This guide was written prior to the military coup in Myanmar in February 2021 and is therefore not reflective of the current situation. Travel to Myanmar is currently not advisable due to ongoing civil unrest, armed conflict, and severe restrictions on communications and transportation.

The weather in Myanmar is characterised by three distinct seasons: the cool, hot and monsoon seasons. Formerly known as Burma, Myanmar has a tropical monsoon climate.

The cool season is from November to February and is distinguished by warm to hot temperatures, but cool air masses from China can sometimes lower night temperatures to around 50°F (10°C).

The hot season (March to May) is scorching hot with little rainfall. The temperatures can reach approximately 100°F (38°C) along the southern coast, 104°F (40°C) in Yangon and up to 113°F (45°C) in the inland areas.

June to October is the monsoon season, during which parts of Myanmar experience persistent periods of rainfall. During this period, flooding is common, so follow flood warnings and the authorities’ instructions closely.

Myanmar is a large country, so temperatures across the country can vary considerably. Higher altitudes often bring lower temperatures and humidity, as in the Chin and West States in eastern and western Myanmar.

Ensure you pack lightweight clothing, an umbrella or raincoat and a jumper or two for the cooler evenings.

This guide was written prior to the military coup in Myanmar in February 2021 and is therefore not reflective of the current situation. Travel to Myanmar is currently not advisable due to ongoing civil unrest, armed conflict, and severe restrictions on communications and transportation.

Due to Myanmar’s domestic conflict, as well as the influence of the pandemic, the country’s economy has taken a downward turn. Looking forward, the growth outlook remains poor. That said, with the reopening of tourism and the related service industries, there are still many opportunities for expats looking to work in Myanmar.

Job market in Myanmar

Agriculture, fishing and forestry account for approximately 23 percent of Myanmar’s GDP and much of the country’s workforce is employed in this sector, either directly or indirectly. Crop production, especially rice, covers more than half of the country’s cultivated land. With the discovery of natural gas and petroleum came foreign investment, which has boosted employment for expats in the oil and gas, mining, and manufacturing industries in Myanmar.

Much of Myanmar’s infrastructure remains largely underdeveloped, and construction remains an important employer in the country. If you’re moving to Myanmar and have architecture, building and engineering expertise, you will have no trouble finding employment. The service sector, including tourism and teaching English as a foreign language, is also on the rise.

Work culture in Myanmar

As is usually the case in Southeast Asian countries, Myanmar’s work culture is fairly formal and hierarchical. It is also heavily reliant on building strong personal relationships. Respect is an important part of working in Myanmar, and you should try to always address your colleagues and seniors by their full titles and names. ‘U’ and ‘Daw’ are used as the equivalent of ‘Mr’ and ‘Mrs’ or ‘Ms’.

The concept of ‘face’ applies in Myanmar, and you should avoid public disagreements with your local colleagues as this could cause them to lose face. While you may have a difficult time adjusting to the work culture in Myanmar if you’re used to more egalitarian cultures, you will be delighted to find that the local people are generally friendly and honest.

This guide was written prior to the military coup in Myanmar in February 2021 and is therefore not reflective of the current situation. Travel to Myanmar is currently not advisable due to ongoing civil unrest, armed conflict, and severe restrictions on communications and transportation.

Famously known as the ‘Golden Land’, Myanmar is a country of many idiosyncrasies that come together to make a welcoming and friendly country. Still, expats are likely to experience some difficulty adjusting to the local culture in Myanmar.

As a result of years of conflict, Myanmar is largely undeveloped and much of its population lives in poverty, which may be quite jarring for expats from developed countries. Nevertheless, new arrivals will soon come to appreciate the slow pace of life and the locals’ kindness and trusting nature.

Moving to Myanmar

Language barrier in Myanmar

With 135 ethnic groups, Myanmar is a melting pot of cultures. Owing to Myanmar’s huge geographic size, approximately 100 languages are spoken across the country.

Burmese is the country’s official language and is used as a medium of instruction in schools as well as in business settings. As a result of more than a century of British rule, English is often spoken as a second language in Myanmar, especially in urban centres such as Yangon.

Schools in Myanmar

Dress in Myanmar

Myanmar is a conservative Buddhist society, so locals may take offence at suggestive and revealing clothing. To show respect, ensure you take off your socks and shoes when entering a holy place or a private home. Legs and shoulders should be covered when visiting temples and monasteries.

Religion in Myanmar

Buddhism is integral to Myanmar’s society, and the religion plays a role in both private and public life. As such, monks and nuns are highly regarded and typically offered privileges such as first-class travel on public transport, as well as the highest place at the dinner table. Expats should be aware that monks and nuns should not be touched as a sign of respect and reverence.

Public Transport and Driving in Myanmar

Social customs in Myanmar

As is the case in most Southeast Asian countries, respecting elders and saving face is important in Myanmar. Slightly bow your head when passing an elder to show respect. Also, avoid situations that could confront or embarrass your Burmese counterparts in public, as this could cause them to lose face.

The concept of saving face means that when put on the spot, locals will sometimes say ‘yes’ even when they mean ‘no’, and would rather give wrong information than admit they don’t know something. This can make for some intercultural miscommunication.

It is critical not to touch anyone’s head or feet, even children, as these are considered sacred parts of the body in Myanmar’s culture.

Couples should avoid public displays of affection. While it is perfectly acceptable and common for friends and family members to embrace in public, it is rare for romantic partners.

Politics in Myanmar

Politics is a sensitive topic that is best avoided in Myanmar. Interethnic and religious conflicts are particularly delicate subjects, especially since the Rohingya conflict and the 2021 military coup. Steer clear of demonstrations and political conversations to stay safe.

The military government has announced plans to hold elections in late 2025 or early 2026, although these are widely considered illegitimate by the international community. The military’s control has weakened significantly since the coup, and there are resistance groups and ethnic armies that now control large areas of the country.

This guide was written prior to the military coup in Myanmar in February 2021 and is therefore not reflective of the current situation. Travel to Myanmar is currently not advisable due to ongoing civil unrest, armed conflict, and severe restrictions on communications and transportation.

You will likely need a visa to enter Myanmar, and citizens of 100 countries can apply for one through Myanmar’s e-visa portal. Visa-free travel is available for 14 days for passport holders from eight Southeast Asian countries, with Singapore receiving 30 days of visa-free access. Japanese citizens also receive 30 days of visa-free travel.

Myanmar offers business, tourist and express visas for visitors, and if you’re from a select number of countries, you may be eligible to apply for visas on arrival at international airports in the country.

Visit visas for Myanmar

If you’re travelling to Myanmar for leisure, you can apply for a 28-day single-entry tourist visa, either at an embassy in your home country or digitally through the country’s e-tourist visa system. You must present a passport that is valid for at least six months, as well as proof of insurance, accommodation and a return ticket.

An express tourist visa is perfect if you need to enter Myanmar within 48 hours. The express visa is typically processed within one to eight hours of application, although you will have to pay slightly more than you would for a standard visa.

If you’re looking to journey to Myanmar for commercial purposes, you can apply for a business visa, which is valid for a visit of up to 70 days within three months of being issued. You will need to submit an invitation letter from a registered Myanmar company along with your application.

For other professional reasons, see our guide to Work Permits for Myanmar.

Stay permits for Myanmar

If you intend to live and work in Myanmar, you'll need a stay permit, and this can be a taxing process involving multiple government agencies. A stay permit allows foreigners to live and work in Myanmar.

As a first-time applicant, you will enter the country on a business visa and then apply for a stay permit, which is typically granted for an initial six months. If you’re working for a Myanmar enterprise, you will need to have your employer secure recommendation letters from the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Immigration and Population to submit along with your stay permit application.

Thereafter, you can apply for a 12-month stay permit, which will be assessed on an individual basis.

Working in Myanmar

Visa regulations are subject to change at short notice, and you should contact your respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

This guide was written prior to the military coup in Myanmar in February 2021 and is therefore not reflective of the current situation. Travel to Myanmar is currently not advisable due to ongoing civil unrest, armed conflict, and severe restrictions on communications and transportation.

You will need a work permit in Myanmar if you intend to live and take up employment in the country. You’ll also need a stay permit. Rules and regulations frequently change, so it’s always best to consult with an embassy to ensure the proper steps are followed.

Read more: Visas and Stay Permits in Myanmar

Applying for a work permit in Myanmar

If you intend to apply for a work permit, you must meet the following requirements:

• Be in good health
• Hold a regionally or internationally recognised degree in your field to prove your expertise
• Submit a recommendation letter from your employer

The application processing time can take anywhere between seven days and a month.

Work permits in Myanmar are issued through foreign businesses that want to employ expats with technical or managerial skills. Companies must hold an investment permit and receive an endorsement from the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC), allowing them to employ foreign workers.

You will need to hold a Stay Permit and a Multiple-Journey Special Re-entry Visa to stay in Myanmar for more than 70 days. This will allow you to leave and re-enter the country during your stay. The Stay Permit can be valid for three months, six months, or one year, so you will have to renew your work and stay permits accordingly.

If you will be in Myanmar for more than 90 days, you are also obligated to register your presence with the registration office in your local area. The Immigration and National Registration Department will issue you a Foreigner Registration Card (FRC), which is typically valid for a year.

Visa and work permit regulations are subject to change at short notice, and you should contact your nearest Myanmar embassy or consulate for the latest information.

This guide was written prior to the military coup in Myanmar in February 2021 and is therefore not reflective of the current situation. Travel to Myanmar is currently not advisable due to ongoing civil unrest, armed conflict, and severe restrictions on communications and transportation.

Myanmar's banking infrastructure is still developing, and the country is cash-driven. With increased foreign investment and renewed trust in banks, Myanmar is making strides in modernising its systems.

You can find English-speaking assistants at most international banks, but if you’re looking to set up an account at a local bank, you should enlist the help of a Burmese-speaking colleague or friend.

Money in Myanmar

The official currency is the Myanmar Kyat (MMK), subdivided into 100 pyas. It is available in the following denominations:

• Notes: MMK 50, MMK 100, MMK 200, MMK 500, MMK 1,000, MMK 5,000, MMK 10,000 and MMK 20,000
• Coins: MMK 1, MMK 5, MMK 10, MMK 50 and MMK 100

The country previously used the US Dollar (USD) as an alternative currency, especially for large purchases and payments in hotels and high-end restaurants. However, Myanmar has banned the use of the USD for all domestic payments since 2022, with only the Myanmar Kyat now accepted for local transactions.

Banking in Myanmar

Myanmar is a largely cash-based society due to years of distrust in the country’s banking system, which led to a lack of financial infrastructure development. Large improvements have been made in the past decade, and the country now boasts foreign banks operating as branches and subsidiaries, including the State Bank of India, MUFG Bank, and OCBC Bank.

Banks have recently started promoting digital services, so you can find a range of financial products on offer.

Opening a bank account

You will need your visa and passport to open an account at a local or international bank in Myanmar. You will also need the minimum deposit. The amount required differs between banks. Your visa must be valid for at least three to six months to be eligible to open a bank account in the country.

Credit cards and ATMs

ATMs are widely available in Myanmar’s major cities, such as Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw and Mandalay. These ATMs accept international bank and credit cards, so you needn’t worry about being able to access the local currency. The only limitation in ATM use in Myanmar is frequent internet outages, so it’s best to always keep sufficient cash on hand.

Taxes in Myanmar

Foreigners who reside in Myanmar for 183 days or more are considered tax residents. These individuals are taxed on their income on a progressive sliding scale. You who are permanent residents will be taxed on your worldwide income as legislated by the Myanmar Income Tax Act, while those who are non-residents are only taxed on income derived from within the country.

Residents who earn an annual salary below the income tax threshold will pay no taxes at all. Your tax matters in Myanmar can be complex, so it is best to consult a qualified tax specialist.

This guide was written prior to the military coup in Myanmar in February 2021 and is therefore not reflective of the current situation. Travel to Myanmar is currently not advisable due to ongoing civil unrest, armed conflict, and severe restrictions on communications and transportation.

Healthcare in Myanmar is chronically underfunded, and the country is rated as having one of the poorest health systems in the world. The country was making great steps towards improving its healthcare infrastructure, but the 2021 military coup and ongoing political instability have severely disrupted these efforts. Myanmar’s healthcare system has faced additional strain following a major earthquake in March 2025.

Expats generally consider the public health system inadequate, and you will need to secure comprehensive health insurance to access private healthcare.

Public healthcare in Myanmar

Myanmar’s previous National Health Plan (2017–2021) aimed to increase access to basic healthcare and financial protection for Myanmar’s citizens by reducing out-of-pocket spending. However, this plan has ended, and the current political situation has disrupted healthcare planning. Myanmar spends approximately 5 percent of its GDP on healthcare, but there is still a shortage of critical healthcare professionals such as doctors and nurses.

Most of Myanmar’s hospitals are located in its major cities, but 70 percent of the population lives in its rural areas. The country’s facilities and equipment are also lacking, particularly in rural areas. In some of the most remote parts of Myanmar, healthcare is almost non-existent.

Private healthcare in Myanmar

While the public sector accounts for over 80 percent of health services in Myanmar, the country’s private healthcare was rapidly developing before the 2021 coup. The country allows foreign healthcare practitioners to work in Myanmar, and foreign investment in healthcare was on the rise. This makes for good private healthcare services with modern equipment and qualified staff, although the current political situation has affected operations.

Most private hospitals in Myanmar are located in Yangon and have English-speaking staff, which caters well for expats. Medical costs in the country can be affordable compared to international standards, although you’ll likely pay for services through medical insurance.

Health insurance in Myanmar

There are two kinds of health insurance in Myanmar: offshore and onshore insurance. You should organise offshore international health insurance before your arrival in the country.

International medical insurance offers comprehensive services. These typically include medical evacuation to neighbouring Singapore or Thailand for emergency and critical care. Ensure your medical insurance covers medical evacuation and provides access to global medical treatment, as health services in Myanmar are limited and have become increasingly unreliable.

Pharmacies and medication in Myanmar

Most pharmacies in Myanmar are located in Yangon and are generally open late into the evening. There is usually a range of medications available, but since the 2021 military coup, there have been widespread reports of medication shortages. Myanmar’s pharmacies are also known for selling counterfeit drugs, so you should thoroughly check medication bought in the country before taking it.

We recommend you bring an extra supply of permitted prescription medication and a doctor’s note for the first three months of your stay.

Health hazards in Myanmar

Mosquito-borne illnesses such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya and Japanese encephalitis are endemic in Myanmar. You should mosquito-proof your accommodation and ensure all your vaccinations are up-to-date.

Many animals in the country carry rabies, so avoid petting or feeding dogs or monkeys. Other health hazards you need to be aware of are the increased risks of typhoid, polio, hepatitis A and HIV/AIDS in the country.

Avoid untreated tap water and raw or undercooked food, as water and food safety in the country is questionable.

Emergency services in Myanmar

In a medical emergency, you can call 192. That said, emergency services in Myanmar are generally considered inadequate, and it is unlikely that you will reach an English-speaking operator. Paramedics generally lack training and do not have the necessary equipment for medical emergencies.

Private hospitals usually have ambulance services, and you can call the facility directly to arrange medical transport.

This guide was written prior to the military coup in Myanmar in February 2021 and is therefore not reflective of the current situation. Travel to Myanmar is currently not advisable due to ongoing civil unrest, armed conflict, and severe restrictions on communications and transportation.

Despite its large geographical size, getting around in Myanmar has traditionally been fairly easy. The country has an extensive public transport network, and you can choose to drive a private vehicle, although this may be a brave choice. Road conditions in Myanmar are poor, and the locals’ driving habits are infamous for being unsafe.

Public transport in Myanmar

Buses

Buses are the most affordable and fast way to travel in Myanmar, but they are not recommended for expats as the bus signs are not in English. Buses are also often overcrowded, and it’s common to see passengers sitting on the roof. While local buses may be in poor condition and rarely on schedule, Myanmar has been introducing luxury express buses to cater for the tourist and expat market. However, intercity bus services are currently affected by security restrictions and curfew regulations.

Trains

Adventurists who are looking to take the scenic route should look no further than Myanmar’s rail system. Trains are much slower and less reliable than buses, and they face a fair few issues, including mechanical problems and flooded tracks. Railway infrastructure has been subject to attacks and damage during the current conflict.

If you’re looking to take a train ride, purchase a ticket from a station at least a day in advance. Myanmar Railways offers three main seat classes – ordinary class, first class and upper class, with sleeper options available on some routes. That said, upper-class seats can be just as uncomfortable as ordinary-class seats. Still, travelling by rail is an excellent way to interact with the locals and take in the country’s majestic natural beauty, although current security conditions may affect service reliability.

Shared taxis and vans in Myanmar

Shared taxis and vans are less common in Myanmar than they are in other parts of Southeast Asia. They are pricier than buses and trains though, as each seat is charged separately. If you’re looking for an affordable and hassle-free way to travel, you should consider this mode of transport because it drops you off directly at your stop. Shared taxis and vans only leave once they are full, and some service offerings have been tailored specifically for expats.

Taxis in Myanmar

Taxis are widely available in Myanmar at a reasonable cost. Local taxis have no meters, so you must bargain and agree on the price with the driver before beginning the journey. There are also private cars with drivers that you can hire for the day. Most expats prefer this since it’s the most comfortable and reliable way to get around Myanmar.

Grab, the ride-hailing service, is also accessible in Myanmar’s major cities, although service availability may be affected by current conditions. Ride-hailing services may be more convenient if you cannot speak Burmese, as they remove the element of the language barrier.

Driving in Myanmar

Driving in Myanmar is no easy feat for expats and locals alike, and the number of road accidents has been steadily on the rise. The country switched to driving on the right side of the road in 1970, but most vehicles are right-hand drive imports, creating challenging driving conditions. You may be safer and more comfortable hiring a driver before braving the roads yourself.

If you choose to drive, you will need to apply for a Myanmar driver’s licence at the Department for Road Transport and Administration. Those who hold an international driving permit or a licence from their home country can exchange it for a local licence without taking a written or practical test. You will simply need to fill in an application form, present two passport photos and pay the processing fee.

Domestic flights in Myanmar

Most people prefer flying between Myanmar’s cities, as it is a low-cost and fast alternative. The country offers a few private and state-owned airlines, the latter of which should be avoided due to their low safety record. Major international airports include Yangon Airport, Mandalay International Airport and Nay Pyi Taw International Airport. However, airport operations have been disrupted by security incidents and natural disasters, with some temporary closures affecting services.

This guide was written prior to the military coup in Myanmar in February 2021 and is therefore not reflective of the current situation. Travel to Myanmar is currently not advisable due to ongoing civil unrest, armed conflict, and severe restrictions on communications and transportation.

Finding accommodation in Myanmar is likely to be one of the most significant challenges you’ll face. There are several factors you’ll have to consider as a house hunter, and if you’re a parent, proximity to an international school and public transport networks will be high up on your list.

The country faces severe electricity shortages, with major cities experiencing up to 20 hours of blackouts daily as power generation meets only about half of the national demand. Ensure the property you choose has a generator or solar.

Fortunately, construction in the real estate market is booming, and you’ll find a range of luxury options available. Competition for adequate accommodation in Myanmar’s major cities is rife owing to increased foreign investment.

Education and Schools in Myanmar
Transport and Driving in Myanmar

Types of accommodation in Myanmar

If you’re moving to Myanmar, you’ll typically stay in one of its major cities, which include Yangon, Mandalay and Nay Pyi Taw. Under current law, short-term tourists are required to stay in registered hotels or guesthouses, with criminal penalties for non-compliance. For longer-term residential stays, you’ll be spoilt for choice when it comes to accommodation in Yangon and Mandalay. Landed properties with gardens, villas, condominiums and serviced apartments are among the popular choices for expat families in Myanmar.

Although Myanmar’s major cities have historically been considered safe, we strongly recommend hiring 24-hour security if you’re renting landed properties, as the current security situation throughout the country remains extremely volatile with ongoing armed conflict.

Furnished vs unfurnished

There are both unfurnished and furnished housing options in Myanmar, with the latter being the priciest. Most of the long-term accommodation in Myanmar is unfurnished but will typically be equipped with light and bathroom fixtures. Unfurnished accommodation also typically doesn’t include appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, air conditioners, ovens and water heating units.

Furnished properties, typically serviced apartments and villas, will include everything from beds and sofas to appliances and cutlery. However, the furniture and appliances may not be as modern as you’re used to. You must note that ovens and dishwashers are generally only provided in high-end properties.

While furnished properties may be on the pricier end of the market, these are mainly the most convenient option if you’re in Myanmar for the short term. That said, if you’re keen on furnishing a property, you simply need to negotiate with the landlord to have the existing furniture removed.

Short lets and temporary housing

Short lets and temporary housing are favoured by the expat population in Myanmar. These allow you to enjoy the comfort of home while enjoying luxury hotel amenities, such as cleaning services and access to swimming pools. There are some temporary housing providers available in major cities, although options have become more limited due to current restrictions.

Pets

There are a few pet-friendly service apartments in Myanmar. If you rent landed properties and villas, you can negotiate with your landlord if you would like to keep a pet on the property. It is important to include these details in the rental agreement.

Moving to Myanmar

Finding rental accommodation in Myanmar

Finding suitable and affordable property in Myanmar can be difficult as a result of the discrepancy in housing demand and supply. The best place to start your property search is online, as you can familiarise yourself with the market while you’re still in your home country. Rental property websites such as Shwe Property and iMyanmarHouse are some of the most well-known property portals that provide information on what you can expect to find at different price points and areas.

Real estate agents are likely to be your best option, as they can eliminate the language barrier when you’re engaging with landlords. They are typically also highly knowledgeable about local real estate and can show you properties that are not yet on the market. You should keep in mind that real estate agents will require a commission equivalent to one month’s rent.

Language Barrier in Myanmar

Useful links

• Shwe Property
• iMyanmarHouse

Renting accommodation in Myanmar

Most expats moving to Myanmar choose to rent rather than buy property, as most are in the country on a short-term assignment. Additionally, foreigners can only own condominium units (limited to 40 percent of units in registered buildings) and cannot own land or houses in Myanmar, which also makes purchasing an unattractive choice. Myanmar’s property rental market is unregulated, meaning you’ll have to be careful traversing the rental process to avoid falling victim to scams.

Signing a lease

To secure a rental property, you’ll need to sign a lease agreement. Rental agreements in Myanmar are typically signed for a minimum of six months and a maximum of 12 months. A contract extension can be negotiated at the end of the term. To avoid early contract termination by tenants, landlords require rent upfront for the full term, and most of them will only accept cash payments in US dollars, although this is slowly changing.

Most landlords will also require one month’s rent as a holding deposit if you want to secure accommodation before arriving in Myanmar. This is non-refundable should you decide against moving into the property. You’ll also have to pay a one-month deposit. The disadvantage that comes with paying the rental fee upfront is that real estate agents and landlords generally become unresponsive to your needs after receiving full payment.

Take a full inventory, including pictures, before signing a lease agreement and ensure it is clear who will be responsible for utilities and maintenance. If you’re looking to rent accommodation in Myanmar, you must provide proof of your legal right to live and work in the country.

Termination of the lease

Landlords in Myanmar are legally required to give tenants two months’ notice if they wish to terminate the lease early, and leaseholders must give the landlord at least one month’s notice.

Tenants should leave the property spotless, remove their possessions and take all meter readings to avoid forfeiting their deposit. Be present for the final inspection to return all the keys and ensure that the landlord begins the process of returning the deposit. This will depend on whether there is damage to the property beyond normal wear and tear, and the deposit will usually be returned within two weeks.

Utilities

Utilities such as water, electricity, internet and gas are typically for the tenant’s account unless expressly stated otherwise in the rental contract. Budget for these accordingly, keeping in mind that the ongoing electricity crisis may require additional costs for generator fuel or alternative power sources.

Cost of Living in Myanmar

This guide was written prior to the military coup in Myanmar in February 2021 and is therefore not reflective of the current situation. Travel to Myanmar is currently not advisable due to ongoing civil unrest, armed conflict, and severe restrictions on communications and transportation.

Despite its political struggles, Myanmar’s society values education. The country has a literacy rate of 89 percent, which ranks in the middle range among Southeast Asian countries. The country’s education system has undergone significant developments since its independence from British rule. The language of instruction in public schools changed from English to Burmese, making public education a largely unsuitable choice for expats.

Myanmar’s education system has been severely disrupted since the February 2021 military coup, with widespread school closures, safety concerns, and ongoing civil conflict affecting all levels of education. If you’re looking to live and work in Myanmar, be aware that enrolling your children in schools has become extremely challenging due to the ongoing political crisis and safety concerns.

Since the 2021 military coup, the situation has deteriorated dramatically, with over 13,000 schools reportedly forced to close due to armed conflict. Most children have stopped attending school, with over 90 percent of students not enrolling in the current education system. The military junta implemented mandatory conscription in 2024, requiring males aged 18 to 35 and females aged 18 to 27 to serve two to five years in the armed forces.

While some private and international schools in Yangon may still operate, competition for spaces remains fierce, and many families are choosing to relocate to neighbouring countries for educational stability.

Working in Myanmar 

Public schools in Myanmar

Myanmar’s education system is still based on the British system, and English is offered as a second language in schools. Early childhood education typically begins around age five, with primary school education becoming compulsory from around age six until Grade 5. Thereafter, students enter secondary school, which comprises middle and high school. The standard structure is:

• Kindergarten: age 5 to 6
• Primary school: Grades 1 to 5 (ages 6 to 11)
• Lower secondary: Grades 6 to 9 (ages 11 to 15)
• Upper secondary: Grades 10 to 11 (ages 15 to 17)

Public schools in Myanmar may be free to attend, but the quality of education is far below what most expats are used to. Schools are under-resourced and have ageing infrastructure, and teachers are underpaid due to poor government spending on education.

Private schools in Myanmar

Private schools are a fairly new concept in Myanmar and typically offer the national curriculum with a distinct focus on English. These schools are mainly targeted towards middle-class families and offer smaller class sizes and a wider range of extracurricular activities at a much more affordable rate than international schools.

Since their inception in 2012, private schools enjoyed consistently high levels of enrolment, as they offered an excellent standard of education and allowed students to develop their English-language proficiency. Expat children would also likely experience less culture shock than they would at public schools. However, the ongoing political crisis has severely impacted private school operations, with many closing due to safety concerns and economic instability.

A significant percentage of children also attend monastic secular schools, which are run by monks. These schools focus on literacy and arithmetic proficiency. Historically, monastic schools only admitted boys. They have since developed to provide education to all children from villages who cannot access government schools.

Local Culture in Myanmar

International schools in Myanmar

If you’re an expat parent moving to Myanmar and wish for your children to continue in your home country’s curriculum or learn a global curriculum, you should consider an international school, although options are now severely limited by the ongoing crisis.

International schools have long been permitted to operate in Myanmar and are mostly based in Yangon. The English National Curriculum and American curriculum are the most popular offerings, with many schools also offering the International Baccalaureate programme. Although not as common, French and Singaporean curricula are also on offer in Myanmar. However, many international schools have reduced operations or temporarily relocated due to safety concerns since 2021.

These schools offer your children an opportunity to retain their home language and culture while meeting other expat families and still learning about Myanmar’s rich heritage. However, you should carefully assess current safety conditions and school availability before making educational decisions.

Special-needs education in Myanmar

Myanmar implemented an Inclusive Education policy to ensure the integration of children with special educational needs into mainstream public schools. That said, this rarely happens due to a lack of policy enforcement and inadequate resources.

Children with mild support needs are accommodated in mainstream schools. Children with visual, physical and hearing impairments and developmental impediments have access to one of 12 specialised schools in Yangon and Mandalay.

Private and international schools are the best alternative for expat children, as they are more likely to have the resources to adapt the learning environment and curricula to suit your child’s needs. Contact international and private schools to find out about the respective accommodations offered at each school, although availability may be limited due to current circumstances.

Tutors in Myanmar

Tutoring is extremely popular in Myanmar and is often used as a substitute for public education. School-going children in Myanmar typically have 20 hours of tutoring a week to help with preparation for matriculation or international board examinations.

Tutors can also be a priceless resource for expat children, since they can help them learn a new language or maintain proficiency in their home language. They can also help with adapting to a new curriculum and language through online or in-person lessons.

Recommended tutoring companies in Myanmar include TeacherOn, Tutoroo and Apprentus.

This guide was written prior to the military coup in Myanmar in February 2021 and is therefore not reflective of the current situation. Travel to Myanmar is currently not advisable due to ongoing civil unrest, armed conflict, and severe restrictions on communications and transportation.

Fondly known as the Golden Land, Myanmar is home to more than 100 ethnicities, although ethnic tensions and persecution have created significant divisions within the country. Myanmar is a country of contrasts, where traditional Buddhist pagodas punctuate colonial British architecture while opulent modern cities are juxtaposed by relatively untouched villages.

While moving to Myanmar may not be for the faint of heart, you will find that the hospitality of the Burmese people more than makes up for the lack of modern conveniences.

Living in Myanmar as an expat

After more than 40 years of being closed off from the world due to ongoing conflict and military rule, Myanmar remains largely undeveloped. The country is one of the region’s poorest, and almost 70 percent of its population still lives in rural areas. Since the military coup in February 2021, the junta has been conducting violence against civilians while facing widespread armed resistance, and the military junta controls less than half the country’s territory. These conditions have made Myanmar an extremely challenging destination for expats, with most international organisations and businesses significantly reducing their presence.

In Myanmar’s lush central basin is the country’s newly built modern capital, Nay Pyi Taw, which serves as the administrative centre. Expats in diplomatic and humanitarian roles are likely to be stationed here, although numbers have greatly decreased since 2021. Thanks to the discovery of natural gas and petroleum, those with engineering, commerce and management experience previously had opportunities to work in some of Myanmar’s most lucrative industries, although the current political situation has severely limited such opportunities.

As one of Southeast Asia’s largest countries, Myanmar’s sheer area could come as a shock to expats from smaller countries. As a result, travelling times can be long and with a fairly extensive yet inadequate public transport network, most expats choose to fly across the country or hire a car and a driver.

Working in Myanmar 
Public Transport Network in Myanmar

Cost of living in Myanmar

Although the cost of living varies considerably, it has become increasingly unpredictable due to the severe economic crisis caused by the 2021 military coup and Western sanctions. The Myanmar kyat has collapsed dramatically, trading at over 7,000 kyat per US dollar in 2024 compared to the official rate of 2,100 kyat. Accommodation in Myanmar’s major cities is especially costly owing to the discrepancy in supply and demand. The standard of housing in the country varies considerably, and you will have to fork out for newly built Western-style apartments or detached houses to enjoy modern luxuries. Myanmar also suffers daily power outages and frequent water shortages, while high-speed internet is pricey. Thus, utilities are also set to take a large chunk out of your salary.

Luckily, you will be able to save on transport and grocery costs, as these are mostly inexpensive. The second-largest expense facing expat parents is the eye-wateringly expensive international school fees. You will also need to budget for full private healthcare insurance to ensure you are covered for medical evacuation, as the standard of healthcare in Myanmar is lacking and has deteriorated further since 2021.

Cost of Living in Myanmar 
Accommodation in Myanmar 
Healthcare in Myanmar

Families and children in Myanmar

Myanmar offers free compulsory primary education – but Burmese is the language of instruction, making it unsuitable for most expats. The country’s education system is also underfunded, so the quality of its public schools may be subpar. Fortunately, Myanmar passed a law in 2011 allowing private schools to operate in the country. These schools teach the national curriculum in the English language and offer a more affordable alternative to public and international schools.

Still, most expats send their children to international schools. This allows their children to continue in their home country’s curriculum or learn a global curriculum such as the International Baccalaureate programme. However, many international schools have closed or suspended operations since 2021 due to the security situation.

Expat parents will also not run out of things to see and do with their little ones during their leisure time. There’s an abundance of majestic natural scenery, temples and green spaces in Myanmar, although travelling outside major cities requires careful consideration of the security situation.

Education System in Myanmar

Climate in Myanmar

The weather in Myanmar is distinguished by three seasons. With a tropical monsoon climate, Myanmar experiences the cool (November to February), hot (March to May) and monsoon (June to October) seasons. Flooding is a common occurrence during the monsoon season, and you are advised to follow news on flood warnings. Generally, though, temperatures in Myanmar are warm, with the occasional cool evening.

Weather in Myanmar

While you will undoubtedly experience a level of culture shock when moving to Myanmar, the country’s natural splendour and friendly people can go a long way towards making acclimatising easier and enjoying an enriching once-in-a-lifetime experience. However, the ongoing military violence makes travel extremely dangerous, so consult with your embassy or consulate before travelling.

Local Culture in Myanmar

Fast facts

Population: 51.3 million

Capital city: Nay Pyi Taw (Yangon is the country’s largest city)

Neighbouring countries: Myanmar is bordered by China and Laos to the northeast, Thailand to the east and southeast, India to the north and Bangladesh to the northwest.

Geography: Myanmar is a country of hills and valleys. It is nestled between a few mountain ranges, with the Arakan Mountains on the west and the Shan Plateau dominating the east. The country’s long coastline borders the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal and is another distinguishing geographical feature.

Political system: Military junta since February 2021 coup (previously a unitary parliamentary constitutional republic)

Major religions: Theravada Buddhism is the leading religion. Various forms of Christianity and Islam also have a significant following in the country.

Main languages: Burmese (official language), English and Mandarin Chinese

Time: GMT +6.5

Electricity: 230V, 50Hz. Plugs in Myanmar have two or three pins or three flat blades.

Money: The Myanmar Kyat (MMK) is the official currency, and it’s divided into 100 pyas. The currency has experienced severe devaluation since 2021, with black market rates reaching over 7,000 kyat per US dollar. Myanmar remains largely a cash-based society, with credit card use limited.

International dialling code: +95

Internet domain:.mm

Transport and driving: Cars drive on the right-hand side of the road. Expats often find driving in Myanmar risky and avoid driving their own vehicle, especially in the bigger cities, where it’s possible to get around quite easily using a taxi or public transport.

Emergency numbers: 199 (police), 192 (ambulance), 191 (fire). Emergency services are extremely limited or non-existent outside the major cities, and response times may be significantly affected by the current security situation.