer special-needs education, but the type of support offered varies between schools. Some schools offer assistance for students with mild learning difficulties, while others will have more extensive support systems designed to deal with a range of needs.

The British International School in Istanbul is one international school that offers special-needs support throughout its primary and secondary departments.

Alongside private schools, various Turkish NGOs and state-affiliated institutions provide support. For example, the HAYPADER Special Education Practice School in Istanbul offers services, although these are typically delivered in Turkish.

Expat parents looking for special-needs education in Turkey should research school-specific support extensively before relocating. For an official assessment, parents can contact the state-run Guidance and Research Centre (Rehberlik ve Araştırma Merkezi, or RAM) in their local district, although all services are conducted in Turkish.

This organisation (the RAM) reviews a child’s physical, personal, and academic development to provide official recommendations on education options. It also provides families with guidance on care and treatment pathways for a child with special needs.

Useful links

• Tohum Autism Foundation
• Turkish Down Syndrome Association
• Cerebral Palsy Turkey (Türkiye Spastik Çocuklar Vakfı)

Tutors in Turkey

Receiving private tutoring in Turkey while preparing for a national examination is common. Due to fierce competition to get into elite high schools and universities, most children will receive tutoring at some point during their academic careers.

There are three forms of private tutoring in Turkey. The first, and priciest, is one one-on-one tutoring. This is usually done by an accomplished university student or a retired teacher. These tutors often guarantee excellent results and therefore charge high prices.

The second type is supplementary courses offered on school premises. In public schools, these are state-sponsored support courses (known as DYK) offered by teachers outside of regular class hours to help students prepare for exams. Private schools often run similar extra study programmes organised by the school board.

Finally, the most popular form of tutoring is provided by private tutoring centres. These centres, historically known as dershaneler, now officially operate as ‘Private Teaching Courses’ (Özel Öğretim Kursları). They function as weekend and after-school academies with professional teachers, often placing students into classes based on an entrance test. These schools charge a monthly fee and can be costly, but they are a central part of the university preparation scene.

Useful links

• IB Tutor Turkey
• Yunus Emre Institute
• Berlitz Turkey
• SAT Istanbul (Test Prep)

Safety in Turkey is a topic to approach with awareness, as most governments advise visitors to ‘exercise increased caution’. While many people relocate and live there without problems, you should avoid certain areas, such as the border between Turkey and Syria. Road safety is also a major concern, and you should take to the roads with caution.

Crime in Turkey

Crime in Turkey is statistically low for violent offences, but you should be vigilant, particularly in popular tourist areas of Istanbul, Ankara, and the coastal resorts. Pickpocketing, bag snatching, and muggings can occur. You should follow normal precautions to lower your risk: stay alert, keep your valuables out of sight and avoid unlit areas at night.

Female travellers should be particularly cautious. There are reports of sexual assault, including in taxis and Turkish baths (hamams). You should avoid travelling alone at night.

Residential safety in Turkey

When looking for a home, be aware that residential safety in Turkey can vary. Burglary is a risk, particularly in major cities. Ground-floor apartments are often targeted by thieves, so you may want to prioritise accommodation with good security features, such as a ‘site’ (secure compound) or a building with a doorman.

Renting Expat Accommodation in Turkey

Scams in Turkey

You should be alert to common scams in Turkey, especially in high-traffic tourist zones. A frequent trick is the ‘shoe shiner’ scam, where someone drops a brush in front of you. After you kindly pick it up, they will offer a ‘free’ shine as thanks, only to aggressively demand payment afterwards.

Be wary of overly friendly locals or ‘helpful’ strangers who offer to show you a ‘great’ bar or club. This often leads to a room where you will be presented with an extortionate bill and intimidated into paying. Likewise, be cautious with taxi drivers; always insist on the meter and have your route mapped on your phone. Some drivers may claim the meter is broken to charge a flat, high fare.

Terrorism in Turkey

Terrorism in Turkey remains a high threat, according to most Western governments. While large-scale attacks have decreased since 2017, isolated incidents have occurred in Istanbul and Ankara as recently as 2024. The southeastern portion of Turkey is still considered dangerous. Several governments carry advisories against all travel to the provinces of Hakkari and Sirnak. You should also avoid any area within six miles (10km) of Turkey’s border with Syria. Be vigilant in locations frequented by foreigners, including tourist sites, shopping malls, and transport hubs.

Social and political unrest in Turkey

Social and political unrest in Turkey is a significant factor. Politically motivated demonstrations can occur at short notice and are common in major cities, especially in areas like Taksim Square in Istanbul and Kızılay Square in Ankara. These demonstrations can turn violent, and police often respond with tear gas and water cannons. You should monitor local developments and avoid all large political gatherings and demonstrations. Participating in anti-government demonstrations (including filming or posting about them online) can lead to your arrest and deportation.

Road safety in Turkey

Road safety in Turkey is a major concern, and you will likely find driving a challenge. Although highways in tourist regions are generally well maintained, the country has a high rate of road accidents. Local driving standards can be poor; many drivers ignore traffic regulations, such as red lights and stop signs, and driving at night is particularly hazardous due to poor lighting and badly maintained vehicles.

Drivers do not always give pedestrians the right of way, even at designated zebra crossings. You should therefore exercise extreme caution when crossing the street.

Transport and Driving in Turkey

With a well-developed transport infrastructure, transport and driving in Turkey are generally straightforward. Intercity buses (otobüs) and domestic flights are the two pillars of the national network, connecting most destinations. While most towns have local taxis and bus services, driving yourself is also an option. The road network is extensive, with modern motorways, but secondary and rural roads can be of a lower standard.

Public transport in Turkey is well regarded, particularly the extensive network of long-distance buses that are the most popular way to travel between cities. This is supported by a growing high-speed rail network and plentiful local transport in urban areas. Many new arrivals prefer to rely on the extensive public transport system for long-distance travel, saving driving for local errands once they are familiar with the area. 

Public transport in Turkey

Buses

Turkey has a well-developed bus network, and using these buses is one of the easiest and cheapest options for getting around the country. Most Turkish cities and towns have a central bus station (otogar). Expats can buy tickets there, at bus company offices in town centres, or – most commonly – online via aggregator sites or the carriers’ own websites.

For local city buses, payment systems vary. In Istanbul, the jetonlar (tokens) are obsolete; expats must use the rechargeable Istanbulkart (a smart card valid for all public transport) or purchase limited-use passes. Other major cities have their own equivalents, such as the Ankarakart in Ankara or the İzmirim Kart in İzmir.

The service on intercity buses is a point of pride, with most being air conditioned and comfortable. Many routes are staffed by assistants (muavin) who serve complimentary drinks and snacks. Long-distance buses are not usually equipped with onboard toilets; instead, they make frequent, scheduled stops (mola) at roadside rest areas. Be aware that mobile phone use is heavily restricted. Expats taking a call will likely get a few dirty looks, as it’s considered rude to speak on the phone while travelling.

Trains

Trains are operated by the Turkish Republic State Railways (TCDD), with its TCDD Taşımacılık division running the passenger services that link many major cities.

Conventional (Anahat) trains offer comfortable seating and, on some overnight routes, sleeping compartments. These are scenic but slow, and delays can be common. The high-speed (YHT) line from Istanbul to Ankara is the most used rail route, with several daily departures. This service is punctual and takes approximately four-and-a-half to five hours, a world away from the six-to-10-hour journey on the old line.

The YHT network has grown beyond the Istanbul–Ankara route. It now connects Ankara to Konya and Sivas, and Istanbul to Konya. Major extensions, including a line from Ankara to İzmir, are underway as part of a long-term plan to expand high-speed rail across the country.

Metro systems are well established in Turkey’s largest cities, including Istanbul, Ankara, Bursa, Adana and İzmir. Many other cities, such as Antalya and Kayseri, have modern light rail transit and tram systems.

Ferries

As a country with several major seas, ferries are an essential part of transport. In Istanbul, the iconic vapur (commuter ferries) are a beloved and practical way to cross the Bosphorus, bypassing city traffic. Regular services also cross the Dardanelles at Gallipoli. Car ferries and high-speed catamarans connect the Aegean coast to various Greek islands and also run services to Northern Cyprus.

Useful links

• TCDD Taşımacılık: Turkish State Railways
• Obilet Bus and Flight Ticket Aggregator

Taxis in Turkey

Standard yellow taxis in Turkey are ubiquitous in cities and reasonably priced by European standards. All licensed taxis are metered, and expats should insist on the meter being used. It is a common scam for drivers to claim the meter is broken or quote a flat, inflated fare, especially in tourist-heavy areas. Most drivers don’t speak English, so having the address written down or, better yet, using an app is advisable. Tipping is not expected, but rounding up the fare is a common and appreciated gesture.

Minibus taxis, known as dolmuş, are a fixture of the transport system. These are shared taxis that follow a fixed route, stopping to pick up and drop off passengers on demand – expats can shout, 'Inecek var!' (‘Someone’s getting off!’) when approaching their stop. Shared taxis can be flagged down anywhere along their route. While cheaper than yellow cabs and often faster than city buses, they sometimes speed or make risky manoeuvres. 

Ride-hailing apps have become essential for many expats. The most popular local app is BiTaksi. Uber has also returned and operates as Uber Taxi, which hails a standard yellow cab through the app. This service is available in Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, and growing tourist areas like Antalya. Using an app provides fare estimation, route mapping, and a digital record. This system helps reduce the risk of scams and overcomes the language barrier.

Useful links

• BiTaksi
• Uber in Turkey

Driving in Turkey

While Turkey has a superb network of modern motorways (otoyol), the experience of driving in Turkey can be intense. Driving standards are poor compared to most Western countries, and local drivers are often fast and aggressive, with rules of the road seen as suggestions rather than strict standards. 

Turkey has one of the highest motor vehicle accident rates in Europe. Expats are strongly advised to drive defensively and with extreme caution, especially in busy cities. Traffic laws are strictly enforced regarding alcohol; the legal blood alcohol limit for private drivers is 0.05 percent, while for commercial drivers, it is strictly zero.

Renting a car is straightforward. You’ll find major international brands like Hertz and Europcar, which operate alongside high-quality local companies such as Garenta and Rent Go. These local firms are often more competitive. A credit card and a valid driver’s licence are all that is typically required.

Traffic drives on the right. Road signs conform to European standards, although new expats should familiarise themselves with key Turkish-only terms (e.g., Dur for ‘Stop’). While signs on major motorways are usually in English and Turkish, rural signs may only be in Turkish. Petrol stations are plentiful and modern. Many are open 24 hours and provide full service.

Be aware that owning a car is a major financial commitment. In addition to expensive petrol, the Special Consumption Tax (ÖTV) on purchasing a vehicle is exceptionally high, often making cars twice as expensive as they would be in Europe or the USA.

Driver’s licences

Expats may use their foreign driver’s licence for up to six months from their date of entry. To continue driving in Turkey after this period, one must obtain a Turkish driver’s licence. The process for this depends on the licence’s country of origin.

Expats from countries with a reciprocal agreement (which includes most EU countries and the UK) can directly exchange their licence. This process involves submitting documents and paying a fee, as well as obtaining a health certificate from a local clinic that includes an eye test. No new tests are required.

Expats from non-agreement countries (such as the United States) cannot exchange their licence. They must enrol in a certified driving school (sürücü kursu) and pass both the theoretical and practical driving tests to be issued a new Turkish licence.

Useful links

• KGM: Turkish General Directorate of Highways
• Nüfus ve Vatandaşlık İşleri: General Directorate of Population and Citizenship (For Licences)

Air travel in Turkey

Given Turkey’s size, air travel in Turkey is efficient and popular for long-distance journeys. The country’s primary international gateway is the massive Istanbul Airport (IST), which replaced the old Atatürk Airport in 2019. The city’s second airport, Sabiha Gökçen (SAW) on the Asian side, is also a major hub, particularly for low-cost carriers. The capital’s main airport is Ankara Esenboğa (ESB).

The national carrier, Turkish Airlines, and its low-cost arm, AnadoluJet, offer the widest range of routes. They compete with the large private carrier Pegasus Airlines, as well as SunExpress, which is especially active in connecting to the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts. This competition keeps domestic flight prices reasonable.

Expats doing business in Turkey will find themselves in a complex and fast-paced business environment. With the country situated at the crossroads of Asia and Europe, Turkey is a compelling setting where Western and Eastern influences intersect with Arabic culture.

Due to its recent shift back to more orthodox economic policies and its strategic geographic location, it is seen by many international investors as a key stepping stone to Central Asia and the Middle East. As such, many international organisations have set up regional offices in Turkey, particularly in the capital, Ankara, and in Istanbul.

Doing business in Turkey is not overly complicated, but you will need a good grasp of the local business environment and the country’s unique cultural and social norms.

Fast facts

Business hours

Business hours are usually Monday to Friday, 9am to 6pm, with a lunch break generally between 12pm and 1pm. Be mindful that many businesses operate on shorter hours on Fridays.

Language of business

Turkish is the official language of business. While English is widely spoken in multinational firms and in Istanbul’s business circles, you should not assume universal fluency. In more traditional or family-run businesses, you will need Turkish. It may be helpful to learn a few key phrases of Turkish, as this will be highly appreciated. Interpreters are plentiful if you need one.

Greeting

A firm handshake is the standard greeting when male associates meet, and it is essential to maintain direct eye contact. This is often accompanied by the Arabic greeting, ‘Assalamu alaikum’ (peace be upon you). Most women will also shake hands with business associates, though some conservative Muslim women may prefer not to. If you are unsure, simply wait for a woman to initiate the handshake.

Business dress

Business dress in Turkey is conservative. Men are expected to wear a suit and tie, especially in finance and law. High temperatures in summer may make a smart shirt and trousers acceptable. Women should also wear smart business suits, conservative dresses, or skirts (at least knee length). Shoulders should remain covered.

Gifts

Gift-giving is not an established practice in Turkish business circles. Turks generally prefer to take business associates out for dinner instead. If you do give a gift, avoid alcohol or pork products. A box of sweets, like baklava, or a small craft from your home country is a safe choice.

Gender equality

Conservative attitudes are still common in Turkey, which ranks low on global gender gap indices for economic participation. While you will find many women in professional roles, particularly in major cities, they are underrepresented in senior leadership. Expat businesswomen are generally treated with respect, but may have to work within traditional expectations.

Networking

Business networking in Turkey is heavily relationship driven. While LinkedIn is widely used, in-person connections are indispensable. International chambers of commerce (like AmCham or the British Chamber of Commerce in Turkey) are excellent resources for expats to make new contacts.

Business culture in Turkey

Family is highly valued in Turkish culture, and this extends to the business culture in Turkey. Many businesses are still family run and owned, a structure that makes business feel quite intimate. The key to success is, therefore, in building durable personal relationships with your Turkish associates.

Communication

Courtesy and respect are prized in Turkish communication. When conducting meetings, effective icebreakers include asking personal questions about family or chatting about Turkish culture and football before transitioning into formal business discussions. You should also maintain direct eye contact, as Turks see this as a sign of respect.

Gestures carry a lot of weight, but may be confusing if expats aren’t aware of their meaning. Nodding your head forward and down indicates ‘yes’. ‘No’ is indicated by nodding your head up and back, usually with raised eyebrows. Shaking your head from side to side simply means, ‘I don’t understand.’

Hierarchy

A clear hierarchy exists, and rank and authority are respected in Turkish business circles. Decisions are made from the top down, generally by the head of the family or company. The opinions of the group are still valued, however. You may find yourself having initial meetings with less senior associates first. You may only move on to meet higher-level executives or senior family members once a relationship and trust have been established. Decision-making can, therefore, be a slow process, so patience is required.

Time

Punctuality and time are taken seriously in Turkish business. While you should always arrive on time for appointments, you may find that meetings start with extended small talk before getting to the agenda. You will need patience; this relationship-building is often considered just as important as the meeting itself.

Meetings

Initial meetings are often formal and serve to build relationships rather than make decisions. You can expect an agenda, but conversation may flow freely. It is rare for a final decision to be made in a first meeting; that will happen later, after senior leaders have consulted privately.

Religion and business

Although Turkey is a secular state, Islam is the dominant religion and has a strong influence on religion and business practices. This is evident in the frequent prayer times; Muslims will break five times a day to pray. Friday is the traditional Islamic holy day, and most men will attend Friday afternoon prayers. Keep this in mind when arranging business meetings and appointments.

During the holy month of Ramazan (Ramadan), Muslims fast during daylight hours and refrain from smoking and drinking. You should respect these traditions and avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in front of your Muslim associates during this time.

Dos and don’ts of business in Turkey

• Do maintain eye contact when speaking to your Turkish associates
• Do remember that business can be extremely personal in Turkey; building personal relationships is key to establishing lasting business connections
• Do give and receive business cards or gifts with your right hand, not your left.
• Don’t be offended if a Turkish business associate stands close while conversing. Turks generally have a smaller personal space bubble than many Westerners.
• Do be mindful of your gestures; common Western gestures (like the ‘okay’ sign) can be offensive in Turkey.
• Do have business cards printed with a Turkish translation on the reverse; this is seen as a sign of respect.
• Don’t discuss sensitive political or historical topics. Stick to safe subjects, such as family, football, or travel.