Zimbabwe boasts a long-standing tradition of valuing education, with one of the highest literacy rates in Africa. The country has both public and private schools available, with the latter being pricier. 

Public education in Zimbabwe can vary in quality, with government schools often facing challenges such as insufficient resources and outdated facilities. Many expats, therefore, choose private or international schools for their children, ensuring a high standard of education that meets international expectations.

Public schools in Zimbabwe

Public schools in Zimbabwe are government-funded and can differ significantly in terms of standards. A recent amendment to the Education Amendment Act has made 12 years of schooling compulsory in Zimbabwe. 

While Zimbabwe’s public schools have a legacy of producing well-educated individuals, the quality has fluctuated over the years due to economic challenges. Many public schools face issues such as overcrowded classrooms, limited teaching resources, and outdated facilities. That said, some urban schools, particularly those in Harare and Bulawayo, still maintain high standards and are frequently the preferred choice for local families.  

For expats, public schools can be an affordable option but may not always meet the expectations of those accustomed to Western-style education systems. Public schools may also have fewer extracurricular activities compared to private institutions. 

Zimbabwe’s education system is structured into three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary.  

• Primary school begins at age 6 until 12, culminating in Grade 7 examinations. 
• Secondary education takes place over four years and ends at 16 when students take O-Level exams. After this, students pursuing higher education can take two years of A-Level studies.  

The curriculum is standardised and government-regulated, emphasising mathematics, science, languages (including English), social studies, and practical subjects like agriculture. English is the primary language of instruction, making it accessible to expat families. Local languages such as Shona and Ndebele are also taught.   

Private schools in Zimbabwe

Private schools in Zimbabwe are generally of higher quality than government schools, offering better facilities, smaller class sizes, and a more extensive range of extracurricular activities. These schools are mostly attended by children from middle- to high-income families, including expats. 

Several private schools in Harare provide both Zimbabwean and international curricula, making them a good option for expats looking for flexibility in terms of educational standards. Private schools cater to various educational philosophies and religious affiliations, providing parents with numerous choices to suit their children’s needs.

Many private schools in Zimbabwe have a Christian ethos and integrate religious values into their curriculum. For parents seeking alternative approaches to education, there are Montessori schools in major cities like Harare, which focus on child-led learning and holistic development. While Waldorf schools are less common, some institutions incorporate elements of this philosophy, emphasising creativity and experiential learning.  

Private schools in Zimbabwe are relatively expensive, with tuition fees varying depending on the institution and its facilities. Admission is competitive, so parents are advised to apply early, especially for sought-after schools. Many schools require entrance exams and interviews as part of the process. 

Useful links

• Association of Trust Schools

International schools in Zimbabwe

International schools in Harare are a popular choice for expat families. These schools offer globally recognised curricula such as the International Baccalaureate (IB) and the British and American systems, ensuring that children can continue their education with familiar teaching methods. 

International schools provide a strong sense of continuity for children who may move between countries, offering an educational environment that aligns with their home country's system. The quality of international schools in Harare is generally high, with modern facilities, dedicated teaching staff, and a variety of extracurricular opportunities.

That said, there are two notable drawbacks to international schools. Firstly, fees can be pricey, and secondly, places at the most popular schools can be limited. We recommend beginning the application process as early as possible to ensure you can secure a place for your child. 

For those moving to Zimbabwe for work, it may be worth asking for school fees to be included as part of the relocation package to help offset the cost.

Top private and international schools in Harare

The British International School (BIS) 
The British International School is one of Harare’s premier international schools, offering a British-based curriculum leading to the Cambridge IGCSEs and the IB Diploma. It is known for its high academic standards, excellent facilities, and a wide range of extracurricular activities, including sports, music, and drama. BIS is popular with expats due to its reputation for providing a strong academic foundation and smooth transitions for children moving from other countries. 

The International School of Zimbabwe (ISZ) 
The International School of Zimbabwe offers an American-style curriculum and the opportunity to graduate with an American high school diploma. The school caters to expat children from kindergarten through to Grade 12. ISZ is known for its rigorous standards, modern facilities, and international student body. 

St. John's College 
St. John's College is a prestigious private school in Harare that follows the Zimbabwean curriculum, but strongly emphasises academic excellence and extracurricular development. It is particularly well-regarded for its sports programmes and arts facilities. The school provides both boarding and day school options, making it suitable for both local and international families. 

Harare International School (HIS) 
Harare International School offers the full IB curriculum from kindergarten through to high school. It has a strong reputation for academic excellence and a robust extracurricular programme, including sports, music, and leadership opportunities. HIS is one of the top choices for expat families seeking a global education for their children, as it provides a seamless transition between different educational systems.

Monte Casino School 
Monte Casino is another popular private school in Harare, offering both a regarded academic programme and a range of extracurricular activities. The school follows a mixed curriculum, offering both the Zimbabwean and British curricula. Known for its nurturing environment, it caters to various needs, from children with specific learning requirements to those excelling in academics and sports.

Special-needs education in Zimbabwe

Providing adequate support for children with special needs is an evolving aspect of Zimbabwe’s education system. There are significant differences between public and private options for special-needs education. 

Most public schools in Zimbabwe lack specialised resources and trained staff to cater to children with disabilities or learning difficulties. Facilities are often basic, and individualised support is limited.  

In contrast, many private and international schools in Zimbabwe are better equipped to support special-needs students. These schools frequently have smaller class sizes, enabling more personalised attention.  

Some institutions employ trained special-needs educators and offer tailored programmes, such as Individualised Education Plans (IEPs), to accommodate students with diverse requirements. That said, these services come at a premium and may not be available at all private schools. 

There are also dedicated special-needs schools and centres in Zimbabwe, such as the Emerald Hill School for the Deaf in Harare and the King George VI Centre in Bulawayo, which cater specifically to children with physical disabilities and hearing impairments. 

Tutors in Zimbabwe

Hiring a private tutor can be an effective solution for expat families seeking additional academic support for their children. Tutors are widely available in Zimbabwe and can assist with various needs, including exam preparation, remedial support, and enrichment in specific subjects. 

You can find a tutor through a local agency, school recommendations, or expat networks. Online platforms have also become a popular way to connect with experienced educators, especially for families in remote areas or those preferring virtual lessons. With the availability of private tutors, families can further supplement their children’s learning journey in Zimbabwe. 

Useful links

• TeacherOn
• Spires Online Tutors
• Apprentus

You can expect a wide range of options for accommodation in Zimbabwe, particularly in Harare and Bulawayo, the country’s two largest cities. Whether you’re relocating for work or personal reasons, you’ll find a variety of housing choices that cater to different tastes and budgets. Zimbabwe offers a comfortable living environment, from modern city apartments to spacious suburban homes.

Many expats start by renting accommodation in Zimbabwe, particularly in Harare or Bulawayo, to get acquainted with the local area before committing to long-term housing. Renting allows flexibility, and you can always buy property later, although you’ll need to negotiate specific regulations when it comes to property ownership. As a result, renting is often the more common choice for newcomers to the country.

Types of accommodation in Zimbabwe

Accommodation in Zimbabwe varies by location, and Harare and Bulawayo have a good selection of housing options. While the standard of housing is generally high, availability and cost can fluctuate depending on the region.

In Harare and Bulawayo, apartments are particularly prevalent in urban centres like Harare’s CBD or Bulawayo’s city centre. These properties are more affordable than townhouses or houses and are widely available. Many offer modern amenities like controlled access, security, and sometimes communal facilities.

Townhouses provide a middle ground between apartments and freestanding houses. Often located in gated communities, they balance space and affordability while including shared amenities and enhanced security. You’ll find them in popular suburbs like Chisipite and Greendale in Harare or Suburbs in Bulawayo, and they provide a more residential feel without the high costs of standalone houses.

Freestanding houses are standalone properties usually found in suburban areas. They offer the most space and privacy, often with large gardens or outdoor areas, which makes them ideal for families. However, these homes come with higher costs and maintenance needs, and availability is more limited in urban hotspots. Areas like Borrowdale in Harare and Selborne Park in Bulawayo are known for these spacious properties.

Garden cottages, or ‘granny flats,’ are smaller standalone units often built on the grounds of larger homes. These affordable options are ideal for singles or couples seeking privacy. Most garden cottages have an open-plan layout and basic amenities like a kitchenette, making them popular in suburban areas of Harare and Bulawayo.

Gated communities are highly favoured by expats due to their comprehensive security features like controlled access, perimeter fencing, and sometimes 24/7 security personnel. These communities often include a mix of property types, along with shared facilities like parks or swimming pools.

Furnished vs unfurnished

When deciding between furnished and unfurnished rentals in Zimbabwe, your choice will largely depend on your needs and circumstances. Furnished properties are perfect if you’re looking for convenience, as they allow you to move in immediately without the hassle of buying furniture. These are particularly popular for short-term stays or temporary assignments, although they typically come at a higher rental cost.

On the other hand, unfurnished properties are more affordable and give you the freedom to decorate and furnish the space to your own taste, but they require an initial investment in furniture and appliances. In urban centres like Harare and Bulawayo, you’ll find a variety of both options, with furnished apartments and townhouses being easier to find in expat-friendly areas.

Short lets

Short-term rentals in Zimbabwe are a convenient solution if you require temporary accommodation, whether for a business trip or while exploring local neighbourhoods before settling down. Platforms like Airbnb and Vrbo feature listings ranging from single rooms to entire homes, often located in sought-after areas of Harare and Bulawayo.

Short lets usually include utilities and furnishings, making them a hassle-free choice. While they come with higher nightly rates than long-term leases, the flexibility and convenience often compensate for the cost.

Finding accommodation in Zimbabwe

Searching for housing in Zimbabwe is made easier with trusted online property portals. Platforms like Property.co.zw and Private Property Zimbabwe offer a comprehensive range of listings for rental and sale. Digs Property and EasyFind Zimbabwe provide user-friendly tools to locate properties by area or budget. Additionally, ShonaHome connects tenants with private sellers and agents, making it easy to compare available options.

Estate agents in Zimbabwe can also streamline your search. They list and promote properties, provide insights on market trends, and handle negotiations and paperwork. Their fees, regulated under the Estate Agents Act, typically range up to 5.75 percent of the property value for sales, paid by the seller, or a standardised amount for rentals. Work with a reputable agent to ensure that the process is transparent and legally compliant.

Useful links

• Property.co.zw
• Private Property Zimbabwe
• Digs Property
• EasyFind Zimbabwe
• ShonaHome

Renting accommodation in Zimbabwe

When negotiating rental agreements, keep cultural nuances in mind. Approach discussions with professionalism and respect, and always ensure terms are captured in a written lease agreement. Familiarise yourself with local tenancy laws to protect your rights, and don’t hesitate to negotiate on key aspects like rent, maintenance responsibilities, and lease duration. Landlords in Zimbabwe often expect formal, amicable interactions, so maintaining a courteous tone can go a long way.

Making an application

When you’re applying to rent a property in Zimbabwe, landlords typically require specific documents. You’ll need a valid passport or national ID for identification and proof of income, such as recent payslips or bank statements, to show financial stability.

References from previous landlords or employers can also help demonstrate reliability. If you’re new to the country and lack local references, offering a higher security deposit, providing employment confirmation, or working with a reputable estate agent can build trust with landlords. 

Deposit

The standard deposit for rentals in Zimbabwe is typically equivalent to one month’s rent. This amount is refundable at the end of the lease term, provided the property is returned in good condition without damages or outstanding bills. In some cases, landlords may request a higher deposit, especially if references are unavailable or the property is high-value.

Leases

Fixed-term leases are common in Zimbabwe and usually last six months to several years. These agreements often include options for renewal, allowing you to extend your stay under mutually agreed terms. Month-to-month leases are less prevalent but provide greater flexibility for shorter commitments. Always review lease agreements carefully to understand terms related to rent increases, maintenance, and early termination.

Terminating the lease

Understanding your rights as a tenant is crucial when terminating a lease. Fixed-term leases may require you to serve a notice period or incur penalties if broken early. In contrast, periodic agreements tend to offer more flexibility but may vary in terms depending on regional practices. Always check the specific terms outlined in your lease agreement to avoid misunderstandings.

Utilities in Zimbabwe

Utilities such as electricity, water, and internet are usually not included in the rental price, so you should budget for these additional expenses. It’s essential to account for these additional costs when planning your monthly budget.

Electricity

The Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA) is the primary provider of electricity, operating through its subsidiaries: Zimbabwe Power Company (ZPC), responsible for generation, and Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company (ZETDC), managing transmission and distribution. Independent Power Producers (IPPs) also contribute to the grid, although on a smaller scale.

When you move in, you’ll receive a prepaid meter card to purchase electricity units and monitor usage. Electricity reliability varies across Zimbabwe. Urban areas like Harare and Bulawayo experience more stable supply than rural regions, although load shedding can occur. In rural areas, access to electricity is limited, with many households relying on alternative energy sources. Solar power adoption is growing in both urban and suburban areas as a backup solution during outages.

Gas

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is widely used in Zimbabwe and is supplied by companies like Total Zimbabwe, Oryx Energies, and Zuva Petroleum. Bottled gas is the most common form, as piped gas infrastructure is limited. Gas is primarily used for cooking and, to a lesser extent, heating during colder months.

Store gas cylinders in well-ventilated, secure areas away from heat or sunlight. Inspect cylinders and equipment regularly, and always use certified regulators and hoses to prevent accidents. Adhering to these practices ensures safe and efficient gas usage in your home.

Water

Water services in Zimbabwe are managed by local municipal authorities. For instance, the Harare City Council oversees water and sewage connections in the capital.

Water reliability varies significantly between urban and rural areas. Cities like Harare and Bulawayo often face challenges like ageing infrastructure and intermittent supply, while rural areas rely more on boreholes or wells. If it’s not present, consider budgeting for filtration or purification systems. Common purification methods include boiling, filtration units, and UV light purifiers.

During water shortages, both municipal and private companies provide delivery services. Local councils may prioritise high-density areas, while businesses like Glamour Rentals offer bulk water delivery to residences.

Bins and recycling

Waste management services are available in major cities like Harare and Bulawayo, with local municipalities handling collection. Recycling initiatives are still developing but are supported by private companies like WasteMate Zimbabwe. In Harare, some organisations offer door-to-door recycling collection. Confirm the waste collection schedule with your landlord or directly with the service provider.

Internet

Internet access in Zimbabwe is provided by companies such as Liquid Intelligent Technologies, TelOne, ZOL Zimbabwe, and Africom. Fibre-optic connections are available in urban areas, offering high-speed options for home use. Wireless broadband and ADSL are also common but may experience slower speeds, particularly during peak hours.

To set up an internet connection, you typically need a national ID or passport and proof of address. Make sure to arrange your internet connection as soon as possible, as lead times can vary from days to weeks.

Home security

Security is a significant concern, particularly in urban areas like Harare. Look for properties with burglar bars, security gates, and alarm systems. Gated communities often provide 24-hour security and controlled access, offering added peace of mind. Ensure any existing security systems are functional and discuss maintenance responsibilities with your landlord.

Effective security systems often include perimeter walls topped with electric fencing, motion-sensor lighting, and rapid-response alarm services.

Useful links

• ZESA, Zimbabwe Power Company, ZETDC
• Total Zimbabwe, Oryx Energies, Zuva Petroleum
• Harare City Council, Bulawayo City Council
• WasteMate Zimbabwe
• Liquid Intelligent Technologies, TelOne, ZOL Zimbabwe, Africom

Zimbabwe’s economy is diverse, with key industries including agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and services. Agriculture remains a cornerstone, with crops like tobacco, maize, and cotton, as well as livestock, playing vital roles in the economy.

Mining, particularly of minerals like gold, diamonds, and platinum, is another significant industry that attracts foreign investment. Tourism also contributes to the economy, with Zimbabwe's natural beauty, including Victoria Falls, drawing global attention.

Job market in Zimbabwe

Although the economy has faced challenges, including high unemployment rates and inflation, Zimbabwe’s job market offers a mix of opportunities across various sectors. Expats can find opportunities in fields such as mining, finance, healthcare, education, and agriculture. Skilled professionals, particularly in areas where there are shortages, are often in demand. 

Harare and Bulawayo are the country's finance, commerce, and government centres, with many international companies operating here. Bulawayo, known for its manufacturing base, is key for industrial activities. Both cities offer a variety of business opportunities for locals and expats alike, while smaller towns and rural areas focus more on agriculture and natural resources.

Finding a job in Zimbabwe

Given the competitive job market in Zimbabwe, networking is crucial, and expats frequently find opportunities through word of mouth or within their social circles. Online job portals, like Zimbajob and iHarare, are also good places to look. Additionally, LinkedIn is gaining popularity in the country and is a great tool for both networking and job hunting.

To take up a job in Zimbabwe as an expat, you'll need a work permit. The process can be somewhat bureaucratic, so having the necessary documentation in place before starting employment is essential.

Useful links

• LinkedIn
• Zimbajob
• iHarare

Work culture in Zimbabwe

Zimbabwean work culture can vary depending on the industry, but in general, hierarchical structures are the norm. Decision-making is largely handled by management without input from employees. 

When it comes to getting to know your colleagues, you can expect a warm welcome. Zimbabweans are known for being open and friendly towards foreigners.

You may find that time in the workplace is a bit more flexible than what you might be used to. It's normal for meetings to start later than the appointed time, though it's best to arrive on time yourself, even if colleagues run late.

Business Culture in Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe experiences a predominantly subtropical climate, characterised by warm temperatures, clear skies, and varying precipitation patterns. Zimbabwe is situated on a high plateau, which moderates temperatures compared to its lower-altitude neighbours.

The capital, Harare, is known for its pleasant weather, especially during the dry season. Harare’s climate is typically warm, but not extreme. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe’s second-largest city, has a similarly moderate climate but tends to be slightly hotter. The city’s weather is perfect for those who prefer less humidity and a bit more sunshine.

Summers in Zimbabwe, from November to March, are hot and humid, with daytime temperatures often exceeding 86°F (30°C) in the lowlands. The higher-altitude regions enjoy cooler conditions. This is also the rainy season, with December and January typically seeing the heaviest rainfall. Afternoon thunderstorms are common and can be intense and short-lived.

During the rainy season, urban areas may face waterlogging and potholes due to overwhelmed drainage systems, while rural dirt roads regularly become impassable due to mud and flooding. Thunderstorms and torrential rain can disrupt the electricity supply. Although the heavy rains replenish reservoirs, sedimentation and contamination can also impact water quality in both urban and rural areas.

Winters in Zimbabwe, from May to August, are mild and dry. They come with clear skies and comfortable daytime temperatures ranging between 68°F and 77°F (20°C to 25°C). Nights can be chilly, particularly in high-altitude areas like the Eastern Highlands, where temperatures can drop below 50°F (10°C). Frost can occasionally occur in these regions during June and July. Winter days in the low-lying Zambezi Valley can still reach highs of 86°F (30°C).

The local culture in Zimbabwe is deeply rooted in tradition and community values, shaped by its Shona and Ndebele heritage, as well as influences from its colonial past. Hospitality is a cornerstone of Zimbabwean culture, with a strong emphasis on respect for elders, family ties, and communal cooperation.

Urban areas like Harare and Bulawayo will be more cosmopolitan, but locals in these areas still have a reverence for Zimbabwe's cultural roots. The rural areas of the country often follow traditional customs and communal ways of life, which is something to note if you're moving to the rural areas of Zimbabwe. 

Meeting and greeting in Zimbabwe

Zimbabweans are generally warm and welcoming, so you can expect polite interactions with the locals. Greetings are important, and a handshake typically precedes business or social conversations. Understanding these customs enhances relationships and fosters goodwill among locals.

Colonial influence in Zimbabwe

The British left an indelible mark on Zimbabwe's cultural landscape. English remains the official language of business, education, and government. Western-style clothing, education systems, and legal frameworks coexist with traditional ways of life. 

In cities like Harare and Bulawayo, this blend of influences is evident in the architecture, which ranges from colonial-era buildings to modern skyscrapers, as well as in culinary offerings that mix Western and traditional dishes.

Corruption and bureaucracy in Zimbabwe

Corruption and bureaucratic inefficiency can present challenges in Zimbabwe. Bribery and unofficial payments are sometimes expected to expedite processes, particularly in government offices or at border crossings. For expats, this can be frustrating when dealing with permits, licences, or official documents.

Patience and persistence are key to navigating bureaucracy. It’s advisable to work through reputable agents or legal advisors for assistance with complex paperwork. Avoiding corrupt practices is essential to ensure there are no legal complications.

Language barrier in Zimbabwe

English is an official language in Zimbabwe, and it is widely used in business and government. Still, local languages like Shona and Ndebele are commonly spoken daily. While most urban Zimbabweans are fluent in English, communication in rural areas may be challenging.

Learning basic phrases in Shona or Ndebele can go a long way in building rapport and showing respect for local culture. Language apps or hiring local guides can also help bridge the gap in more remote regions.

Traffic and road conditions in Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe’s roads vary greatly in quality. Urban areas like Harare and Bulawayo have paved roads, while rural routes may be unpaved and poorly maintained. Common issues include potholes, a lack of street lighting, and erratic driving behaviours. Fuel shortages and limited public transport options add to the challenges.

For safer travel, you should consider renting reliable vehicles and avoiding driving at night. Hiring a local driver or using established transport services can also help you reduce risks.

Inequality in Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe faces significant economic inequality, with wealth disparities between urban and rural populations. Urban centres are often more developed than rural areas, where there is a lack of basic infrastructure. Unemployment remains high, contributing to poverty and related challenges.

You should remain mindful of these disparities and approach interactions with sensitivity and respect. Supporting local businesses and charitable initiatives can positively impact local communities.

Safety in Zimbabwe

While Zimbabwe is generally welcoming, petty theft and occasional political unrest can occur. Vigilance is necessary, particularly in urban areas. Adhering to common safety practices, such as securing valuables and avoiding isolated areas, is advisable.

Staying informed about current events and adhering to official advice during tense periods ensures a smoother experience.

Security and Safety in Zimbabwe

LGBTQ+ in Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe has strict laws and conservative attitudes toward LGBTQ+ individuals, influenced by traditional and religious beliefs. Same-sex relationships are criminalised, and public displays of LGBTQ+ identity may attract discrimination or harassment.

Expats and visitors who identify as LGBTQ+ are advised to exercise discretion and prioritise personal safety. Building trusted networks within the expat or diplomatic community can provide support.

Zimbabwe has much to offer the adventurous expat, but you should keep a few things in mind as you explore. Some potential safety concerns include petty crime, political dynamics and unreliable infrastructure. 

Though there's no need to be overly concerned about safety and security in Zimbabwe, it's well worth taking a few basic precautions to ensure a good experience. Understanding the local environment and being proactive about safety measures is the best way to ensure a pleasant stay in Zimbabwe.

Crime in Zimbabwe

Crime in Zimbabwe tends to be opportunistic, especially in cities like Harare. Common crimes include petty theft, pickpocketing, and burglary. Violent crimes, such as armed robbery and carjacking, are less common but do occur in some areas. Crime hotspots include crowded marketplaces, public transport hubs, and certain neighbourhoods. 

Here are a few ways you can reduce your risk:

• Stay vigilant in busy areas and avoid displaying valuables in public.
• Use secure transportation options and avoid walking alone, especially after dark.
• Opt for accommodations in safe, well-secured neighbourhoods.

Home safety in Zimbabwe

Securing your residence is a key priority in Zimbabwe. Many expats opt for homes in gated communities or secure estates, which often include 24-hour guards, controlled access, and perimeter fencing.

To enhance safety at home:

• Install alarm systems, burglar bars, and security gates on doors and windows.
• Use private security services with rapid response capabilities.
• Lock all doors and windows when at home or away.
• Join neighbourhood watch groups.

Public transport safety in Zimbabwe

Public transport in Zimbabwe is generally not recommended for expats and tourists due to safety concerns. Minibuses (combis), the most common form of public transport, tend to be overcrowded and poorly maintained.

In Harare, safer alternatives include private taxis, ride-hailing apps like Vaya, or renting a car. Other ways to stay safe while travelling include confirming fares with taxi drivers in advance, only taking taxis that are in good condition and driven by a reputable driver, and avoiding using public transport at night.

Road safety in Zimbabwe

Driving in Zimbabwe requires caution, particularly in urban areas, where traffic congestion, potholes, and erratic driving are common. Power outages can also impact traffic lights, creating additional hazards.

To stay safe on the road:

• Drive defensively and obey local traffic laws.
• Avoid driving at night when visibility is reduced, and hazards are harder to detect.
• Keep car doors locked and windows rolled up, especially in traffic and at intersections.
• Stick to main routes and avoid high-crime areas whenever possible.

Smash-and-grab thefts and carjackings occasionally occur, particularly at traffic lights or in residential driveways. Leaving a gap between your car and the vehicle in front can provide an escape route in case of suspicious activity.

Scams in Zimbabwe

Scams are a common concern in urban centres, particularly in Harare. ATM tampering, fake currency, and overcharging are the most frequent issues.

To avoid scams:

• Use ATMs located inside banks or major shopping malls.
• Don't take assistance from strangers at ATMs, and never disclose your PIN.
• Exchange currency only at licenced bureaus or banks to avoid counterfeit bills.

Protests in Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe occasionally experiences political protests and labour strikes, especially in Harare’s central business district. While these events are often peaceful, they can escalate unexpectedly and disrupt daily life.

Monitor local news and social media for updates on planned demonstrations or disruptions, and avoid the central business district and government buildings during these times. Exercise special caution during election periods, when political tensions may rise.

Emergency numbers in Zimbabwe

• Police: 995
• Ambulance: 994
• Fire: 993

Zimbabwe offers a unique business landscape shaped by its rich cultural heritage, resilient people, and dynamic economic opportunities. While there are challenges to doing business in the country, those who invest time and effort in understanding the local culture and business practices often find it a rewarding experience.

Fast facts

Business hours

Monday to Friday, from 8am to 5pm.

Business language

English is the official business language, and it is widely spoken in professional settings. Knowledge of local languages such as Shona or Ndebele can foster stronger relationships, but is not a necessity.

Business dress

Conservative and formal in most sectors. Suits and ties are standard for men, while women tend to wear modest dresses or suits. Casual dress may be acceptable in informal work environments or specific industries.

Gifts

Gifts are not commonly exchanged in a business context. That said, small tokens of appreciation, such as branded company merchandise or items representing your home country, are usually well received.

Greetings

Handshakes are the standard form of greeting in professional settings. For senior figures or elders, a slight nod or verbal acknowledgement alongside the handshake demonstrates respect.

Gender equality

While there are efforts to promote gender equality, women remain underrepresented in leadership roles. However, women in business are steadily gaining recognition and influence, especially in urban areas.

Business culture in Zimbabwe

The business culture in Zimbabwe is a blend of traditional values and modern practices, creating an environment that demands adaptability and respect for local norms. Building trust and maintaining strong personal relationships are key to successful business ventures.

Relationships

Business practices in Zimbabwe reflect the nation's diverse cultural fabric. Zimbabweans value respect and politeness, and greetings are an important aspect of establishing rapport. When meeting someone for the first time, it is customary to exchange pleasantries before discussing business.

Personal connections matter significantly, and developing trust through consistent communication and face-to-face interactions is crucial. Zimbabweans are known for their warmth and hospitality, and showing genuine interest in your counterpart’s well-being can go a long way in building relationships.

Hierarchy

Hierarchy and seniority are respected, with deference often shown to older individuals or those in higher positions. Decision-making can be slow, as it usually involves consultations with multiple stakeholders, reflecting a collective approach to leadership.

Employees generally value teamwork and collaboration, but hierarchy still plays a key role. Senior management typically makes decisions, but some organisations may encourage staff input.

Time

Punctuality is appreciated, but not always strictly observed. Being flexible and patient is important when navigating delays, especially when dealing with government institutions.

Dos and don'ts of business in Zimbabwe

• Do prioritise relationship-building and take time to establish trust before diving into business matters.
• Do show respect for Zimbabwean traditions and hierarchy by addressing people formally and acknowledging seniority.
• Don’t rush discussions or push aggressively for quick decisions. Patience and persistence are valued.
• Don’t disregard the importance of face-to-face meetings, as personal connections are essential.
• Do prepare for potential logistical challenges, such as power outages or slow internet connectivity, and have contingency plans in place.

Pre-colonial Zimbabwe

9th century: Shona-speaking communities establish farming and trading societies in fertile, resource-rich areas. These societies rely on iron tools, herding, and agriculture, creating the foundation for trade. Archaeological discoveries of pottery and traded goods suggest connections with nearby regions. 
11th–15th century: The Great Zimbabwe Empire emerges as a dominant power renowned for its dry-stone architecture, including the Great Enclosure. The empire thrives on farming, herding, and trade, leveraging its mineral wealth to connect with Indian Ocean markets.
Great Zimbabwe: This trade hub exports not only gold and ivory but also copper and iron. Exchanges with Indian Ocean merchants introduce exotic items like Chinese porcelain and Persian glass.
15th century: Great Zimbabwe faces environmental pressures, including overpopulation, deforestation, and resource depletion. Reduced rainfall and exhausted gold mines undermine its economic base. Shifting trade routes lead to the rise of new powers like the Mutapa Empire.

Colonial encounters and influence

1450–1760: The Mutapa Empire succeeds Great Zimbabwe, governing vast territories and maintaining lucrative trade networks. Portuguese merchants influence trade dynamics by monopolising gold and ivory exports and introducing new goods.
Portuguese influence: European arrivals bring firearms and Christianity. Firearms alter warfare, while missionary activities encourage cultural shifts and tensions, with some elites adopting Christian governance principles.

Colonial era

1888: Cecil Rhodes’ British South Africa Company (BSAC) secures mining rights through treaties like the Rudd Concession, exploiting indigenous leaders to gain exclusive control over mineral resources and paving the way for extensive colonisation.
1890: The BSAC Pioneer Column establishes Salisbury (modern Harare), marking the start of formal European settlement and administration.
1893–1897: The Shona and Ndebele peoples resist colonial expansion during the Matabele Wars and the First Chimurenga Rebellion. Colonial forces brutally suppress these uprisings.
1900s: Infrastructure such as railways, roads, and telegraph lines expands, facilitating trade and governance but marginalising local communities. Indigenous lands are often seized for these projects.

Towards self-governance

1923: Southern Rhodesia adopts self-governance under British sovereignty. The settler government enacts policies favouring the white minority and marginalising the African majority. The Land Apportionment Act of 1930 allocates fertile land to Europeans.
1930s–1940s: Settler agriculture, particularly tobacco farming, flourishes, making Rhodesia a prominent exporter. However, these developments primarily benefit European settlers, leaving indigenous populations with limited opportunities. English becomes a unifying official language, facilitating governance while systematically eroding indigenous cultural identity and linguistic heritage.
1948: Urban centres like Bulawayo and Harare expand, offering improved services, although primarily serving white Rhodesians. Western education and healthcare systems are introduced alongside an independent judiciary, although these benefits remain unevenly allocated. 
1953: Southern Rhodesia joins the Central African Federation with Zambia and Malawi. While the Federation aims to foster regional economic collaboration, its structure heavily favours Southern Rhodesia.

Struggle for independence

1960s: Nationalist movements like ZANU and ZAPU gain momentum, advocating for African self-rule amid rising tensions with the settler government.
1965: Ian Smith declares a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), rejecting British pressure for majority rule. This move entrenches minority rule in Rhodesia, sparking international condemnation and further isolating the regime.
1966: The first conflicts of the Second Chimurenga begin as guerrilla forces challenge the white-controlled government.
1972–1979: The liberation war intensifies, driven by land dispossession, political repression, and systemic exclusion of African majority rule. Mozambican and Zambian support for Zimbabwe's guerrilla fighters and aid from China and the USSR bolster the liberation movement.
1978: An Internal Settlement Agreement attempts to establish a multiracial government, but it fails to address systemic inequalities or dismantle the entrenched structures of settler colonialism. The agreement’s limited inclusivity and inability to guarantee genuine power-sharing make it a superficial solution that fails to gain domestic and international legitimacy.
1979: The Lancaster House Agreement ends the war, establishing a framework for majority rule and democratic elections. While it marks a significant step towards independence, the agreement involved compromises, particularly on land reform.

Post-independence challenges

1980: Zimbabwe gains independence, with Robert Mugabe becoming Prime Minister after ZANU-PF’s electoral victory. The country faces the immense challenge of post-independence nation-building, grappling with deep economic inequalities rooted in colonial policies.
1982–1987: The Gukurahundi conflict devastates Matabeleland as government forces suppress perceived opposition, resulting in an estimated 20,000 civilian deaths. The campaign is carried out by the North Korean-trained Fifth Brigade, targeting the Ndebele-speaking population. Efforts for justice and reconciliation are hindered by political sensitivities and lack of accountability. Emmerson Mnangagwa (Minister of State Security at the time) is widely implicated in the Gukurahundi conflict.
1987: Mugabe consolidates power, abolishing the Prime Minister role to become Executive President. Over time, governance becomes increasingly authoritarian, with decisions driven by a narrow circle of elites loyal to Mugabe.
1990s: Land redistribution initiatives begin but face significant financial and logistical hurdles, compounded by international pressure and the imposition of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) by global financial institutions.

21st-century turmoil and reform

2000: Mugabe initiates fast-track land reforms aimed at addressing historical injustices in land ownership by redistributing white-owned farms to landless black Zimbabweans. While the policy seeks to rectify colonial-era inequities, its implementation is chaotic and marred by corruption, with many farms ending up in the hands of political elites. 
Agricultural crisis: The abrupt nature of the reforms, coupled with the lack of support for new farmers, disrupts agricultural production, leading to severe economic decline and food insecurity.
2005: Operation Murambatsvina displaces hundreds of thousands of urban poor, ostensibly as part of an urban renewal initiative. The operation is widely criticised for its socio-political motivations, which include targeting opposition strongholds and suppressing dissent. 
2008: In the midst of a global financial crisis, hyperinflation collapses the Zimbabwean dollar, prompting the use of foreign currencies to stabilise the economy. While the adoption of the US Dollar and South African Rand curbs inflation and restores basic functionality to the financial system, it also leaves the country vulnerable to external economic pressures and limits its ability to control monetary policy.
2009–2013: A power-sharing government introduces reforms, but political tensions persist between ZANU-PF and MDC factions.
2013: Mugabe wins re-election amid widespread allegations of electoral fraud, as economic challenges deepen. 
2017: Mugabe is ousted in a military coup after nearly four decades in power, with Emmerson Mnangagwa assuming leadership.

Contemporary Zimbabwe

2019: The RTGS dollar becomes the national currency, but economic instability, unemployment and corruption continue to plague Zimbabwe. Efforts to stabilise the currency include tighter monetary policies and international debt negotiations.
2020s: Zimbabwe faces ongoing challenges, including inflation and public scepticism toward economic policies. Attempts at stabilisation, such as the introduction of a gold-backed currency in 2024, have seen mixed results. While the currency aims to restore confidence in the monetary system, its effectiveness has been undermined by significant devaluation and limited public trust.

Living in Zimbabwe

Located in Southern Africa, Zimbabwe is a country of captivating natural beauty, a wonderful climate and rich cultural heritage. Known for its majestic landscapes, including the iconic Victoria Falls, and vibrant wildlife, Zimbabwe offers an unforgettable experience for those looking to explore life in Africa. From bustling cities like Harare to the serene countryside, expats moving to Zimbabwe will discover a blend of modern living and traditional charm.

Living in Zimbabwe offers a wide range of experiences, whether you’re drawn to the vibrancy of urban centres or the tranquillity of rural life. In cities like Harare and Bulawayo, you’ll find a mix of contemporary amenities, shopping centres, and cultural events, with a lively arts scene and a growing expat community. In contrast, rural areas provide the opportunity to experience a slower pace of life, where agriculture, community bonds, and a connection to nature remain at the heart of everyday life.

Expats moving to Zimbabwe often enjoy the country’s vast natural resources and beautiful landscapes, from the savannahs and mountains to the famous wildlife reserves. Despite frequent economic challenges, local Zimbabweans are known for their resilience, hospitality, and warmth towards newcomers.

Working in Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe has a diverse economy. Key sectors include agriculture, mining, tourism, and manufacturing. Opportunities can be found in these industries, particularly for professionals with management, engineering, and technology skills. That said, securing employment as an expat can sometimes be challenging due to the country's economic instability, especially if you don't have specialised skills or connections.

To legally work in Zimbabwe, you'll typically need both a work visa and a work permit. The process can be lengthy and involve a lot of bureaucracy, so be prepared for this. 

Read more:
Working in Zimbabwe
Doing Business in Zimbabwe

Zimbabwean culture

Zimbabwe is a country steeped in culture, with strong music, dance, and art traditions. The country’s people are known for their pride in their heritage, and cultural events, ceremonies, and festivals are common throughout the year. Traditional dress and customs are a big part of everyday life in many communities, and respecting these practices is essential for smooth integration.

In addition, Zimbabweans are generally very welcoming, and you'll find it easy to make connections. Understanding the social dynamics and avoiding overly direct communication will help you adjust. While Zimbabweans are largely friendly, you can make settling in easier by demonstrating humility, respecting elders, and taking time to understand local customs.

In Zimbabwe, the workplace culture values respect and a formal approach to business interactions. Hierarchy is often emphasised, and decisions may involve multiple stakeholders, particularly in larger organisations. While English is the official business language, understanding local languages such as Shona or Ndebele can be valuable for building relationships and integrating into your work environment.

Local Culture in Zimbabwe
Business Culture in Zimbabwe

Accommodation in Zimbabwe

Accommodation options in Zimbabwe vary widely, depending on whether you are in an urban or rural setting. In larger cities like Harare and Bulawayo, you can find a range of apartments, townhouses, and houses, though there may be a shortage of affordable and high-quality options in certain areas. Most expats choose to live in gated communities or suburbs for greater security. Many houses have large yards, which is a bonus for families.

Housing tends to be more basic in rural areas, though opportunities exist for those who prefer a quieter lifestyle. Housing prices can vary greatly, with demand for properties in urban areas often driving costs higher. Electricity supply is inconsistent across Zimbabwe, so it's essential to find accommodation that is either off the grid or to purchase a generator, which can add to the overall cost of housing.

Advice on Renting Accommodation in Zimbabwe

Cost of living in Zimbabwe

The cost of living in Zimbabwe can be quite affordable compared to many Western countries, but it varies depending on your lifestyle and location. In major cities like Harare, the cost of living has been increasing due to economic instability, and imported goods tend to be expensive. Still, locally produced food, housing in suburban areas, and public transport are generally affordable.

You should be prepared for a fluctuating cost of living, especially in terms of utilities and imported goods. Budget for the possibility of sudden price changes and keep an eye on the exchange rate, as the economy is prone to inflation.

Living in Zimbabwe with children

Zimbabwe offers a family-friendly environment with various educational options, including international schools that offer curricula like the British, American, or International Baccalaureate systems. Many international schools are located in Harare and cater to expat children, offering a multicultural experience and high education standards. Local schools are also available for families seeking integration into Zimbabwean society, though they may offer a different educational experience compared to what you're used to.

Zimbabwe is home to various outdoor activities that will keep children engaged, from visits to wildlife parks and safaris to exploring the natural beauty of places like Lake Kariba and Hwange National Park. Sports like football, cricket, and tennis are popular among children, and many expat communities organise weekend sporting events for kids.

One of the many benefits of living in Zimbabwe as an expat is the availability and affordability of domestic workers, who can help with childcare, cooking, cleaning and the laundry. Most expats with children have the luxury of employing at least one domestic worker.

Schools and Education for Expats in Zimbabwe

Healthcare in Zimbabwe

The healthcare system in Zimbabwe has both private and public facilities, though expats often prefer private healthcare due to higher standards of care. Private hospitals and clinics in cities like Harare and Bulawayo are well-equipped to handle routine medical issues, but for serious conditions, you may need to travel to neighbouring countries for treatment. It's advisable to have comprehensive medical insurance that covers international care.

For basic healthcare needs, you are encouraged to register with a local clinic or doctor. Many expats prefer to use pharmacies in urban areas for medications as these tend to be better stocked than rural branches. Vaccinations and preventive healthcare are important, so be sure to consult with your healthcare provider before travelling.

Getting around in Zimbabwe

Depending on where you live, getting around in Zimbabwe can be fairly easy or more challenging. Private transport and ride-hailing services are common in cities. Public transport options like minibuses, taxis, and buses are available but can sometimes be crowded and unreliable. 

Expats typically choose to drive their own cars, and road conditions in urban areas are generally good, though rural roads can be more challenging to navigate. If you want to get behind the wheel yourself, you should note that driving is on the left side of the road. 

Many expats opt to hire a driver or use taxi services for convenience, particularly in major cities. Keep in mind that fuel prices and availability can fluctuate, so it’s essential to plan accordingly.

Climate in Zimbabwe

One of the main attractions of living in Zimbabwe is its spectacular climate; in fact it has often been voted as having the best climate on earth. The summer months run from November to March, and are characterised by hot and sunny days, with temperatures reaching around 82°F (28°C), often with short, dramatic thunderstorms in the afternoons. The dry season occurs during the winter months (April to October) when the nights and early mornings can be as cold as 41°F (5°C), but daytime temperatures are still lovely and sunny. 

Harare is situated on the central Highveld plateau in the middle of Zimbabwe, where the weather is cooler than in the rest of the country. The lower-lying Hwange and Zambezi National Parks are warmer, while Mana Pools, Matusadona and Gonarezhou National Parks are even lower and get hotter still, with temperatures soaring to 95°F (35°C).

The cooler months are ideal for outdoor activities and exploring the country's national parks, while the summer offers a great chance to witness nature's beauty in full bloom.

Climate Charts for Harare

Fast facts

Population: Over 16.6 million

Capital city: Harare

Neighbouring countries: Zimbabwe is bordered by Zambia to the north, Mozambique to the east, South Africa to the south, and Botswana to the southwest.

Geography: Zimbabwe is a landlocked country with diverse terrain, including mountains, plateaus, and savannahs.

Political system: Unitary republic with a presidential system

Major religions: Christianity is the predominant religion, and indigenous beliefs are also practised.

Main languages: English is the official language, and Shona and Ndebele are spoken widely.

Money: The Zimbabwean Dollar (ZWL), though US Dollars are also widely used.

Tipping: Tipping is customary, and it is generally around 10 percent for good service in restaurants.

Time: GMT+2

Electricity: 240V, 50Hz. Three-pin plugs are used.

Internet domain: .zw

International dialling code: +263

Emergency contacts: 999 (emergencies), 995 (police), and 993 (ambulance)

Transport and driving: Drive on the left-hand side of the road. Though unreliable, public transport is available in the form of minibuses (combis) and buses. You can also find ride-hailing services in the major cities like Harare.