Expats will need to plan carefully before moving to the land of contrasts that is Mozambique. This coastal country's attractions are well known: peerless tropical beaches and warm ocean waters, friendly and welcoming people with amazing cultures, cuisine and hospitality, and rich natural resources and fertile lands that are only just beginning to be tapped. Conversely, Mozambique also contends with undeveloped infrastructure and services, a corrupt government and abject poverty throughout the country.

Below are some of the primary pros and cons of moving to Mozambique.

Lifestyle in Mozambique

+ PRO: Wonderful people and culture

Mozambicans are friendly, welcoming and generous, and once expats have come to terms with the language and customs, they'll find the locals quickly becoming their friends. Mozambican culture is hospitable and tolerant, and their lifestyle is generally easygoing. Mozambican food is a wonderful blend of African, Portuguese and Arabic influences.

+ PRO: Raw beauty and spectacular coastline

Mozambique is blessed with splendid colonial cities and a glorious coastline that is scattered with dreamy beaches that have barely a footprint on them. The scuba diving is some of the best in the world, the game fishing is renowned, and the Limpopo National Park, adjacent to the Kruger, is also a huge attraction.

- CON: Language barrier

English is not widely spoken in Mozambique, so learning a few key Portuguese phrases can help expats overcome culture shock and show the locals they're putting in the effort.

- CON: Stark poverty

Poverty is widespread, and it isn't unusual for Mozambicans to live with very few amenities and no electricity or running water. Expats may experience culture shock if they are unused to life in a developing country.

Cost of living in Mozambique

+ PRO: Low cost of living

Living cheaply in Mozambique is relatively easy, especially for those who eat local fruits, vegetables and products and are willing to haggle about prices to keep the cost of living down. 

- CON: Expat accommodation and luxuries are costly

Many imported products are expensive. Eating out and entertainment in touristy areas is also quite costly, as is a high quality of life.

Accommodation in Mozambique

- PRO: Wide range of accommodation options

There is a wide range of accommodation options, and expats will find that homes in Mozambique is generally more spacious than they're used to at home.

- CON: Shortage of good accommodation options

Housing that is at a standard that expats are used to is in short supply and goes for a premium. Expats from developed countries may struggle to find housing that meets their standards in terms of luxury and utilities. Paying extra for comforts like air conditioning, water storage and filtration, electricity backup and security can quickly eat into expats' budgets.

Safety in Mozambique

- CON: Petty theft is common

In a country with widespread inequality, it's not surprising that some locals resort to crimes of opportunity, and foreigners may be targeted for their perceived wealth. To stay safe, expats should practice awareness and leave their valuables at home whenever possible.

- CON: Risk of terrorism and political unrest

In the northeastern province of Cabo Delgado and in the northeasternmost districts of the neighbouring province of Nampula, there has been a rise in extremist attacks, and all visitors to the region should exercise caution. There have historically been political demonstrations and unrest in Maputo, the capital city, though these have largely subsided since 2016.

- CON: Health risks abound

Malaria is prevalent in Mozambique, and expats should take anti-malarial medication during their stay. Tap water is generally not safe to drink without treatment, and expats should ensure that they're up to date with their vaccinations, including typhoid, hepatitis A and measles. Mozambican healthcare is lacking, and those in need of advanced medical care are often airlifted to South Africa.

Education in Mozambique

- CON: Public education standards are not high

Public education in Mozambique is free, though expats and locals prefer to send their children to private schools if they can afford it.

+ PRO: International school options

For expat parents, there are a number of international schools, mostly in Maputo and Beira, that can help smooth their children's transition. Curricula include American, British and French, along with the International Baccalaureate.

Getting around in Mozambique

+ PRO: Plenty to see and do

Mozambique is host to plenty of natural attractions, including warm coastlines, lush rainforests, rolling hills and endless plains. There are also plenty of other sights, like the old colonial buildings on the Island of Mozambique and the lively market squares in every city.

- CON: Driving conditions are dangerous

Expats will most likely require a car when getting around in Mozambique. Roads in Mozambique are badly maintained, and the roads that are paved are covered in potholes. Most roads outside of town are also unpaved, and many are difficult and dangerous to use during the rainy season. Traffic police, or transitos, are often corrupt and will pull over cars to attempt to elicit a bribe.

Situated in southeastern Africa, Mozambique boasts a long coastline dotted with sun-drenched tropical beaches, warm Indian Ocean waters and even warmer hospitality.

Having attained independence from Portugal as recently as 1975, the country still has strong cultural ties to Portugal. Yet Mozambique retains its own distinct character as a melting pot of European, African and Asian influences.

Living in Mozambique as an expat

Many Europeans (especially Portuguese) have sought out Mozambique for its tropical weather and stunning beaches. Here, their skills are needed in a variety of areas in a country still rebuilding itself after decades of war. Thousands of native Portuguese expats now call the country home. They work in a diverse range of industries that require technical skills which may be lacking among the local population. Popular fields are construction and engineering.

In addition, the country has excellent tourist attractions and had the fastest-growing tourism industry in the world in the mid-2000s. The discovery of one of the largest gas fields in the world off the coast of Mozambique in 2012 has also thrown this East African country into the limelight.

Expats will need to brush up on their Portuguese to get by, as few locals speak English. However, because of its proximity to English-speaking South Africa, English media is widely available.

Cost of living in Mozambique

Mozambique enjoys a low cost of living, but expats may find their budgets strained by surprising amenities and commodities. Many expats relocate to Maputo, the capital and largest city in Mozambique. The city is lush and exudes old-world charm. The cost of living is low, depending on one's tastes. Local fruits are available in abundance, but imported goods from South Africa and Europe command higher prices.

Expat-standard housing can also be expensive in the city. On the other hand, many expats can afford to hire full-time domestic help, a luxury not often seen in the West.

Families and children in Mozambique

Expats relocating to Mozambique should also be aware that this is very much a developing country. It suffers from poor infrastructure and roads, inadequate public healthcare, corruption and sporadic water supply. Many expats arrive with unrealistic expectations, thinking that life will be as it was back home. This causes many expats to leave after a short stay. Yet, despite its shortcomings, the country is a paradise for expats who choose to stay and embrace Mozambique.

There are a few good private hospitals and clinics in Maputo, and plenty more just a few hours' drive away in South Africa. Education in Mozambique is free, but public schools lack resources and adequate staff, so most expat parents choose to send their children to private or international schools in the country. Although these can be pricey, expats can negotiate a schooling allowance in their relocation package. 

Climate in Mozambique

The climate in Mozambique is tropical, characterised by year-round high temperatures and high levels of humidity.
The country lies in Southern Africa, and the region's climate is impacted by the prevailing winds and ocean currents. The two primary seasons that make up Mozambique's climate are the rainy season and the dry season. The rainy season, which typically lasts from October to April, is characterised by torrential downpours and thunderstorms. The dry season, which lasts from May through September, is distinguished by clear skies and little rainfall.

Mozambique is a country that offers expats a mix of beautiful beaches, rich culture, diverse wildlife and a relatively low cost of living. Living in Mozambique as an expat can be an exciting and rewarding experience, but it is essential to be aware of the challenges and difficulties that come with living in a developing country.

Fast facts

Population: More than 32.08 million 

Capital city: Maputo 

Other major cities: Beira, Inhambane, Nampula, Pemba

Neighbouring countries: Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe

Geography: The Zambezi River divides the country into two topographical regions. In the north, the land is shaped by inland hills and low plateaus. Rugged highlands are further west. To the south of the Zambezi River, the lowlands are broader.

Political system: Unitary presidential republic

Major religions: Christianity, Islam

Main languages: Portuguese (official), Makhuwa, Tsonga

Money: The Mozambican Metical (MZN) is divided into 100 centavos. The plural of metical is meticais, with the abbreviated mets or MT often used. The South African Rand and US Dollar are also frequently used and accepted, especially in the south of Mozambique.

Tipping: Tipping is standard practice in Mozambique, with 10 percent of the bill being the norm in restaurants. Tipping tour guides, cleaners and porters is also common in Mozambique.

Time: GMT+2

Electricity: 220V, 50Hz. Two-pin round plugs are common, while three-pin plugs can also be found.

Internet domain: .mz

International dialling code: +258

Emergency contacts: 119 (police), 117 (medical), 198 (fire) 

Transport and driving: Drive on the left-hand side.

If you're seeking warm, sunny days, Mozambique may turn out to be paradise. The average yearly temperature in Mozambique is a balmy 82°F (28°C). The country gets lots of sunshine all through the year and rarely gets cold.

Temperature and rainfall vary slightly from region to region. The climate at the coast transitions from subtropical in the south to tropical in the north. Because of their high average altitudes, the Nampula and Niassa provinces tend to be the coolest.

Mozambique's weather is characterised by two seasons. The hot rainy season runs from December to March, when temperatures along the coast average 88°F (29°C). Rainfall is heaviest in the north and decreases the further south you go. Mozambique experiences cyclones during the rainy season, which can occasionally cause significant damage. The dry season is from April to November.

The weather in Maputo, Mozambique's capital and most popular expat destination, is warm and sunny. February is the hottest month, while June is the coolest. Winters tend to still be warm, with temperatures rarely dipping below 65°F (19°C).

Expats travelling to Mozambique will generally be well looked after, but being aware of current safety concerns can help mitigate the risk. Crime, political tension, and terrorism are present in the country.

The local police force suffers from limited resources, staff shortages, and corruption, which can limit its operational effectiveness. Expats should remain vigilant and keep up with current affairs, in order to avoid being caught up in potentially dangerous situations.

Crime in Mozambique

Petty theft is common in Mozambique, especially in the capital, Maputo. Foreigners are often targets due to their perceived wealth. Most crimes against foreigners are non-violent and opportunistic in nature. Pickpocketing, theft of unattended possessions, and bag-snatching can occur.

Thieves often attempt to distract victims in order to give an accomplice the opportunity to take luggage or pick a victim’s pocket. People walking alone, especially at night, with bags or purses, are typical targets. Expats should take precautions by avoiding dark and secluded areas, by not wearing expensive jewellery, and by keeping smartphones and wallets out of sight.

Kidnappings can also occur in Mozambique, often with the intention of extorting a ransom from the victim’s family. 'Virtual kidnapping' has also become more prevalent. Text messages and phone calls from unknown numbers claiming to have kidnapped family members are common. Be aware of your loved one’s locations and check in frequently to avoid falling victim to virtual kidnappers.

It's also important to be vigilant on the roads. Criminals sometimes impersonate police officers to get drivers to pull over. In Mozambique, traffic officers wear white shirts and blue trousers, while regular protection police officers can be identified by their blue uniforms.

Terrorism and conflict in Mozambique

Terrorism is present in Mozambique, particularly in the northern province of Cabo Delgado. Threats primarily stem from IS-Mozambique, a group linked to Daesh (formerly Islamic State), and Al-Shabaab, a Somalian insurgent group.

The risk of civil unrest and terrorist attacks in the country has declined in recent years. However, political tension does occasionally flare up in Mozambique. It is therefore important to stay informed and keep up to date with the news. Expats should not travel to affected regions unless it is strictly necessary, and should avoid demonstrations and public gatherings.

Road safety in Mozambique

Being out and about on the roads of Mozambique, whether driving or walking, can be dangerous. The lack of street lights, stop signs, traffic signals, sidewalks and guardrails in combination with poorly surfaced and potholed roads increases the risk. Local drivers may also have little consideration for pedestrians and other road users, often speeding and disregarding the rules of the road.

During the rainy season, mud, deep puddles and flooding add to the dangers of the roads. Road surfaces and bridges frequently wash out during this time of year. Keep an eye on the weather forecast to avoid getting caught out by bad weather.
Road accidents sometimes draw large crowds that may be prone to aggressive behaviour. If this occurs, try to create some distance to the crowd and get in touch with the police and your local embassy.

Transport and Driving in Mozambique

Health safety in Mozambique

Mozambique is a malaria zone. Malarial prophylaxis is essential when travelling to the country. During summer, the threat of malaria is at its worst. Expats should take precautions against mosquitoes regardless of the season. Mosquito nets and insect repellants should be used in conjunction with preventative medicines to minimise risk.

In Mozambique, tap water is considered unsafe to drink due to the threat of bilharzia and cholera. Expats should therefore only drink boiled, treated or bottled water.

The recommended vaccinations when travelling to Mozambique include typhoid and hepatitis A.

Expat Healthcare in Mozambique

Emergency numbers in Mozambique

• Police: 112 or 119
• Ambulance: 117
• Fire: 198

Working in Mozambique as an expat can be complex. With the government trying to increase employment opportunities for locals, strict laws and regulations, including quotas, have been put in place for hiring foreigners.

This legislation makes job opportunities for expats difficult to come by. Expats are most likely to find work in higher-level positions with international companies. Volunteering or working in education and community projects is prevalent in the country and can help expats get established in Mozambique.

Job market in Mozambique

The job market in Mozambique is broad, although some sectors are more accessible to expats than others. Expats tend to find work in upper-level management roles, as a quota system reserves most positions for Mozambican nationals.

Agriculture, tourism, and transport are the driving forces of Mozambique’s economy, with approximately 70 percent of the population employed in the agricultural industry. Forestry, manufacturing, mining, and fishing are also important sectors. Large natural gas reserves have recently been discovered in the country, presenting expats with experience in this field with new opportunities to find employment.

If you’re interested in teaching English in a foreign country, Mozambique can be a good option. There are a number of private and international schools in the country that look for teachers from abroad, though these opportunities tend to be few and far between, and will usually require a university degree and TEFL certification.

Salaries vary, with executives and managers earning significantly more than teachers or expats working in service jobs.

Humanitarian organisations are a frequent source of employment for expats in Mozambique. Roles tend not to be permanent, but may work on a rotational basis.

Finding a job in Mozambique

Job search engines, career websites, and social networking sites are good options for finding a job in Mozambique. Facebook and LinkedIn often have groups dedicated to expats living and working in Mozambique. Connecting and networking with other expats already employed in the country are useful ways to get some tips and possibly some job recommendations.

Word of mouth is highly regarded in Mozambique, and employers will often prefer hiring an expat who has been recommended by someone already working for the company.

Getting a Work Permit for Mozambique
Applying for a Visa for Mozambique

Useful links

• LinkedIn
• MMO Jobs

Work culture in Mozambique

The work culture in Mozambique tends to be traditional, with top-down hierarchies and bureaucratic workflows reflecting the country’s Portuguese colonial heritage. Building personal relationships with colleagues is as important in the workplace as professionalism, respect for seniority, and politeness.

Business Culture in Mozambique

The business environment in Mozambique is quite traditional. Upper management is usually responsible for final decisions and plans. Nonetheless, communication from one tier of the hierarchy to another is common too.

Mozambicans are typically hard-working and motivated. Workplace culture tends to be welcoming and respectful, helping you settle in more easily.

Fast facts

Business hours

Monday to Friday, from 8am to 5pm.

Business language

Portuguese, though many educated Mozambicans speak English. In some cases, it may be necessary to hire a translator.

Greetings

Both men and women typically greet with a handshake. Men commonly use both hands when greeting someone. It's important to address others by their professional title. If someone's title isn’t known, address men as Senhor (Mr) and women as Senhora (Mrs/Ms). 

Dress

The dress code varies in different industries, but it’s often best to dress more formally than too casually until you have a better idea of how others dress. For men, a lightweight suit and tie are appropriate for most workplaces. Women can wear suits too, though a blazer with a dress of an appropriate length is also an option.

Gender equality

Men generally dominate the workplace in Mozambique, but this is slowly changing with the introduction of gender equality measures. More women tend to work in urban areas, though many still stay at home and take care of the family. Women’s roles get more traditional the further away you go from metropolitan areas.

Business culture in Mozambique

A sense of respect for seniority characterises business culture in Mozambique. Mozambicans tend to avoid confrontation and conflict. People are usually wary of offending others, so true feelings may not always be spoken. Mozambicans are also very relationship-oriented. If you make a real effort to get to know your associates, it will reflect positively on you.

Mozambican culture places less emphasis on timeliness and more on relationships, which can be frustrating for expats. Expats should always arrive on time themselves, but should not express impatience if others are late.

Communication

Mozambicans tend to communicate more indirectly and prefer to avoid conflicts and confrontation. It is considered more polite to accept an invitation and not show up than to decline. Generally speaking, an arm's length of personal space is appropriate during conversations.

The pace of decision-making in Mozambique can sometimes be slow. You should be prepared for back-and-forth negotiations. It's best not to appear over-eager to make a deal, as this may get in the way of negotiating for a better position.

Meetings

When having a meeting in Mozambique, you shouldn’t rush into discussing business. Small talk always precedes formal conversations. It is appropriate to inquire about a colleague’s health, family, and other social matters before dealing with business. 

The person who initiated the meeting should be the first one to start the actual business conversation, while the most senior person typically ends the discussion.

Attitude towards foreigners

Mozambique is a large and diverse country. In addition to the many indigenous groups, the country has received waves of colonists, immigrants, and migrant workers over the years. The population consists of people from many cultural, religious, economic, and geographical backgrounds, which means that expats don’t stand out too much.

Generally speaking, Mozambicans are respectful of foreigners and perceive them as experienced and educated.

Dos and don'ts of business in Mozambique

• Don't expect your Mozambican colleagues to be on time, but do arrive on time yourself.
• Do be aware that January is the main holiday month, so business trips shouldn't be scheduled then.
• Do give and receive business cards with your right hand.
• Don't be afraid of building good relationships with colleagues.

Expats may have some trouble adjusting to the local culture in Mozambique. The country suffers from crippling poverty, and expats may be shocked by how most of the population lives. The roads and state of driving in Mozambique are also atrocious. This may take expats some getting used to, depending on where expats are from.

Language in Mozambique

The official language of Mozambique is Portuguese, and one of the biggest struggles expats moving to Mozambique face is not being able to speak it. The inability to communicate thoughts and feelings or even simple requests can complicate everyday life. English is not widely spoken outside the capital city, and although there are various translation and interpreting services available, the language barrier can become quite frustrating.

The language barrier can also make things such as banking and renting accommodation extremely difficult. New arrivals will need to speak and understand some Portuguese. Learning the language or just useful phrases can make assimilation easier.

Cultural differences in Mozambique

Mozambicans are not strict on punctuality, which may cause frustration for expats. This can impact expats' lives, especially in the case of doing business or expat children attending school. Mozambicans also favour family above work. This leads to high levels of absenteeism in schools and workplaces.

Public displays of affection are uncommon. It is typical for people to shake hands upon meeting, and for women to kiss other women on the cheek, but only in familiar settings. Women do not touch men in public. It is especially taboo for a single woman to touch a man she doesn’t know. Touching can often be mistaken for romantic interest.

Women in Mozambique

Mozambique still has a very traditional view of women. This may be quite jarring for expats relocating from Western countries. Women are expected to get married and start a family at a young age. This leads to low levels of education for girls and young women. Most women tend to stay home and take care of their families. Women also aren’t treated equal to men. This is more true in rural areas of Mozambique.

In recent years there has been more of a push to get women into the working world, though this applies mostly to the capital city, Maputo.

Poverty in Mozambique

Poverty has been a major challenge for Mozambique since gaining independence in 1975. At that time, the country was listed as one of the world’s poorest. Even today, the country ranks among the lowest in human development, life expectancy and inequality.

This level of poverty is probably the biggest culture shock expats will experience. The country has made great strides in reducing poverty, but the vast majority of the population still lives in below-standard circumstances. Due to extreme poverty, many locals live in informal housing with little to no access to basic services such as water and sanitation.

Education in Mozambique is organised into three stages: primary education, secondary education and higher education.

While the country does have a somewhat functional national education system, the language of instruction in Mozambican public schools is Portuguese. As a result of this, and a variety of challenges faced by public schools in the country, very few expats opt to send their children to public schools, preferring to make use of private and international schools.

Mozambique is home to a good variety of private and international schools, most of which can be found in Maputo and Beira.

Public schools in Mozambique

The first nine years of education are compulsory in Mozambique. Children start their first year of school at the age of six. Public schools are generally understaffed and stretched for resources, often resulting in high dropout rates.

The language of instruction at public schools in Mozambique is Portuguese. This creates a language barrier for many expats. While public schools are technically free, you’ll have to pay for textbooks, uniforms and other extras.

Due to space constraints, school is typically held in two or three sessions a day. This means some children attend a morning session and others attend school in the afternoon. Sessions are short in order to cater to as many students as possible. The result is often a lower quality of education.

For these reasons, most expat parents opt for international schools instead.

Useful links

• Ministry of Education and Culture

Private schools in Mozambique

Those who can afford it tend to send their children to private schools in Mozambique. These schools tend to have smaller classes, more qualified teachers and better teaching resources at their disposal.

There are many private schools in Mozambique, with the majority being located in Maputo or Beira. Private schools offer a wide variety of curricula and teach primarily in English or Portuguese. The standard of education and cost of tuition vary, so it’s best to research your options thoroughly before enrolling your child.

International schools in Mozambique

You can choose from a number of international schools in Mozambique. These schools teach foreign or globally recognised curricula, like the International Baccalaureate (IB) or British curriculum.

Schools usually teach in the language associated with their country of origin. The majority of these schools offer classes in English. Most of Mozambique's international schools are clustered in Maputo and Beira, with a few scattered in other areas around the country.

Admission and enrolment procedures vary from school to school. Demand for international schooling in Mozambique is high, and space is limited. For this reason, it’s best to start the application process as early as possible.

Tuition fees vary widely, with the best international schools charging high fees. Expats moving to Mozambique for work should attempt to negotiate a school allowance into their relocation package to cover these costs.

Best International Schools in Mozambique

Special-needs education in Mozambique

Though there has been a push for more inclusive education options, provisions for special-needs education in Mozambique are limited. While the need for integrated classes is recognised, few schools can afford the resources and staff to support this, with public schools in particular being afflicted by this. Schools that cannot offer comprehensive support may be reluctant to admit students with behavioural, learning or physical disabilities or challenges.

You’re more likely to find support programmes for your special-needs child at private or international schools. It's best to contact the schools directly to find out what support services are available.

Tutors in Mozambique

There are tutors available in Mozambique, mainly located in the bigger cities and other expat enclaves. Whether you want your children to get better acquainted with Portuguese, catch up academically, or get extra support close to exam time, private tutors can help.

One of the best ways to find a tutor is through networking and asking other families. There is also a wide variety of tutoring companies available online.

Finding quality healthcare in Mozambique can be a challenge. The country’s healthcare system is underdeveloped and poorly equipped to deal with the high levels of poverty.

The public healthcare system in Mozambique is basic and very limited. Expats are not entitled to public healthcare, so they rely on private healthcare facilities instead. These are in short supply, with most found in Maputo. Most expats, as well as wealthier Mozambicans, opt to travel to neighbouring South Africa for elective procedures.

Public healthcare in Mozambique

The standard of public healthcare in Mozambique is likely to be lower than what many expats may be used to. Frequent staff and supply shortages are major issues for public hospitals, resulting in long waiting times, even for basic care. 

Private healthcare in Mozambique

There are several private clinics in Maputo and the larger cities in Mozambique. Doctors at these clinics, who are often expats themselves, tend to be well trained, experienced and usually speak English.

The most reputable of the private hospitals is the Maputo Private Hospital. It was one of the first private hospitals to open in Mozambique in 2012, though other private hospitals have launched their operations since. It is fully equipped to deal with emergencies and has obstetrics, paediatrics, and radiology departments.

Health insurance in Mozambique

Domestic health insurance is not very common or widely used in Mozambique. The government funds the nation's public healthcare system, which aims to offer all residents access to fundamental medical treatment, but the system is underfunded and frequently lacks resources, necessitating comprehensive international health insurance.

As Mozambican public healthcare facilities generally lack the resources to provide adequate care, you should choose a plan that covers the costs of private hospitalisation and possible medical evacuation to South Africa.

Pharmacies and medication in Mozambique

Pharmacies, or farmácia in Portuguese, can rarely be found outside Mozambique’s major cities, like Maputo or Beira. Medications are mostly imported, and supply can be unreliable, with pharmacies often running out of basic medication. Due to this, you should always check the expiry dates on packaging. 

It is also a good idea to know the generic name for important medications, as brand names vary between countries. If possible, you should try to bring chronic and basic medicines such as paracetamol and malaria tablets with you from your home country.

Health hazards in Mozambique

Malaria is endemic in Mozambique. Ensure that you take anti-malaria medication as directed by your healthcare professional. Making use of insect repellants and mosquito nets can help reduce the risk of getting malaria further.

Bilharzia, a parasitic infection found in freshwater, is also a danger. Tap water in Mozambique is not safe to drink – be sure to use bottled, boiled or treated and filtered water instead.

Vaccinations in Mozambique

There are no mandatory vaccinations required for entering Mozambique. It’s recommended, however, that you keep standard vaccinations, as well as those for diphtheria, hepatitis A, tetanus and typhoid up to date when travelling or moving to Mozambique.

Emergency medical services in Mozambique

• Police: 112 or 119
• Medical: 117
• Fire: 198

These numbers tend not to be reliable. You should keep the contact details of the nearest hospital on hand for medical emergencies. Private ambulances are usually only available in the capital. Outside Maputo, such services are generally unreliable due to the poor state of the national roads. Air evacuations are often the only option to get to a hospital quickly.

Getting around in Mozambique can be challenging, as public transport options are limited and road conditions tend to be poor. If you can afford it, purchasing a car makes getting around more convenient and is generally safer than using public transport. Still, on the road, you’ll need to remain cautious of other drivers and obstructions like potholes.

In the capital, Maputo, the public transport system is slightly better than elsewhere in the country, with trains linking to neighbouring South Africa, and ferries connecting the city to Inhaca Island and Catembe.

Domestic air travel between Mozambique's biggest airport, Maputo International, and hubs like Nampula, Beira, and Tete is possible.

Public transport in Mozambique

Trains

Trains travel to and from Maputo and South Africa, but they are known to be overcrowded. Many lack sleeping facilities, which makes overnight journeys difficult.

Buses

Buses in Mozambique cater to long-distance travel needs. It's not uncommon for coaches to be full, and local minibuses are usually used to take the overflow of passengers. Like trains, buses can be used to travel to neighbouring countries, such as Zimbabwe and South Africa. Buses can also be used for intercity travel within Mozambique.

Chapas

Chapas are local minibuses that are used for both short- and long-distance journeys. For the latter, luggage is often piled on the roof, with many chapas drivers ignoring capacity limits. As they tend to be overloaded, they can be dangerous to travel in, but are frequently cheaper than other forms of transport.

Txopela

Tuk-tuks, locally referred to as Txopela, are a low-cost form of transport primarily found in Maputo. Although their primary function is to get passengers from one place to another cheaply, some operators have built experience tours around these three-wheeled vehicles.

Ferry

There are daily ferries between Inhaca Island and Maputo, as well as Catembe and Maputo. The ferry travels more frequently on weekends, but make sure you arrive early to secure a spot.

Taxis in Mozambique

Ride-hailing services are the safest way to catch a taxi in Mozambique. Informal and metered taxis can be found throughout the country, but neither is reliable and may overcharge. Apps like InDrive and Yango are preferred, though it’s worth noting that they only operate in major cities like Maputo, Matola, and Beira.

Useful links

• Yango
• InDrive

Driving in Mozambique

Cars drive on the left-hand side of the road in Mozambique and are essential for getting around safely and independently. Many roads are unpaved and in bad condition, and for this reason, four-wheel drives and SUVs are particularly popular choices.

If stopped by a traffic police officer and asked to pay a spot fine, insist on an official receipt, as some expats have reported instances of bribery and extortion.

Driver's licences

Expats from Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries or International Driving Permit (IDP) holders can drive in Mozambique for up to 90 days.

For longer stays, you will need a Mozambican driver’s licence. This can be obtained by either passing the local driver’s exam or converting your existing licence into a Mozambican licence via the Instituto National de Transportes Rodoviarios (INATRO). Both options require you to complete a theoretical test in Portuguese, although residents of countries with which Mozambique has a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) may be exempt from this.

Useful links

• INATRO

Domestic flights in Mozambique

LAM Mozambique Airlines, the national airline, is largely responsible for operating air travel in Mozambique. Maputo International Airport and Nampula International Airport are the two main airports in Mozambique. Domestic flights to cities such as Beira, Tete, and Pemba are also available. These flights offer a quick and convenient option for travel between Mozambique’s major hubs.

The South African carrier Airlink also offers domestic flights in Mozambique, although itineraries and schedules are subject to change.

It is important to keep in mind that Mozambique's domestic aviation infrastructure is less developed than that of many other nations, and there may be delays or cancellations.

Useful links

• LAM Mozambique Airlines
• Airlink

The banking system in Mozambique is gradually undergoing modernisation, although certain aspects, like the language barrier, can still be challenging for expats. Understanding the intricacies of banking, money and taxes in Mozambique can help you better manage your finances when moving to the country.

Money in Mozambique

The country’s currency is the Mozambican Metical (MZN), which is divided into 100 centavos. The plural is meticais.

• Notes: MZN 20, MZN 50, MZN 100, MZN 200, MZN 500, and MZN 1,000
• Coins: MZN 1, MZN 2, MZN 5, and MZN 10, and 50 centavos 

Both South African Rands (ZAR) and United States Dollars (USD) are also widely accepted and used in Mozambique.

Banking in Mozambique

A variety of banks are available to expats in Mozambique. International banks like Barclays Bank, and a few South African banks such as First National Bank and Standard Bank, operate in the country.

Most of the head offices are located in Maputo, with branches across Mozambique. Withdrawing large amounts of currency out of a Mozambican bank account can prove difficult, as can transferring funds out of the country. Expats often choose to keep a non-Mozambican bank account for working with larger sums of money, and make use of specialised companies to send money abroad.

Opening a bank account

Banks in Mozambique are open from Monday to Friday between 8am and 3pm. Non-residents are able to open a bank account. You will need a number of documents, though the exact requirements can vary depending on the bank. Most banks offer some form of online banking, but some transactions may require a visit to the physical branch.

ATMs and credit cards

ATMs are easy to find in the capital, Maputo. Most ATMs have limits on how much money can be withdrawn in a single transaction. There are also limits on the amount that can be withdrawn throughout the day. ATMs are less common in more rural areas and have a tendency to run out, so it’s a good idea to carry some spare cash.

ATMs will generally accept international debit and credit cards alongside local cards. Most banks charge a transaction fee for international withdrawals. However, some have partnered with Mozambican banks to waive these fees.

Credit cards are readily accepted in major Mozambican cities and towns, although some expats report issues with Mastercard. It is advisable to use a Visa card and have spare cash on hand, especially in rural areas.

Taxes in Mozambique

All residents of Mozambique are eligible to pay tax. For tax purposes, a resident is classified as a person who has lived in Mozambique for at least 180 days during a 12-month period. Income tax is charged above a certain minimum income threshold, with the amount ranging from 10 to 32 percent, depending on your salary. Non-residents are only taxed on income earned in Mozambique, with a flat rate determining the amount due. 

As expat tax matters can be complex, we recommend consulting a tax practitioner with experience in the area.

There are a number of international schools in Mozambique, most of which are located in Maputo and Beira. A diverse range of schooling options are on offer, including the International Baccalaureate (IB) and the Cambridge International Curriculum. Teaching languages vary, with English being the most common in international and private schools.

Below are some of the most popular international schools in Mozambique.

International schools in Mozambique

American International School of Mozambique

Established in 1990 and situated in Maputo, the American International School of Mozambique hosts more than 500 students from over 70 countries at a student-to-teacher ratio of 5:1, offering the IB programme along with a diverse selection of extracurricular activities. 

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: International Baccalaureate
Ages: 3 to 18
Website: www.aism.co.mz

Maputo International School

The Maputo International School focuses on providing modern and inclusive education to a student pool of over 700 expat and Mozambican children. The school is a registered Cambridge Primary and Secondary School and accredited Cambridge Examination Centre, offering both the Cambridge IGCSE and A-Levels.

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: British (Cambridge IGCSE and A-Levels)
Ages: 3 to 18
Website: www.mis.ac.mz

Lycée Français International Gustave Eiffel

The Lycée Français International Gustave Eiffel is the only school in Mozambique to offer a complete French-language curriculum. The private establishment is approved by the Agency for French Education Abroad (AEFE) and provides its more than 500 students with an intercultural and humanist education.

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: French
Ages: 3 to 18
Website: www.lyceemaputo.org

Willow International School

The Willow International School is a certified Cambridge International School and Exam Centre and teaches the Mozambican curriculum as well as the Cambridge IGCSE and A-Levels programmes. Willow International aims to offer a comprehensive education to Mozambican and expat children alike.

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: Mozambican and Cambridge International Curriculum (including IGCSE and A-Levels)
Ages: 4 to 18
Website: www.willow.org.mz

Stella Maris International School

Located in Beira, Stella Maris International School is one of only two international schools in the city and the only one to offer the Cambridge International Curriculum, including the Cambridge IGCSE and A-Levels. Stella Maris also has a playgroup and kindergarten, catering to parents with children as young as two.

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: Cambridge International Curriculum (including IGCSE and A-Levels)
Ages: 2 to 18
Website: www.smis.edu.mz 

Enko Riverside International School

Enko Maputo, formerly known as Enko Riverside International School, teaches both the IB and Cambridge Primary and Secondary curricula. The school caters to a small but diverse student body of just over 130. Both Mozambican nationals and expats are well represented.

Gender: Co-educational
Curriculum: International Baccalaureate
Ages: 5 to 18
Website: www.enkoeducation.com

Expats hoping to work in Mozambique will find that obtaining a work permit can be very difficult. There are quotas in place to restrict the employment of foreigners. That said, those with exceptional skills that are in demand in Mozambique, such as engineers, can get a work permit fairly easily.

Work permits for Mozambique are granted on either a short- or long-term basis. The application processes for these vary greatly. Work permit applications need to go through the Department of Labour in Mozambique and therefore tend to take a long time to process.

Types of work visas for Mozambique

Business visas (short-term work permits)

When an expat is employed for projects that will last a maximum of 90 days, they need to apply for a business visa. Approval and renewal for business visas in Mozambique is at the discretion of the Department of Labour.

Traditionally, a business visa is designed for people travelling to another country to attend meetings, conferences, seminars or corporate events, but in Mozambique, this visa also enables the visa holder to work legally. The business visa can therefore serve as a short-term work permit in Mozambique.

Application for a business visa needs to be made before travelling to Mozambique. Applications can be submitted at the Mozambican mission or embassy in an expat's home country. If a country doesn't have a Mozambican embassy or consulate general, expats can contact an agent in Mozambique, who can arrange a 'letter of approval'. This letter of approval is used to travel to Mozambique. Upon entry, expats will then have their visas endorsed. Alternatively, an expat may travel to the Mozambican representation closest to their country of residence in order to submit the application.

Long-term work permits

Long-term work permits for Mozambique are initially valid for a period of up to two years. These are renewable if the applicant is able to meet certain requirements. Processing times tend to be lengthy. Waiting periods can be anything between two and six months.

This application process is more complex than that for a business visa. These work permits are generally only granted when the employer can prove that the position can't be filled by any suitable Mozambican citizen. The quota system in Mozambique gives a company the right to employ a certain number of foreigners. Quotas are awarded depending on the number of nationals employed. If the company has exhausted its quota, it may apply for 'out-of-quota' authorisation with the Department of Labour.

Expats will first have to establish whether the company they will be working for has quota left, or if an out-of-quota application has to be processed. If an expat can be employed within the quota, there is no need to prove that they have specific skills. The employer can then simply obtain an authorisation letter from the Department of Labour.

When the Mozambican company has exhausted its quota, the out-of-quota route has to be taken. This is the most complicated route to employment and can take months to process. An application for out-of-quota authorisation is based on merit. Mozambican officials will have to determine whether there are sufficient grounds to grant the request. Relevant factors would include the sector in which the foreigner is employed, the intention to transfer skills and the number of local people benefiting from the project.

Obtaining authorisation from the Labour Department will be challenging. The process is time consuming and unpredictable. Applications need to be accompanied by a strong motivation explaining why foreign skills are required. An application for a work permit can only be submitted at a Mozambican mission after obtaining this authorisation.

Finally, expats with a long-term work visa for Mozambique need to apply for a residence permit as soon as they arrive in the country. The residence permit is also referred to as local registration. Obtaining local registration is straightforward. An application must be made by submitting several personal documents and a work authorisation. The permit should then be issued for a period corresponding with the work authorisation.

*Visa regulations and requirements for work permits are subject to change at short notice, and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details. 

The process of gaining entry to Mozambique varies slightly depending on a person's nationality. Nationals of a small selection of African countries are able to enter Mozambique visa free. They can then remain in the country for up to 30 days. For others, there is slightly more paperwork involved.

Visit visas for Mozambique

Those who have access to a Mozambican consulate or embassy in their home country must apply in advance for a visit visa. Single-entry visas allow stays of up to 30 days. Multiple-entry visas allow a maximum stay of 90 days.

Those who do not have consular representation of Mozambique in their country are eligible for a visit visa on arrival. Travellers need a return ticket and proof of adequate funds to support themselves during their visit in order to receive a visit visa. Any visa obtained on arrival is valid for 30 days. Holders of a visit visa are not permitted to work in Mozambique.

Work permits for Mozambique

There are several options when it comes to work permits for Mozambique, the most common being the long-term work permit available to skilled and qualified workers. This permit allows foreigners to legally work in Mozambique on a long-term basis. This permit is generally valid for two years, after which it can be renewed.

Permits for accompanying spouses or children

An expat with a valid work permit can have their spouse and children accompany them. In Mozambique, life partners are also eligible to accompany their partners. Life partners will need to prove that they have been in a common-law union for a period of at least one year. On the other hand, same-sex marriage is still not recognised in Mozambique, which means the spouse in a same-sex couple, even when legally married elsewhere, will not be able to obtain a visa as a dependant.

Spouses and children younger than 18 qualify to obtain a residence permit. If they want to work, separate authorisation would need to be obtained. To obtain residence permits, the work permit holder needs to accept financial responsibility for the applicants.

Residence visa for Mozambique

Any foreigner who intends on staying in Mozambique for more than a month is required to obtain a residence permit, regardless of the type of visa or permit they hold. The residence visa for Mozambique is known as the Documento de Identificação e Residência para Estrangeiros (DIRE). To apply, expats must submit the relevant documents, including proof of employment in the form of a work permit and a letter from their employing company. Spouses and children of the main visa holder are also eligible to apply for a residence permit and must supply proof of their relationship. Residence permits are renewable and valid for one year.

*Visa regulations and requirements for work permits are subject to change at short notice, and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Renting accommodation in Mozambique can be a major hurdle for expats. Most cities, especially Maputo, have a huge shortage of adequate long-term housing. Expats from developed countries, especially, may struggle to find housing that meets their standards in terms of luxury and utilities. On the other hand, apartments tend to be more spacious and sunny than what one would find in many countries.

Rent can be expensive, so expats will need to budget carefully when it comes to finding their ideal home. There are also few laws in place to protect tenants from rent increases. This makes renting accommodation in Mozambique feel like a gamble at times.

Types of accommodation in Mozambique

The types of accommodation available in Mozambique vary widely. Most expats decide to live in large cities such as Maputo or Beira. In these cities, expats can find freestanding houses or apartments in large apartment buildings. The cost of these options are also highly varied, with freestanding houses being the most expensive option.

Renting accommodation in Mozambique

Renting in Mozambique as an expat can be a bit more challenging than in other countries, but with the right resources and preparation, it is possible to find a suitable place to call home.

Finding accommodation in Mozambique

When looking for accommodation in Mozambique, expats should start browsing as far in advance as possible. Generally, short-term holiday rentals are much easier to find. Online websites have the highest rate of success for renting. There are different websites that are popular, such as Property24 and Airbnb. Other good options include browsing the classified sections of local newspapers, such as O Noticias.

Nowadays, the most common way expats find housing is through posts on forums and groups on social media platforms. Expats who choose to use this route should be cautious of scams, though. It is important to always view the property in person before signing a lease. Word of mouth also goes far in Mozambique. Property owners will frequently prefer to let their accommodation to someone who has been recommended to them by a previous tenant or business associate.

Rental agents aren’t regulated in Mozambique. They also tend to charge high commissions. For these reasons, they aren’t frequently used. If expats do choose this route, they should be sure to clarify expectations from the start with both the agent and the tenant.

www.airbnb.co.za
www.property24.co.mz
www.mozambiquehouses.com

Furnished vs unfurnished

Before the search can begin in earnest, expats will have to choose whether they want to rent a furnished or unfurnished property.

Furnished rentals in Mozambique come with furniture, appliances and other household items already in place. This can include things like a bed, couch, refrigerator, stove, television and other basic furniture. This type of accommodation is ideal for expats who have just arrived in the country and may not have their own furniture yet. Furnished rental accommodation is generally more expensive than unfurnished, as the landlord has already invested in the furniture and appliances. It can save expats the cost and effort of buying their own furniture, though.

Unfurnished rentals in Mozambique do not necessarily come with any furniture or household items, though some may come with a stove or fridge. This type of accommodation is ideal for expats who have their own furniture or would prefer to furnish the property themselves.

Short lets and temporary housing

Short lets and temporary housing for expats in Mozambique are a fantastic option for expats who are looking for a flexible and cost-effective housing solution for the days and weeks after they've arrived. These properties can be leased for a short period of time, typically for travellers or expats who are in the country for short-term work or other temporary assignments. These types of rentals may include apartments, houses, or even holiday homes that are available for rent for a few days, weeks or months at a time. They are often furnished and equipped with amenities such as kitchen appliances and linen.

Due to Mozambique's appeal to tourists and short-term volunteers, short lets are not in short supply, and expats should have no trouble finding something suitable.

Signing a lease

It is essential that a clear and detailed contract be negotiated with the prospective landlord. Mozambique has very few laws protecting tenants. Expats should be careful not to get trapped in a badly-worded rental agreement. It is important that prospective tenants are clear with the landlord when negotiating the lease and avoid signing anything they aren’t comfortable with. Renting a short-term holiday rental online may be safer than immediately committing to a long-term lease.

The applicant may need to prove that their monthly income is sufficient to afford the monthly rent. Leases are typically signed on a one-year basis, although it may be possible to rent for a shorter time.

It is standard in Mozambique to pay a three-month deposit. This usually includes the first month’s rent. Expats should make sure of stipulations in the contract about the grounds for withholding a deposit.

Utilities

Utilities are usually for the tenant. Expats should be sure to budget for electricity, water and internet, as well as gas bottles and filtered water.

Terminating a lease

In Mozambique, the process for terminating a lease can vary, depending on the terms of the lease agreement and local laws. If a tenant wishes to terminate a lease before the end of the term, they have to give written notice to the landlord in advance. The required notice period is typically specified in the lease agreement, but is otherwise 30 days.

It's important to note that specific laws and regulations may apply, so it's recommended to consult a legal advisor before terminating a lease agreement in Mozambique.